Give me a structured, organized, simple and categorized, overview of all the muscles of Head, Neck and Face step-by-step with short headings along with their basic actions and nerve supply easier for me to understand.

Reading File

Finding Sources

Reading File

Finding Sources

I now have comprehensive data from the textbooks on facial expression muscles and mastication muscles. I have enough from the sources to build a thorough, well-organized overview. Let me now compile the complete structured guide from my knowledge (well-supported by the textbook data retrieved).

Muscles of the Head, Neck & Face - Complete Structured Overview

SECTION 1: MUSCLES OF FACIAL EXPRESSION

All innervated by CN VII (Facial Nerve). They arise from the 2nd branchial arch and insert into skin.

1.1 Scalp & Forehead

Muscle	Action	Nerve Branch (CN VII)
Frontalis (anterior belly of occipitofrontalis)	Raises eyebrows; creates horizontal forehead lines	Temporal branch
Occipitalis (posterior belly)	Pulls scalp backward	Posterior auricular branch
Temporoparietalis (auriculares ant. & sup.)	Draws temporal skin back; moves ear	Temporal branch
Auricularis posterior	Pulls ear backward	Posterior auricular branch

1.2 Eye Region (Periorbital)

Muscle	Action	Nerve Branch (CN VII)
Orbicularis oculi (orbital part)	Tight/forceful eye closure	Temporal + Zygomatic branches
Orbicularis oculi (palpebral part)	Gentle closure, blinking, tear drainage	Temporal (upper) + Zygomatic (lower)
Corrugator supercilii	Draws brows medially and down - creates "scowl/furrowed" look	Temporal branch
Procerus	Pulls nasal skin up; creates "bunny lines" and shortens nose	Zygomatic branch

1.3 Nose Region

Muscle	Action	Nerve Branch (CN VII)
Nasalis (alar part)	Flares nostrils (alar flaring and compression)	Zygomatic branch
Nasalis (transverse part)	Compresses nostrils	Buccal branch
Depressor septi nasi	Pulls columella down toward lip	Buccal branch

1.4 Mouth & Cheek Region

Muscle	Action	Nerve Branch (CN VII)
Zygomaticus major	Elevates and retracts mouth angles (smiling)	Zygomatic + Buccal branches
Zygomaticus minor	Elevates and retracts mouth angles	Buccal branch
Levator anguli oris	Elevates and retracts corners of mouth	Zygomatic + Buccal branches
Levator labii superioris	Elevates upper lip	Buccal branch
Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi	Elevates upper lip and flares nostril	Buccal branch
Risorius	Retracts and elevates mouth corners; creates dimple	Buccal + Marginal mandibular branches
Buccinator	Presses cheek against teeth; prevents cheek bulging; aids whistling and blowing	Buccal branch
Orbicularis oris	Closes and purses lips; puckering/kissing	Buccal + Marginal mandibular branches

1.5 Lower Lip & Chin

Muscle	Action	Nerve Branch (CN VII)
Depressor labii inferioris	Depresses and everts lower lip	Marginal mandibular branch
Depressor anguli oris	Depresses corners of mouth (frown)	Marginal mandibular branch
Mentalis	Everts lower lip; raises chin skin ("pouting" chin)	Marginal mandibular branch
Platysma	Depresses mandible and lower lip; tenses neck skin	Cervical branch

SECTION 2: MUSCLES OF MASTICATION

All innervated by CN V3 (Mandibular division of Trigeminal Nerve) - motor branch.

Muscle	Action
Masseter	Elevates mandible (closes jaw); clenching
Temporalis	Elevates mandible (closes jaw); posterior fibers retract mandible
Medial pterygoid	Elevates mandible; assists in lateral (side-to-side) movements
Lateral pterygoid	Opens jaw (depresses mandible); protrudes mandible; lateral chewing movements

All four receive blood supply from branches of the maxillary artery.

SECTION 3: EXTRAOCULAR MUSCLES (Eye Movement)

Muscles that move the eyeball within the orbit.

Muscle	Action	Nerve Supply
Superior rectus	Elevates eye; intorts; adducts	CN III (Oculomotor)
Inferior rectus	Depresses eye; extorts; adducts	CN III (Oculomotor)
Medial rectus	Adducts eye (moves toward nose)	CN III (Oculomotor)
Inferior oblique	Elevates; extorts; abducts	CN III (Oculomotor)
Lateral rectus	Abducts eye (moves toward ear)	CN VI (Abducens)
Superior oblique	Depresses; intorts; abducts	CN IV (Trochlear)
Levator palpebrae superioris	Raises upper eyelid	CN III (Oculomotor); Sympathetic (superior tarsal)

Mnemonic: LR6 SO4 rest are 3 (Lateral Rectus = CN VI, Superior Oblique = CN IV, all others = CN III)

SECTION 4: MUSCLES OF THE TONGUE

Extrinsic muscles move the tongue; intrinsic muscles change its shape.

4.1 Extrinsic Tongue Muscles

Muscle	Action	Nerve Supply
Genioglossus	Protrudes tongue; depresses center	CN XII (Hypoglossal)
Hyoglossus	Depresses and retracts tongue	CN XII (Hypoglossal)
Styloglossus	Retracts and elevates tongue sides	CN XII (Hypoglossal)
Palatoglossus	Elevates tongue; narrows oropharyngeal isthmus	CN X via pharyngeal plexus

4.2 Intrinsic Tongue Muscles

All 4 (superior/inferior longitudinal, transverse, vertical) are innervated by CN XII (Hypoglossal) and change the shape of the tongue (shorten, widen, curl, etc.).

