Anatomical diagram of a human skull providing a 3D landmark configuration for craniometric analysis. The image displays 18 numbered landmarks from three primary perspectives: frontal (anterior), tilted anterior, and basal (inferior) views. These landmarks represent key anatomical points of interest (COIs) used in medical imaging and forensic anthropology to define surgical planes and calculate volumes of cranial cavities such as the nasal cavity, maxillary sinuses, and orbits. Frontal landmarks include the glabella (1), nasion (2), and markers along the superior orbital margins (4, 5) and zygomatic arches (6, 7). The basal view illustrates the distribution of landmarks across the palate (10, 11, 16, 17), the midline of the alveolar process (18), and the cranial base near the foramen magnum (8, 9). This structured mapping is designed for digital morphometrics, providing a standardized protocol for identifying cranial structures and performing volumetric assessments in clinical and research settings.

This diagnostic and anatomical diagram composite displays the volumetric segmentation of the human vocal tract based on MRI data. The top row features high-resolution MRI scans in mid-sagittal, coronal, and transversal planes, where specific anatomical sub-volumes are color-coded over the airway. The bottom row presents a corresponding 3D 'exploded view' of these segmented cavities in sagittal and coronal perspectives. The color-coding scheme identifies seven distinct regions: blue for the oropharynx front (OPf), gray for the oropharynx rear (OPR), green for the upper hypopharynx (HPu), red for the lower hypopharynx (HPl), orange for the epilarynx tube (ET), yellow for the sinus piriformis (SP), and purple for the ventricular volume (VV). This visualization is used in speech science and otolaryngology to analyze the complex geometry and resonance characteristics of the vocal tract during phonation. The segmentation highlights the relationship between the supra-glottal structures, emphasizing how different cavities contribute to the overall shape of the pharynx and laryngeal vestibule.

An anatomical diagram and pathophysiology illustration demonstrating a 3D reconstruction of a human vertebral column and pelvis from a lateral-oblique perspective. The diagram illustrates the 'Best Fit Plane' (BFP) concept used in the assessment of spinal deformities such as Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS). Two semi-transparent geometric planes are shown intersecting the spine: one aligned with the thoracic region and another with the lumbar region. These planes represent the mathematical calculation that minimizes the distances between the centroids of each vertebral body within specified spinal segments. The vertebral column exhibits physiological curvatures, with specific vertebrae highlighted in blue and yellow to denote apex or end vertebrae within the curvature segments. This visual model is essential for clinical biomechanics and orthopedic surgery planning, as it provides a three-dimensional understanding of spinal rotation and deviation beyond two-dimensional radiographic projections.

Summary : This figure illustrates the anatomy of the human aorta and its main branches, showing their spatial relationships to major organs and anatomical landmarks. illustration: # Main Structures : • The aorta is depicted as a large, central red vessel running vertically through the torso. • The aorta is divided into three main sections: ascending thoracic aorta, aortic arch, descending thoracic aorta, and abdominal aorta. • The diaphragm is shown as a translucent pink structure crossing the aorta. # Branches and Landmarks : • Ascending thoracic aorta: arises from the heart, includes the aortic root (sinuses of Valsalva) and aortic annulus. • Aortic arch: gives rise to three major branches: – Innominate (brachiocephalic) artery – Left common carotid artery – Left subclavian artery – Right common carotid artery and right subclavian artery branch from the innominate artery. • Descending thoracic aorta: continues downward through the chest. • Abdominal aorta: begins below the diaphragm and gives rise to several branches: – Celiac axis – Suprarenal abdominal aorta – Superior mesenteric artery – Right and left renal arteries – Inferior mesenteric artery – Right and left common iliac arteries (terminal branches) # Spatial Relationships : • The aorta passes posterior to the heart and anterior to the vertebral column. • The diaphragm separates the thoracic and abdominal portions of the aorta. • The abdominal aorta lies centrally and bifurcates into the right and left common iliac arteries at its lower end. # Annotations and Labels : • Each major branch and anatomical landmark is clearly labeled with leader lines. • A small human figure at left shows the aorta’s position within the body. # Analysis : • The figure provides a comprehensive overview of the aorta’s anatomy, highlighting its major branches and their order from the heart to the lower abdomen. • The spatial arrangement clarifies the transition from thoracic to abdominal aorta at the diaphragm. • The branching pattern demonstrates the aorta’s role as the main conduit for arterial blood from the heart to the rest of the body.

