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Final Practical - Social Pharmacy (May 2026) - Complete Answers

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PART I - SYNOPSIS (10 Marks)

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Q1a. Full form of WHO (2 Marks)

• It is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for international public health.
• Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland.
• Founded: 7 April 1948.

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Q1b. Define role of protective hand cream (2 Marks)

1. Protect against harmful chemicals, detergents, solvents, and occupational irritants.
2. Moisturize and prevent dryness, cracking, and dermatitis.
3. Create a barrier between the skin and environmental hazards (dust, microbes, allergens).
4. Restore the natural lipid barrier of the skin after washing.

Examples: Silicone-based barrier creams, zinc oxide creams, lanolin-based creams.

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Q1c. Full form of CPR (2 Marks)

• It is an emergency life-saving procedure performed when someone's heartbeat or breathing has stopped.
• It combines chest compressions (cardiac component) and rescue breaths (pulmonary component).
• Standard ratio: 30 chest compressions : 2 rescue breaths (30:2).

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Q1d. Define Insecticides (2 Marks)

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Q1e. Define Tuberculosis (2 Marks)

• Transmission: Airborne - spread through droplets when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or speaks.
• Primarily affects: Lungs (Pulmonary TB), but can affect any organ (Extra-pulmonary TB - kidneys, spine, brain).
• Symptoms: Persistent cough (>2 weeks), blood in sputum, fever, night sweats, weight loss.
• Treatment: DOTS (Directly Observed Treatment Short-course) - 6 months regimen (HRZE/HR).
• Prevention: BCG vaccine at birth, early detection, isolation of active cases.

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PART II - MAJOR EXPERIMENT (35 Marks)

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Q2a. To Demonstrate First Aid of Sudden Cardiac Arrest OR Drowning

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A. FIRST AID FOR SUDDEN CARDIAC ARREST (SCA)

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• CPR training manikin
• AED (Automated External Defibrillator) - if available
• Gloves
• Face shield / mask for rescue breaths

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• Ensure the scene is safe for both the rescuer and victim.

• Tap the victim's shoulders firmly and shout: "Are you okay? Are you okay?"
• If no response → proceed.

• Shout for help. Ask someone to call Emergency Services (108/112).
• Ask someone to bring an AED if available.

• Look for normal breathing for no more than 10 seconds.
• If absent or only gasping → begin CPR immediately.

• Place the victim flat on their back on a firm, flat surface.

• Place the heel of one hand on the center of the chest (lower half of sternum).
• Interlock the other hand on top.
• Keep arms straight, position yourself directly over the chest.
• Compress at least 5 cm (2 inches) deep but not more than 6 cm.
• Rate: 100-120 compressions per minute.
• Allow complete chest recoil after each compression.
• Minimize interruptions.

• After 30 compressions, open the airway using the head-tilt chin-lift maneuver.
• Tilt head back, lift chin up.

• Pinch the nose shut.
• Give 2 rescue breaths - each breath over 1 second.
• Watch for chest rise.
• If chest does not rise, re-position and try again.

• Continue cycles of 30 compressions : 2 breaths (30:2).
• Continue until:
  • AED arrives and is ready to use
  • Victim shows signs of life (breathing, movement)
  • Trained medical help arrives
  • You are too exhausted to continue

• Turn on AED.
• Attach pads as shown in diagram (right chest, left side under armpit).
• Follow voice prompts.
• Ensure nobody touches the victim when AED analyzes or shocks.
• Resume CPR immediately after shock delivery.

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1. Do not delay CPR waiting for AED.
2. Minimize interruptions in chest compressions.
3. Do not compress over the xiphoid process.
4. Ensure complete chest recoil between compressions.
5. Change rescuers every 2 minutes to avoid fatigue.

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B. FIRST AID FOR DROWNING

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• Do NOT jump into the water unless trained as a water rescuer.
• Use a rope, branch, ring buoy, or any floating object to pull the victim out.

• Carefully lift the victim out of water.
• Support the head and neck if spinal injury is suspected.

• Dial 108 / 112 immediately.

• Tap and shout: "Are you okay?"
• Check for breathing for no more than 10 seconds.