SECTION 5: PHARYNGEAL & SOFT PALATE MUSCLES

5.1 Pharyngeal Constrictors

Muscle	Action	Nerve Supply
Superior constrictor	Constricts upper pharynx in swallowing	CN X + CN IX via pharyngeal plexus
Middle constrictor	Constricts mid-pharynx	CN X via pharyngeal plexus
Inferior constrictor	Constricts lower pharynx; important for voicing	CN X via pharyngeal plexus

5.2 Longitudinal Pharyngeal Muscles

Muscle	Action	Nerve Supply
Stylopharyngeus	Elevates and widens pharynx/larynx	CN IX (Glossopharyngeal) - unique!
Palatopharyngeus	Raises larynx and pharynx; closes oropharynx	CN X via pharyngeal plexus
Salpingopharyngeus	Elevates pharynx; opens auditory tube	CN X via pharyngeal plexus

5.3 Soft Palate Muscles

Muscle	Action	Nerve Supply
Levator veli palatini	Raises soft palate to close nasopharynx	CN X via pharyngeal plexus
Tensor veli palatini	Tenses soft palate; opens Eustachian tube	CN V3 (Mandibular nerve)
Musculus uvulae	Shortens/elevates uvula	CN X via pharyngeal plexus
Palatoglossus	Lowers soft palate; narrows fauces	CN X via pharyngeal plexus
Palatopharyngeus	Elevates larynx and pharynx	CN X via pharyngeal plexus

Note: Tensor veli palatini is the only palatal muscle innervated by CN V3 (not CN X).

SECTION 6: MUSCLES OF THE NECK

6.1 Superficial Neck Muscles

Muscle	Action	Nerve Supply
Platysma	Depresses mandible; tenses neck skin	CN VII (Facial - cervical branch)
Sternocleidomastoid (SCM)	Unilateral: tilts head to same side, rotates face to opposite side. Bilateral: flexes neck, raises sternum during forced inspiration	CN XI (Accessory) + C2-C3 (proprioception)
Trapezius (upper fibers)	Elevates and retracts scapula; extends head/neck	CN XI (Accessory) + C3-C4

6.2 Suprahyoid Muscles (above hyoid)

All assist in opening the jaw and elevating the hyoid during swallowing.

Muscle	Action	Nerve Supply
Digastric (anterior belly)	Depresses mandible; raises hyoid	CN V3 (mylohyoid nerve)
Digastric (posterior belly)	Depresses mandible; raises hyoid	CN VII (Facial)
Mylohyoid	Elevates floor of mouth and hyoid; depresses mandible	CN V3 (mylohyoid nerve)
Geniohyoid	Elevates and protracts hyoid; depresses mandible	C1 via CN XII
Stylohyoid	Elevates and retracts hyoid	CN VII (Facial)

6.3 Infrahyoid "Strap" Muscles (below hyoid)

All depress the hyoid and larynx during swallowing/speaking. All innervated by Ansa cervicalis (C1-C3), except thyrohyoid.

Muscle	Action	Nerve Supply
Sternohyoid	Depresses hyoid	Ansa cervicalis (C1-C3)
Sternothyroid	Depresses thyroid cartilage and larynx	Ansa cervicalis (C1-C3)
Thyrohyoid	Depresses hyoid; elevates larynx	C1 via CN XII
Omohyoid	Depresses, retracts, and steadies hyoid	Ansa cervicalis (C1-C3)

Mnemonic for infrahyoid: "Strap muscles = Ansa cervicalis" except thyrohyoid which is C1 via CN XII.

6.4 Anterior Vertebral (Deep Neck) Muscles

Act on the cervical spine.

Muscle	Action	Nerve Supply
Longus capitis	Flexes head and upper cervical spine	C1-C4 (anterior rami)
Longus colli	Flexes and rotates cervical spine	C2-C6 (anterior rami)
Rectus capitis anterior	Flexes head at atlanto-occipital joint	C1-C2
Rectus capitis lateralis	Lateral flexion of head	C1

6.5 Scalene Muscles (Lateral Neck / Breathing)

Muscle	Action	Nerve Supply
Scalenus anterior	Elevates 1st rib; laterally flexes cervical spine	C4-C6 (anterior rami)
Scalenus medius	Elevates 1st rib; laterally flexes cervical spine	C3-C8 (anterior rami)
Scalenus posterior	Elevates 2nd rib; laterally flexes cervical spine	C6-C8 (anterior rami)

6.6 Posterior (Suboccipital) Muscles of the Head

Muscle	Action	Nerve Supply
Rectus capitis posterior major	Extends and rotates head	Suboccipital nerve (C1 posterior ramus)
Rectus capitis posterior minor	Extends head at atlanto-occipital joint	Suboccipital nerve (C1 posterior ramus)
Obliquus capitis superior	Extends and laterally flexes head	Suboccipital nerve (C1 posterior ramus)
Obliquus capitis inferior	Rotates atlas (C1) on axis (C2)	Suboccipital nerve (C1 posterior ramus)
Semispinalis capitis	Extends head; rotates to opposite side	C1-C5 (dorsal rami)
Splenius capitis	Extends and rotates head to same side	C2-C3 (dorsal rami)

