Answer these questions for bds 1st year biochemistry board exam of kat

Answer these questions for bds 1st year biochemistry board exam of kathmandu university

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heme biosynthesis pathway regulation ALA synthase enzymes steps

Here is the Glycolysis pathway diagram from the textbook for reference:

Here's a quick-reference summary of all questions answered:

#	Topic	Key Point to Remember
Q1	Porphyria + Heme regulation	2 types (hepatic/erythropoietic); ALAS is rate-limiting; feedback by heme
Q2a	Hemoglobin structure	Tetramer; 4 heme groups; T & R states; 2,3-BPG
Q2b	G6PD deficiency	X-linked; no NADPH → no GSH → oxidative hemolysis; Heinz bodies
Q2c	Sickle cell Hb	Glu→Val mutation; HbS polymerizes when deoxygenated; diagnose by electrophoresis
Q2d	Glycolytic products in RBCs	ATP, NADH, 2,3-BPG, Lactate - no mitochondria
Q2f	Porphyria (short note)	AIP: PBG deaminase deficiency; port-wine urine; neurovisceral attacks
Q3/Q4	Iron absorption/hepcidin	DCYTB→DMT-1→Ferroportin; Hepcidin degrades ferroportin
Q5	HMP shunt importance	NADPH (protection, synthesis); Ribose-5-P (nucleotides)
Q6	Glycolysis + enzymes	3 rate-limiting: Hexokinase, PFK-1 (most important), Pyruvate kinase
Q7	Acute Intermittent Porphyria	PBGD deficiency; ALA+PBG accumulate; Rx: glucose + hematin

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