• Place victim on back on a firm surface.
• For drowning victims: Start with 5 rescue breaths FIRST (modified protocol), then 30:2 CPR.
• Reason: Drowning causes hypoxic cardiac arrest - airway/breathing takes priority.

• Continue 30 compressions : 2 breaths until help arrives.

• Once the victim is breathing, place in recovery position (left lateral decubitus) to prevent aspiration if they vomit.

• Remove wet clothing.
• Cover with a blanket to prevent hypothermia.

• Do NOT hold the victim upside down to drain water (ineffective and harmful).
• Do NOT leave the victim alone.
• All drowning victims must be taken to hospital even if they appear recovered (secondary drowning risk).

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1. Never enter deep water without training.
2. Watch for vomiting and turn victim to side.
3. Do not remove victim if spinal injury suspected unless immediate danger.
4. All drowning victims need hospital evaluation.

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PART II - MINOR EXPERIMENT (15 Marks)

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BATCH A: To Study the Various Methods of Oral Health and Hygiene

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• Technique: Bass technique (recommended by dentists) - hold brush at 45° angle to gums, short back-and-forth strokes.
• Frequency: Twice daily (after breakfast and before bed).
• Duration: At least 2 minutes.
• Type of brush: Soft-bristled toothbrush.
• Toothpaste: Fluoride toothpaste (1000-1500 ppm fluoride for adults).

• Removes plaque and food from between teeth where brushing cannot reach.
• Should be done once daily.
• Types: Waxed, unwaxed, tape, picks, water flossers.

• Removes bacteria and food debris from the tongue.
• Reduces bad breath (halitosis).
• Use a tongue scraper or the back of a toothbrush.

• Antiseptic mouthwash (e.g., chlorhexidine 0.2%, cetylpyridinium) kills bacteria.
• Fluoride rinses strengthen enamel.
• Use after brushing; do not eat or drink for 30 minutes after.

• Reduce sugary foods and carbonated drinks (cause tooth decay by acid production from Streptococcus mutans).
• Eat calcium-rich foods (milk, cheese) for strong teeth.
• Drink fluoridated water.

• Visit a dentist every 6 months.
• Professional scaling and polishing to remove calculus (tartar).
• Early detection of caries and gum disease.

• Swishing 1 tablespoon of coconut/sesame oil in mouth for 15-20 minutes.
• Reduces bacterial load and gum inflammation.

• Traditional tooth cleaning stick from Salvadora persica.
• Contains fluoride, tannins, and silica - natural antibacterial and abrasive.

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BATCH B: To Determine Family Planning Devices

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1. Barrier Methods (Physical)

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2. Intrauterine Devices (IUDs)

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3. Oral Contraceptive Pills (OCPs)

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4. Hormonal Injectables

• DMPA (Depo-Provera): Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate - injection every 3 months.
• Inhibits ovulation and thickens cervical mucus.

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5. Hormonal Implants

• Implanon / Nexplanon: Single rod inserted under skin of upper arm.
• Releases etonogestrel slowly.
• Effective for 3 years.

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6. Permanent Methods (Surgical Sterilization)

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7. Natural Methods

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BATCH C: To Determine the National Immunization Schedule

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For Children:

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For Pregnant Women:

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• Vaccines must be stored and transported at +2°C to +8°C (refrigerator temperature).
• Some vaccines (OPV) are stored at -20°C (freezer).
• Cold chain maintains vaccine potency from manufacturer to recipient.

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• BCG = Bacillus Calmette-Guerin
• OPV = Oral Polio Vaccine
• IPV = Inactivated Polio Vaccine
• DPT = Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus
• Hib = Haemophilus influenzae type b
• MR = Measles-Rubella
• JE = Japanese Encephalitis
• TT = Tetanus Toxoid
• UIP = Universal Immunization Programme

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PART III - VIVA VOCE Preparation (10 Marks)

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Note for students: In the practical examination, for Q2a (Major Experiment, 35 marks) you will be asked to physically demonstrate the procedure on a manikin. Practice the hand position, compression depth, rate, and head-tilt chin-lift technique repeatedly before the exam.