QUICK NERVE SUPPLY SUMMARY

Cranial Nerve	Muscles Supplied
CN V3 (Mandibular)	Muscles of mastication, tensor veli palatini, mylohyoid, anterior digastric
CN VII (Facial)	All muscles of facial expression, posterior digastric, stylohyoid
CN IX (Glossopharyngeal)	Stylopharyngeus only
CN X (Vagus)	Pharyngeal constrictors, most palate muscles, palatoglossus
CN XI (Accessory)	SCM, trapezius
CN XII (Hypoglossal)	Most tongue muscles (extrinsic + intrinsic except palatoglossus)
CN III, IV, VI	Extraocular muscles (see Section 3)
Ansa cervicalis (C1-C3)	Infrahyoid strap muscles (except thyrohyoid)
C1 via CN XII	Thyrohyoid, geniohyoid

Sources: Dermatology 2-Volume Set 5e (Elsevier); K.J. Lee's Essential Otolaryngology; General Anatomy and Musculoskeletal System - THIEME Atlas of Anatomy; Netter's Atlas of Human Anatomy

Generate a PDF quick reference card with muscle origins, insertions & actions

Reading File

Running Command

ls -la /home/daytona/workspace/ 2>/dev/null && echo "---" && mkdir -p /home/dayt…

Writing File

~/muscles-ref-card/generate_pdf.py

from reportlab.lib.pagesizes import A4
from reportlab.lib import colors
from reportlab.lib.units import mm
from reportlab.platypus import (
    SimpleDocTemplate, Table, TableStyle, Paragraph, Spacer,
    HRFlowable, KeepTogether
)
from reportlab.lib.styles import getSampleStyleSheet, ParagraphStyle
from reportlab.lib.enums import TA_CENTER, TA_LEFT
from reportlab.platypus import PageBreak

OUTPUT = "/home/daytona/workspace/muscles-ref-card/Muscles_Head_Neck_Face_QuickRef.pdf"

# ── Colour palette ────────────────────────────────────────────────
C_DARK_BLUE   = colors.HexColor("#1a3a5c")
C_MID_BLUE    = colors.HexColor("#2b6cb0")
C_LIGHT_BLUE  = colors.HexColor("#ebf4ff")
C_ACCENT      = colors.HexColor("#e53e3e")
C_GOLD        = colors.HexColor("#d4a017")
C_SECTION_BG  = [
    colors.HexColor("#e8f0fe"),  # blue-ish  – face expression
    colors.HexColor("#fef3e8"),  # orange-ish – mastication
    colors.HexColor("#e8fef0"),  # green-ish – extraocular
    colors.HexColor("#fde8f0"),  # pink-ish  – tongue
    colors.HexColor("#f0e8fe"),  # purple-ish – pharynx/palate
    colors.HexColor("#e8fefe"),  # teal-ish  – neck
]
C_HDR = [
    colors.HexColor("#1a3a5c"),
    colors.HexColor("#7b3a10"),
    colors.HexColor("#1a5c3a"),
    colors.HexColor("#5c1a3a"),
    colors.HexColor("#3a1a5c"),
    colors.HexColor("#1a5c5c"),
]
C_WHITE = colors.white

doc = SimpleDocTemplate(
    OUTPUT,
    pagesize=A4,
    leftMargin=10*mm, rightMargin=10*mm,
    topMargin=12*mm, bottomMargin=12*mm,
    title="Muscles of Head, Neck & Face – Quick Reference Card",
    author="Orris Medical"
)

styles = getSampleStyleSheet()

# Custom styles
title_style = ParagraphStyle(
    "CardTitle", fontSize=18, textColor=C_WHITE,
    alignment=TA_CENTER, fontName="Helvetica-Bold", leading=22
)
subtitle_style = ParagraphStyle(
    "CardSubtitle", fontSize=9, textColor=C_LIGHT_BLUE,
    alignment=TA_CENTER, fontName="Helvetica", leading=12
)
section_style = ParagraphStyle(
    "SectionTitle", fontSize=11, textColor=C_WHITE,
    alignment=TA_LEFT, fontName="Helvetica-Bold", leading=14,
    leftIndent=4
)
cell_bold = ParagraphStyle(
    "CellBold", fontSize=7, fontName="Helvetica-Bold",
    textColor=C_DARK_BLUE, leading=9, wordWrap='LTR'
)
cell_normal = ParagraphStyle(
    "CellNormal", fontSize=6.5, fontName="Helvetica",
    textColor=colors.HexColor("#222222"), leading=8.5, wordWrap='LTR'
)
cell_nerve = ParagraphStyle(
    "CellNerve", fontSize=6.5, fontName="Helvetica-Bold",
    textColor=C_ACCENT, leading=8.5, wordWrap='LTR'
)
note_style = ParagraphStyle(
    "Note", fontSize=7, fontName="Helvetica-Oblique",
    textColor=colors.HexColor("#555555"), leading=9
)
footer_style = ParagraphStyle(
    "Footer", fontSize=7, fontName="Helvetica",
    textColor=colors.HexColor("#888888"), alignment=TA_CENTER, leading=9
)

def B(text): return Paragraph(text, cell_bold)
def N(text): return Paragraph(text, cell_normal)
def NR(text): return Paragraph(text, cell_nerve)
def note(text): return Paragraph(text, note_style)

# ── Column widths for main table (A4 minus margins = 190mm) ───────
W = 190 * mm
COL = [32*mm, 35*mm, 35*mm, 40*mm, 28*mm]  # muscle | origin | insertion | action | nerve

