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Parrot's Perch (Pau de Arara) - Forensic Medicine & Toxicology
Definition
The Parrot's Perch (also called pau de arara in Portuguese, meaning "macaw's perch") is a method of positional/suspension torture. It was notoriously used in Brazil under the military dictatorship and is also encountered in the context of other political repressive regimes.
Mechanism
The victim is suspended upside down from a horizontal pole placed under the knees, with the wrists bound to the ankles. This forces the body into a flexed, hanging position - much like a parrot gripping a perch, but inverted.
- Also called: "Jack" (another name for the same position)
- The pole passes behind both knees, and the person's wrists are tied to their own ankles, leaving them hanging head-downward
Physical Findings
Because of the binding and positional stress, characteristic injuries include:
- Bruises or scars on the anterior forearms (where ropes/bindings contact)
- Bruises or scars on the backs of the ankles
- Joint injuries - particularly to the knees (from the pole), shoulders, and wrists
- Neurovascular compromise from sustained abnormal positioning
- Vascular congestion and petechiae may occur in the head and face (from prolonged inverted hanging)
Context Among Other Torture Methods
The Parrot's Perch is classified under positional/suspension torture, alongside:
| Method | Description |
|---|---|
| Suspension by wrists | Bruises/scars at wrists, joint injuries |
| Suspension by arms or neck | Prominent lividity in lower limbs |
| Parrot's Perch (no. 16) | Hung upside down from a pole under knees, wrists tied to ankles |
Other related torture methods covered in FMT for exam purposes include:
- Falanga/Falaka/Bastinado - beating the soles of the feet with canes or rods
- Telefono - repeated slapping over both ears, may rupture eardrums
- Wet submarino (Latina) - forced immersion of head in contaminated water until near-suffocation
- Dry submarino - plastic bag over head until suffocation (asphyxial signs)
Legal Provisions (India)
- Section 120, BNS (formerly S. 330, IPC): Voluntarily causing hurt to extort confession - punishable up to 7 years
- Section 121, BNS (formerly S. 331, IPC): Voluntarily causing grievous hurt to extract confession - punishable up to 10 years
Key Declarations
- Declaration of Tokyo, 1975 (World Medical Association): Defined torture in the context of detention/imprisonment. Physicians must never participate in, condone, or facilitate torture under any circumstance.
- Declaration of Geneva, 1948: No one shall be subject to torture or cruel/inhuman/degrading treatment.
- UN Principles (1984): Specific guidelines for health personnel protecting prisoners from torture.
Source: The Essentials of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, 36th edition (2026), Chapter on Torture, pp. 294-295
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