This stylized anatomical illustration depicts a human heart in an anterior view, emphasizing its gross external morphology and coronary vasculature. The organ exhibits its characteristic ovoid shape with superiorly positioned great vessels, including cross-sectional views of the aorta and pulmonary trunk. The surface anatomy highlights the intricate branching patterns of the coronary arteries and veins, demonstrating their distribution across the myocardium toward the apex. The image uses an artistic, high-contrast color palette of green, blue, and yellow to delineate anatomical boundaries and the etched texture of the cardiac tissue. Educationally, the diagram serves to illustrate the relationship between the major cardiac chambers and the superficial vascular network, particularly in the context of cardiovascular health and hemodynamic pressures. The visualization emphasizes the complexity of the organ's blood supply, which is critical for understanding conditions like hypertension and coronary artery disease.

This medical illustration depicts a coronal cross-section of a human uterus, highlighting a surgical repair of the uterine wall. The organ is shown with its characteristic pear-shaped anatomy, including the fundus, body, and cervical canal. The uterine wall is stratified into three distinct layers: an outer perimetrium (serosa), a thick middle myometrium with a textured appearance, and a dark internal endometrial cavity. On the upper left aspect, specifically in the region of the uterine cornu, several dark, transverse inverting sutures are visible. These represent superficial polypropylene (Prolene) sutures applied to the serosal layer. The illustration demonstrates a post-operative state where the sutures serve to appose the seromuscular layers, promoting hemostasis and preventing the formation of peritoneal adhesions or fibrosis following surgical reconstruction. This diagram is utilized in obstetrics and gynecology to explain surgical techniques for managing myometrial weakness, cornual ectopic pregnancies, or uterine rupture repair.

This diagnostic image displays fused 18F-FDG PET-CT scans in transverse, sagittal, and coronal (frontal) planes. The primary finding is an area of moderate metabolic activity in the anterior mediastinum, indicated by white arrows in all three views. In the transverse plane, the mass is located centrally, posterior to the sternum and anterior to the heart and great vessels. The sagittal view clearly demonstrates the anterior position of the hypermetabolic lesion relative to the vertebral column and its vertical longitudinal extent. The coronal view reveals the transverse width and midline orientation of the mass. The PET signal shows a maximum standardized uptake value (SUV) of 3.16, visualized as a color-coded hot spot. This localized FDG uptake within the anterior mediastinum is characteristic of a thymic mass, such as a thymoma. The CT component provides anatomical localization, helping differentiate the lesion from surrounding mediastinal structures and lung tissue. This radiological study is critical in the evaluation of patients presenting with symptoms of myasthenia gravis, such as ptosis and muscle fatigue.

This diagnostic imaging illustration demonstrates the three primary anatomical planes of the human body using Computed Tomography (CT) of the chest. The top row features 3D diagrams of a rectangular volume representing the chest, with an intersecting plane highlighting the orientation for each perspective: Transverse (XY), Coronal (XZ), and Sagittal (YZ). Below these diagrams are corresponding 2D CT slices. The Transverse plane shows a horizontal cross-section of the thorax, displaying the bilateral lungs (dark areas), the central mediastinum including the heart, and the vertebral body. A focal cavitary lesion or nodule is visible in the left lung. The Coronal plane provides a frontal view, illustrating the vertical extent of the lungs, the diaphragm, and the spinal column. The Sagittal plane presents a lateral profile, showing the anterior-posterior depth of the lung, the rib cage, and the curvature of the diaphragm. These views are utilized for volumetric analysis and 3D reconstruction in clinical radiology, particularly for characterizing pulmonary pathology.