COL_HDR = ["Muscle", "Origin", "Insertion", "Action(s)", "Nerve Supply"]

def make_table(rows, bg, hdr_bg):
    data = [[B(h) for h in COL_HDR]]
    for r in rows:
        data.append([
            B(r[0]),
            N(r[1]),
            N(r[2]),
            N(r[3]),
            NR(r[4]),
        ])
    t = Table(data, colWidths=COL, repeatRows=1)
    style_cmds = [
        ("BACKGROUND",    (0,0), (-1,0),  hdr_bg),
        ("TEXTCOLOR",     (0,0), (-1,0),  C_WHITE),
        ("FONTNAME",      (0,0), (-1,0),  "Helvetica-Bold"),
        ("FONTSIZE",      (0,0), (-1,0),  7.5),
        ("ROWBACKGROUNDS",(0,1), (-1,-1), [bg, C_WHITE]),
        ("GRID",          (0,0), (-1,-1), 0.3, colors.HexColor("#cccccc")),
        ("VALIGN",        (0,0), (-1,-1), "TOP"),
        ("TOPPADDING",    (0,0), (-1,-1), 2),
        ("BOTTOMPADDING", (0,0), (-1,-1), 2),
        ("LEFTPADDING",   (0,0), (-1,-1), 3),
        ("RIGHTPADDING",  (0,0), (-1,-1), 3),
    ]
    t.setStyle(TableStyle(style_cmds))
    return t

def section_header(text, bg):
    data = [[Paragraph(text, section_style)]]
    t = Table(data, colWidths=[W])
    t.setStyle(TableStyle([
        ("BACKGROUND", (0,0), (-1,-1), bg),
        ("TOPPADDING",    (0,0), (-1,-1), 4),
        ("BOTTOMPADDING", (0,0), (-1,-1), 4),
        ("LEFTPADDING",   (0,0), (-1,-1), 6),
    ]))
    return t

# ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
#  DATA
# ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════

sec1_facial = [
    # scalp/forehead
    ("Frontalis",
     "Galea aponeurotica (anterior)",
     "Skin of forehead, eyebrows; blends with procerus & corrugator",
     "Raises eyebrows; wrinkles forehead horizontally",
     "CN VII – Temporal br."),
    ("Occipitalis",
     "Superior nuchal line (lateral); mastoid process",
     "Galea aponeurotica (posterior)",
     "Pulls scalp backward",
     "CN VII – Posterior auricular br."),
    ("Corrugator supercilii",
     "Medial superciliary arch (frontal bone)",
     "Skin of medial eyebrow",
     "Draws brow medially & down; vertical glabellar lines ('scowl')",
     "CN VII – Temporal br."),
    ("Procerus",
     "Fascia over lower nasal bone & upper lateral nasal cartilage",
     "Skin between eyebrows",
     "Depresses medial brow; creates transverse nasal lines ('bunny lines')",
     "CN VII – Zygomatic br."),
    # eye
    ("Orbicularis oculi\n(orbital part)",
     "Medial orbital margin; medial palpebral ligament; lacrimal bone",
     "Encircles orbit; returns to origin",
     "Forceful tight eye closure",
     "CN VII – Temporal + Zygomatic br."),
    ("Orbicularis oculi\n(palpebral part)",
     "Medial palpebral ligament",
     "Lateral palpebral raphe",
     "Gentle eye closure; blinking; aids tear drainage",
     "CN VII – Temporal (upper) + Zygomatic (lower)"),
    # nose
    ("Nasalis (alar part)",
     "Maxilla (above lateral incisor)",
     "Alar cartilage & skin of nose",
     "Flares nostrils; dilates naris",
     "CN VII – Zygomatic br."),
    ("Nasalis (transverse)",
     "Maxilla (above canine)",
     "Aponeurosis across nasal bridge",
     "Compresses nostrils",
     "CN VII – Buccal br."),
    ("Depressor septi nasi",
     "Maxilla (above central incisor)",
     "Nasal septum & alar cartilage",
     "Pulls columella and nasal tip downward",
     "CN VII – Buccal br."),
    # mouth/cheek
    ("Zygomaticus major",
     "Zygomatic bone (lateral surface)",
     "Modiolus (angle of mouth)",
     "Draws angle of mouth upward & laterally (smiling)",
     "CN VII – Zygomatic + Buccal br."),
    ("Zygomaticus minor",
     "Zygomatic bone (anterior surface)",
     "Upper lip (lateral orbicularis)",
     "Elevates upper lip; deepens nasolabial fold",
     "CN VII – Buccal br."),
    ("Levator labii\nsuperioris",
     "Infraorbital margin of maxilla",
     "Upper lip (orbicularis oris)",
     "Elevates upper lip; deepens nasolabial fold",
     "CN VII – Buccal br."),
    ("Levator labii sup.\nalaeque nasi",
     "Frontal process of maxilla",
     "Upper lip & alar cartilage",
     "Elevates upper lip; flares nostril",
     "CN VII – Buccal br."),
    ("Levator anguli oris",
     "Canine fossa of maxilla (below infra-orbital foramen)",
     "Modiolus (angle of mouth)",
     "Raises angle of mouth (smile)",
     "CN VII – Zygomatic + Buccal br."),
    ("Buccinator",
     "Alveolar processes of maxilla & mandible; pterygomandibular raphe",
     "Modiolus; blends into orbicularis oris",
     "Compresses cheek; keeps food between teeth; aids whistling/blowing",
     "CN VII – Buccal br."),
    ("Risorius",
     "Parotid fascia; platysma",
     "Modiolus / skin at angle of mouth",
     "Retracts angle of mouth laterally (forced grin/dimple)",
     "CN VII – Buccal + Marginal mandibular br."),
    ("Orbicularis oris",
     "Modiolus & maxilla/mandible near midline (no bony origin; mostly muscular)",
     "Mucous membrane; skin of lips",
     "Closes & purses lips; puckering; kissing; aids speech",
     "CN VII – Buccal + Marginal mandibular br."),
    # lower lip/chin
    ("Depressor labii\ninferioris",
     "Mandible (between symphysis & mental foramen)",
     "Skin and mucosa of lower lip",
     "Depresses and everts lower lip",
     "CN VII – Marginal mandibular br."),
    ("Depressor anguli\noris",
     "Oblique line of mandible",
     "Modiolus (angle of mouth)",
     "Depresses corner of mouth (frowning)",
     "CN VII – Marginal mandibular br."),
    ("Mentalis",
     "Incisive fossa of mandible",
     "Skin of chin",
     "Everts lower lip; raises & wrinkles chin skin ('pouting')",
     "CN VII – Marginal mandibular br."),
    ("Platysma",
     "Fascia over pectoralis major & deltoid",
     "Mandible (lower border); skin of cheek & mouth angle; blends with depressor anguli oris",
     "Depresses mandible & lower lip; tenses neck skin; draws lower face downward",
     "CN VII – Cervical br."),
]

