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This is the syllabus for BSc MLT, fourth sem, RGUHS. Can you please make a question bank of... Well, 15 10 mark question. 20 5 mark question and 20 2 mark question. Make sure you don't repeat the questions very often.
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Here is the complete question bank for BSc MLT, Semester IV - Pathology II (Haematology), RGUHS.
QUESTION BANK
BSc MLT - Semester IV | Pathology II: Haematology | RGUHS
SECTION A: 10-MARK QUESTIONS (15 Questions)
Unit 1 - Special Haematological Tests
1. Describe the principle, procedure, and interpretation of the Osmotic Fragility Test. How is it used in the diagnosis of hereditary spherocytosis? Add a note on factors affecting osmotic fragility.
2. Explain Haemoglobin electrophoresis in detail. Describe the types of electrophoresis techniques used, migration patterns of different haemoglobin variants, and the clinical significance of Hb A2, Hb F, Hb S, and Hb C.
3. Discuss the investigation of G6PD deficiency. Describe the principle of fluorescent spot test and quantitative G6PD assay. Mention the clinical conditions associated with G6PD deficiency and the drugs that trigger haemolysis.
4. Describe the tests used for autoimmune haemolytic anaemia. Explain the Direct and Indirect Coombs (Antiglobulin) test in detail - principle, procedure, interpretation, and clinical applications.
5. Describe the sickling test and related investigations. Include the principle of the solubility test, sodium metabisulphite test, and haemoglobin electrophoresis pattern in sickle cell disease and sickle cell trait.
Unit 2 - Haemostasis and Coagulation
6. Describe the normal mechanism of haemostasis. Explain primary haemostasis, secondary haemostasis (coagulation cascade - intrinsic and extrinsic pathways), and the normal fibrinolytic system in detail.
7. Discuss the investigation of haemostatic mechanism. Describe in detail: Bleeding Time (BT), Clotting Time (CT), whole blood coagulation time, Prothrombin Time (PT), and Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT) - including principles, procedures, normal values, and interpretations.
8. Describe the assay of clotting factors. Explain factor VIII assay and factor IX assay with clinical significance. Discuss the laboratory diagnosis of haemophilia A and haemophilia B.
9. Discuss platelet function tests. Describe platelet count, bleeding time, platelet aggregation studies, and PFA-100 assay. How are these tests used to differentiate platelet disorders?
10. Describe tests for fibrinolytic activity. Explain the euglobulin clot lysis time, D-dimer assay, FDP (Fibrin Degradation Products), and their role in diagnosis of DIC and thrombolytic therapy monitoring.
Unit 3 - Investigation of Megaloblastic Anaemia and Iron Deficiency Anaemia
11. Describe the investigation of megaloblastic anaemia. Discuss B12 and folate assay methods, the Schilling test (principle, procedure, and interpretation), and peripheral blood and bone marrow findings.
12. Describe the estimation of serum iron and total iron binding capacity (TIBC). Explain the principle, procedure, interpretation, and how these values distinguish iron deficiency anaemia from anaemia of chronic disease.
13. Describe bone marrow biopsy study. Explain needle aspiration and surgical (trephine) biopsy techniques, indications, contraindications, preparation of smears, and staining methods used.
14. Compare and contrast Iron Deficiency Anaemia (IDA) and Megaloblastic Anaemia under the following headings: aetiology, peripheral blood findings, bone marrow findings, biochemical investigations, and treatment.
15. Describe the preparation of bone marrow smears and staining. Explain Perl's Prussian Blue stain for iron and its role in evaluating marrow iron stores. Discuss the grading of marrow iron and its diagnostic significance.
SECTION B: 5-MARK QUESTIONS (20 Questions)
Unit 1 - Special Haematological Tests
1. Write a note on the principle and procedure of the sickling (sodium metabisulphite) test. Mention its limitations.
2. Explain the indirect Coombs test - its principle, procedure, and when it is used clinically.
3. Write about the clinical significance of Haemoglobin electrophoresis in diagnosing thalassaemia syndromes.
4. Describe the fluorescent spot test for G6PD deficiency and mention conditions when screening is indicated.
5. Write a note on the osmotic fragility test - include the principle and how the result differs in spherocytosis vs. thalassaemia.
Unit 2 - Haemostasis and Coagulation
6. Describe the Prothrombin Time (PT) test - principle, procedure, normal range, and conditions where PT is prolonged.
7. Write a note on anticoagulants used in coagulation studies. Mention the type, concentration, and purpose of each.
8. Explain the role of platelet aggregation studies in diagnosing platelet function disorders. Name the common agonists used.
9. Describe the D-dimer test - its principle and clinical significance in DVT, pulmonary embolism, and DIC.
10. Write a note on the activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT) - procedure, normal value, and clinical interpretation.
11. Describe the collection of blood for coagulation studies - type of tube, ratio of blood to anticoagulant, and precautions.
12. Explain the fibrinolytic system and describe one laboratory test to evaluate fibrinolytic activity.
Unit 3 - Iron Deficiency & Megaloblastic Anaemia
13. Write a note on the Schilling test - principle, stages, and interpretation.
14. Describe serum ferritin and its diagnostic value in iron deficiency anaemia versus anaemia of chronic disease.
15. Write about bone marrow aspiration technique - site selection, procedure, and complications.
16. Describe the peripheral blood and bone marrow findings in megaloblastic anaemia.
17. Write a note on Perl's Prussian Blue stain for iron in bone marrow - principle, procedure, and interpretation.
18. Explain the role of serum iron and TIBC in evaluating iron status. Give normal values.
19. Describe the staining techniques used for bone marrow smear examination (Leishman, MGG, H&E).
20. Write a note on hypersegmented neutrophils and macro-ovalocytes as markers of megaloblastic change in peripheral blood.
SECTION C: 2-MARK QUESTIONS (20 Questions)
Unit 1 - Special Haematological Tests
1. Define osmotic fragility. In which condition is it increased?
2. What is the principle of the Direct Coombs test?
3. Name two haemoglobinopathies diagnosed by haemoglobin electrophoresis.
4. What is the reagent used in the sickling test and what does a positive result indicate?
5. Name two drugs that can trigger haemolysis in G6PD deficiency.
Unit 2 - Haemostasis and Coagulation
6. What is the normal Bleeding Time (BT) by the Ivy method?
7. Name the anticoagulant used for coagulation studies and the ratio of blood to anticoagulant.
8. What does a prolonged PT with a normal aPTT suggest?
9. Define INR and state its clinical use.
10. What is the role of thrombin in the coagulation cascade?
11. Name two platelet function tests and the conditions they help diagnose.
12. What is the euglobulin clot lysis time used for?
13. Name the clotting factors involved in the intrinsic pathway.
Unit 3 - Iron Deficiency & Megaloblastic Anaemia
14. What is the Schilling test used to detect?
15. Give the normal range of serum iron and TIBC in adults.
16. What is a "ringed sideroblast" and in which condition is it seen?
17. Name the stain used to demonstrate iron in bone marrow and state the colour of a positive reaction.
18. What is the difference between bone marrow aspiration and trephine biopsy?
19. Name two causes of megaloblastic anaemia other than B12/folate deficiency.
20. What peripheral blood finding is characteristic of iron deficiency anaemia? Give two features.
Note: Questions are distributed across all three syllabus units (Special Haematological Tests; Haemostasis & Coagulation; Investigation of Megaloblastic and Iron Deficiency Anaemia) to ensure broad coverage without repetition. Topics like BT/PT/aPTT, bone marrow biopsy, and iron studies appear at different depths across the three sections to serve different mark allocations.
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