sec2_mastication = [
    ("Masseter",
     "Zygomatic arch (lower border & medial surface)",
     "Lateral surface of mandibular ramus & angle",
     "Elevates mandible (closes jaw); clenching; slight protrusion",
     "CN V3 – Masseteric n."),
    ("Temporalis",
     "Temporal fossa (floor) & temporal fascia",
     "Coronoid process & anterior ramus of mandible",
     "Elevates mandible; posterior fibers retract mandible",
     "CN V3 – Deep temporal nn."),
    ("Medial pterygoid",
     "Medial surface of lateral pterygoid plate; pterygoid fossa; pyramidal process of palatine bone",
     "Medial surface of mandibular angle & ramus",
     "Elevates mandible; assists in protrusion & lateral chewing movements",
     "CN V3 – Medial pterygoid n."),
    ("Lateral pterygoid\n(superior head)",
     "Infratemporal surface of greater wing of sphenoid",
     "Articular disc & capsule of TMJ",
     "Stabilises articular disc; involved in mouth opening & lateral jaw movements",
     "CN V3 – Lateral pterygoid n."),
    ("Lateral pterygoid\n(inferior head)",
     "Lateral surface of lateral pterygoid plate",
     "Pterygoid fovea (neck of mandibular condyle)",
     "Protrudes mandible; depresses (opens) jaw; lateral chewing",
     "CN V3 – Lateral pterygoid n."),
]

sec3_extraocular = [
    ("Superior rectus",
     "Common tendinous ring (annulus of Zinn)",
     "Sclera (superior surface, anterior to equator)",
     "Elevates eyeball; intorsion; adduction",
     "CN III – Oculomotor (superior div.)"),
    ("Inferior rectus",
     "Common tendinous ring",
     "Sclera (inferior surface)",
     "Depresses eyeball; extorsion; adduction",
     "CN III – Oculomotor (inferior div.)"),
    ("Medial rectus",
     "Common tendinous ring",
     "Sclera (medial surface)",
     "Adducts eyeball (moves toward nose)",
     "CN III – Oculomotor (inferior div.)"),
    ("Lateral rectus",
     "Common tendinous ring",
     "Sclera (lateral surface)",
     "Abducts eyeball (moves toward ear)",
     "CN VI – Abducens n."),
    ("Superior oblique",
     "Body of sphenoid (above optic canal)",
     "Sclera (posterolateral, via trochlea pulley)",
     "Depresses; intorts; abducts eyeball",
     "CN IV – Trochlear n."),
    ("Inferior oblique",
     "Orbital floor (lateral to nasolacrimal groove)",
     "Sclera (posterolateral surface)",
     "Elevates; extorts; abducts eyeball",
     "CN III – Oculomotor (inferior div.)"),
    ("Levator palpebrae\nsuperioris",
     "Lesser wing of sphenoid (above optic canal)",
     "Tarsal plate of upper eyelid; skin of upper lid",
     "Raises upper eyelid",
     "CN III (main); Sympathetic n. (superior tarsal / Müller's m.)"),
]

sec4_tongue = [
    ("Genioglossus",
     "Mental spine (superior genial tubercle) of mandible",
     "Dorsum of tongue (fan-shaped); body of hyoid",
     "Protrudes tongue; depresses centre; retracts tip",
     "CN XII – Hypoglossal n."),
    ("Hyoglossus",
     "Body & greater horn of hyoid bone",
     "Lateral sides of tongue",
     "Depresses and retracts tongue",
     "CN XII – Hypoglossal n."),
    ("Styloglossus",
     "Styloid process (anterior surface); stylohyoid ligament",
     "Lateral tongue (merges with hyoglossus)",
     "Retracts and elevates sides of tongue",
     "CN XII – Hypoglossal n."),
    ("Palatoglossus",
     "Palatine aponeurosis (soft palate undersurface)",
     "Lateral tongue",
     "Elevates tongue; narrows oropharyngeal isthmus",
     "CN X via pharyngeal plexus"),
    ("Intrinsic muscles\n(superior & inferior longitudinal, transverse, vertical)",
     "No bony attachments (within tongue substance)",
     "Within tongue substance",
     "Change shape: shorten/lengthen, widen/narrow, curl tip",
     "CN XII – Hypoglossal n."),
]

sec5_pharynx = [
    # constrictors
    ("Superior constrictor",
     "Pterygoid hamulus; pterygomandibular raphe; mylohyoid line of mandible; side of tongue",
     "Pharyngeal tubercle of occipital bone; pharyngeal raphe (posterior midline)",
     "Constricts upper pharynx during swallowing",
     "CN X + CN IX via pharyngeal plexus"),
    ("Middle constrictor",
     "Greater & lesser horns of hyoid; stylohyoid ligament",
     "Pharyngeal raphe (posterior midline)",
     "Constricts mid-pharynx during swallowing",
     "CN X via pharyngeal plexus"),
    ("Inferior constrictor",
     "Oblique line of thyroid cartilage; lateral surface of cricoid cartilage",
     "Pharyngeal raphe (posterior midline)",
     "Constricts lower pharynx; cricopharyngeus acts as UES",
     "CN X via pharyngeal plexus; RLN (cricopharyngeus)"),
    ("Stylopharyngeus",
     "Styloid process (medial surface, base)",
     "Posterior border of thyroid cartilage; blends with constrictors",
     "Elevates and widens pharynx & larynx during swallowing",
     "CN IX – Glossopharyngeal n. (unique!)"),
    ("Palatopharyngeus",
     "Palatine aponeurosis (hard palate)",
     "Posterior border of thyroid cartilage; pharyngeal wall",
     "Elevates larynx & pharynx; closes oropharynx",
     "CN X via pharyngeal plexus"),
    # palate
    ("Levator veli palatini",
     "Petrous part of temporal bone; medial auditory tube cartilage",
     "Palatine aponeurosis",
     "Elevates soft palate to close off nasopharynx during swallowing/speech",
     "CN X via pharyngeal plexus"),
    ("Tensor veli palatini",
     "Scaphoid fossa of sphenoid; lateral auditory tube cartilage",
     "Palatine aponeurosis (hooks around pterygoid hamulus)",
     "Tenses soft palate; opens Eustachian tube",
     "CN V3 – Medial pterygoid n. (only palatal muscle NOT CN X)"),
    ("Musculus uvulae",
     "Posterior nasal spine; palatine aponeurosis",
     "Mucosa of uvula",
     "Shortens and elevates uvula",
     "CN X via pharyngeal plexus"),
]

sec6_neck = [
    # superficial
    ("Sternocleidomastoid\n(SCM)",
     "Sternal head: manubrium sterni (anterior surface)\nClavicular head: medial 1/3 of clavicle",
     "Mastoid process; lateral superior nuchal line",
     "Unilateral: ipsilateral neck tilt + contralateral face rotation. Bilateral: neck flexion; raises thorax in forced inspiration",
     "CN XI – Accessory n. + C2–C3 (proprioception)"),
    ("Trapezius\n(upper fibers)",
     "External occipital protuberance; medial superior nuchal line; ligamentum nuchae; C7–T12 spinous processes",
     "Lateral 1/3 of clavicle; acromion; spine of scapula",
     "Elevates & retracts scapula; extends & rotates head/neck to opposite side",
     "CN XI – Accessory n. + C3–C4"),
    # suprahyoid
    ("Digastric\n(anterior belly)",
     "Digastric fossa of mandible (inner surface)",
     "Intermediate tendon (attached to hyoid via fibrous sling)",
     "Depresses mandible; elevates hyoid during swallowing",
     "CN V3 – Mylohyoid n."),
    ("Digastric\n(posterior belly)",
     "Mastoid notch (medial to mastoid process)",
     "Intermediate tendon",
     "Elevates and retracts hyoid; opens jaw",
     "CN VII – Facial n. (digastric br.)"),
    ("Mylohyoid",
     "Mylohyoid line of mandible",
     "Hyoid bone (body); median raphe meeting partner muscle",
     "Elevates floor of mouth & tongue; elevates hyoid; depresses mandible",
     "CN V3 – Mylohyoid n."),
    ("Geniohyoid",
     "Inferior genial tubercle of mandible",
     "Body of hyoid bone",
     "Elevates & protracts hyoid; depresses mandible; widens pharynx",
     "C1 via CN XII"),
    ("Stylohyoid",
     "Styloid process (posterior surface)",
     "Body of hyoid (at junction with greater horn)",
     "Elevates and retracts hyoid",
     "CN VII – Facial n. (stylohyoid br.)"),
    # infrahyoid
    ("Sternohyoid",
     "Manubrium sterni (posterior surface); medial clavicle",
     "Body of hyoid bone (lower border)",
     "Depresses hyoid after swallowing",
     "Ansa cervicalis C1–C3"),
    ("Sternothyroid",
     "Manubrium sterni (posterior surface; 1st costal cartilage)",
     "Oblique line of thyroid cartilage",
     "Depresses thyroid cartilage and larynx",
     "Ansa cervicalis C1–C3"),
    ("Thyrohyoid",
     "Oblique line of thyroid cartilage",
     "Greater horn & body of hyoid",
     "Depresses hyoid; elevates larynx when hyoid is fixed",
     "C1 via CN XII"),
    ("Omohyoid\n(superior belly)",
     "Intermediate tendon",
     "Body of hyoid (lower border, lateral to sternohyoid)",
     "Depresses, retracts, and steadies hyoid",
     "Ansa cervicalis C1–C3"),
    ("Omohyoid\n(inferior belly)",
     "Superior border of scapula (medial to suprascapular notch)",
     "Intermediate tendon",
     "Depresses, retracts, and steadies hyoid",
     "Ansa cervicalis C1–C3"),
    # deep anterior
    ("Longus capitis",
     "Anterior tubercles of C3–C6 transverse processes",
     "Basilar part of occipital bone",
     "Flexes head; flexes upper cervical spine",
     "C1–C4 anterior rami"),
    ("Longus colli",
     "Vertebral bodies C3–T3; transverse processes C3–C6",
     "Atlas anterior tubercle; vertebral bodies C2–C4; transverse processes C5–C6",
     "Flexes and rotates cervical spine; anterior cervical stabiliser",
     "C2–C6 anterior rami"),
    ("Rectus capitis\nanterior",
     "Lateral mass of atlas (C1)",
     "Basilar part of occipital bone (anterior to condyle)",
     "Flexes head at atlanto-occipital joint",
     "C1–C2 anterior rami"),
    ("Rectus capitis\nlateralis",
     "Transverse process of atlas (C1)",
     "Jugular process of occipital bone",
     "Lateral flexion of head at atlanto-occipital joint",
     "C1 anterior ramus"),
    # scalenes
    ("Scalenus anterior",
     "Anterior tubercles of C3–C6 transverse processes",
     "Scalene tubercle on 1st rib",
     "Elevates 1st rib (forced inspiration); flexes & laterally tilts neck; rotates to opposite side",
     "C4–C6 anterior rami"),
    ("Scalenus medius",
     "Posterior tubercles of C2–C7 transverse processes",
     "1st rib (posterior to subclavian groove)",
     "Elevates 1st rib; laterally flexes neck",
     "C3–C8 anterior rami"),
    ("Scalenus posterior",
     "Posterior tubercles of C4–C6 transverse processes",
     "Outer surface of 2nd rib",
     "Elevates 2nd rib; laterally flexes neck",
     "C6–C8 anterior rami"),
    # suboccipital
    ("Rectus capitis\nposterior major",
     "Spinous process of axis (C2)",
     "Lateral inferior nuchal line (occipital bone)",
     "Extends head; rotates head to same side",
     "Suboccipital n. (C1 posterior ramus)"),
    ("Rectus capitis\nposterior minor",
     "Posterior tubercle of atlas (C1)",
     "Medial inferior nuchal line (occipital bone)",
     "Extends head at atlanto-occipital joint",
     "Suboccipital n. (C1 posterior ramus)"),
    ("Obliquus capitis\nsuperior",
     "Transverse process of atlas (C1)",
     "Occipital bone (between nuchal lines, lateral)",
     "Extends and laterally flexes head",
     "Suboccipital n. (C1 posterior ramus)"),
    ("Obliquus capitis\ninferior",
     "Spinous process of axis (C2)",
     "Transverse process of atlas (C1)",
     "Rotates atlas on axis (ipsilateral head rotation)",
     "Suboccipital n. (C1 posterior ramus)"),
    ("Semispinalis capitis",
     "Articular processes of C4–C6; transverse processes of C7–T7",
     "Between superior & inferior nuchal lines (occipital bone)",
     "Extends head and neck; contralateral rotation",
     "C1–C5 dorsal rami"),
    ("Splenius capitis",
     "Ligamentum nuchae; spinous processes of C7–T3",
     "Mastoid process; lateral superior nuchal line",
     "Extends head & neck; ipsilateral rotation & lateral flexion",
     "C2–C3 dorsal rami"),
]

# ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
#  BUILD PDF
# ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
story = []

# ── Title Banner ─────────────────────────────────────────────────
title_data = [[
    Paragraph("MUSCLES OF HEAD, NECK & FACE", title_style),
]]
title_table = Table(title_data, colWidths=[W])
title_table.setStyle(TableStyle([
    ("BACKGROUND",    (0,0), (-1,-1), C_DARK_BLUE),
    ("TOPPADDING",    (0,0), (-1,-1), 10),
    ("BOTTOMPADDING", (0,0), (-1,-1), 4),
]))
story.append(title_table)

subtitle_data = [[Paragraph("Quick Reference Card  ·  Origins · Insertions · Actions · Nerve Supply", subtitle_style)]]
sub_table = Table(subtitle_data, colWidths=[W])
sub_table.setStyle(TableStyle([
    ("BACKGROUND",    (0,0), (-1,-1), C_MID_BLUE),
    ("TOPPADDING",    (0,0), (-1,-1), 3),
    ("BOTTOMPADDING", (0,0), (-1,-1), 5),
]))
story.append(sub_table)
story.append(Spacer(1, 4*mm))

sections = [
    ("1. MUSCLES OF FACIAL EXPRESSION  (CN VII – Facial Nerve)", sec1_facial, C_SECTION_BG[0], C_HDR[0]),
    ("2. MUSCLES OF MASTICATION  (CN V3 – Mandibular Nerve)", sec2_mastication, C_SECTION_BG[1], C_HDR[1]),
    ("3. EXTRAOCULAR MUSCLES  (CN III / IV / VI)", sec3_extraocular, C_SECTION_BG[2], C_HDR[2]),
    ("4. MUSCLES OF THE TONGUE  (CN XII – Hypoglossal + CN X for palatoglossus)", sec4_tongue, C_SECTION_BG[3], C_HDR[3]),
    ("5. PHARYNGEAL & SOFT PALATE MUSCLES  (CN X pharyngeal plexus, CN IX, CN V3)", sec5_pharynx, C_SECTION_BG[4], C_HDR[4]),
    ("6. MUSCLES OF THE NECK  (CN XI, CN VII, CN V3, Ansa cervicalis, C1–C8)", sec6_neck, C_SECTION_BG[5], C_HDR[5]),
]

for title, rows, bg, hdr_bg in sections:
    story.append(KeepTogether([
        section_header(title, hdr_bg),
        Spacer(1, 1.5*mm),
        make_table(rows, bg, hdr_bg),
        Spacer(1, 4*mm),
    ]))

# ── Nerve Supply Summary box ──────────────────────────────────────
story.append(Spacer(1, 2*mm))
nerve_summary_hdr = section_header("NERVE SUPPLY AT A GLANCE", C_DARK_BLUE)
nerve_rows = [
    ["CN V3 (Mandibular)", "Masseter, Temporalis, Medial & Lateral Pterygoids, Tensor veli palatini, Mylohyoid, Anterior Digastric"],
    ["CN VII (Facial)", "All muscles of facial expression, Posterior Digastric, Stylohyoid, Platysma"],
    ["CN IX (Glossopharyngeal)", "Stylopharyngeus (sole muscle – unique)"],
    ["CN X (Vagus)", "Pharyngeal constrictors, Palatopharyngeus, Levator veli palatini, Musculus uvulae, Palatoglossus, Salpingopharyngeus"],
    ["CN XI (Accessory)", "Sternocleidomastoid, Trapezius (+ C3–C4 proprioception)"],
    ["CN XII (Hypoglossal)", "All intrinsic tongue muscles; Genioglossus, Hyoglossus, Styloglossus"],
    ["CN III / IV / VI", "Extraocular muscles (LR₆SO₄ rest III)"],
    ["Ansa cervicalis (C1–C3)", "Sternohyoid, Sternothyroid, Omohyoid"],
    ["C1 via CN XII", "Thyrohyoid, Geniohyoid"],
    ["C1 post. ramus (Suboccipital n.)", "Rectus capitis post. major & minor, Obliquus capitis sup. & inf."],
    ["C2–C6 anterior rami", "Longus capitis, Longus colli, Scalenes (varying levels)"],
    ["C2–C3 dorsal rami", "Splenius capitis, Semispinalis capitis"],
]
ns_data = [
    [Paragraph("<b>Nerve</b>", cell_bold), Paragraph("<b>Muscles Supplied</b>", cell_bold)]
] + [
    [Paragraph(r[0], cell_nerve), Paragraph(r[1], cell_normal)] for r in nerve_rows
]
ns_table = Table(ns_data, colWidths=[55*mm, 135*mm])
ns_table.setStyle(TableStyle([
    ("BACKGROUND",    (0,0), (-1,0),  C_DARK_BLUE),
    ("TEXTCOLOR",     (0,0), (-1,0),  C_WHITE),
    ("ROWBACKGROUNDS",(0,1), (-1,-1), [C_LIGHT_BLUE, C_WHITE]),
    ("GRID",          (0,0), (-1,-1), 0.3, colors.HexColor("#aaaaaa")),
    ("VALIGN",        (0,0), (-1,-1), "TOP"),
    ("TOPPADDING",    (0,0), (-1,-1), 2),
    ("BOTTOMPADDING", (0,0), (-1,-1), 2),
    ("LEFTPADDING",   (0,0), (-1,-1), 4),
    ("RIGHTPADDING",  (0,0), (-1,-1), 4),
]))
story.append(nerve_summary_hdr)
story.append(Spacer(1, 1.5*mm))
story.append(ns_table)

# ── Footer note ───────────────────────────────────────────────────
story.append(Spacer(1, 4*mm))
story.append(Paragraph(
    "Sources: Dermatology 2-Volume Set 5e | K.J. Lee's Essential Otolaryngology | THIEME Atlas of Anatomy | Netter's Atlas of Human Anatomy  ·  Generated by Orris Medical AI",
    footer_style
))

doc.build(story)
print("PDF generated:", OUTPUT)

Running Command

cd /home/daytona/workspace/muscles-ref-card && python generate_pdf.py 2>&1

Running Command

ls -lh /home/daytona/workspace/muscles-ref-card/

Your PDF quick reference card is ready for download:

Muscles Head Neck Face QuickRef

PDF Document · PDF

What's inside the PDF (18 KB, A4, color-coded):

The card is organized into 6 color-coded sections, each with a 5-column table (Muscle | Origin | Insertion | Action | Nerve Supply):

#	Section	Color
1	Muscles of Facial Expression (21 muscles)	Blue
2	Muscles of Mastication (5 muscles)	Orange
3	Extraocular Muscles (7 muscles)	Green
4	Muscles of the Tongue (5 entries)	Pink
5	Pharyngeal & Soft Palate Muscles (8 muscles)	Purple
6	Muscles of the Neck (24 muscles - SCM, trapezius, supra/infrahyoid, deep, scalenes, suboccipital)	Teal

Plus a "Nerve Supply at a Glance" summary table at the end covering all cranial nerves and cervical roots in one view. Nerve names are highlighted in red throughout for quick identification.

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