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This is my FMT practical task. i dont no what to write here please help me to what to write here from nitish kumar readyy book , and give me one sample so i can write in my file
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Reading File
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forensic bloodstain identification
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forensic blood identification benzidine phenolphthalein Teichmann Takayama test practical manual
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Reading File
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Reading File
Your sheet is for examination of a suspected blood stain. Write the observations and result in short points. Do not write the whole textbook procedure.
Below is a ready-to-copy sample for a stain that is confirmed as blood. Change the blood group according to what you actually see in your practical.
Sample to write in your file
Physical Examination
Condition of stain:
Fresh stain, bright red in colour, soft and moist, and soluble in water.
Fresh stain, bright red in colour, soft and moist, and soluble in water.
Description of the source:
Suspected blood stain present on a piece of cotton cloth / gauze piece.
Suspected blood stain present on a piece of cotton cloth / gauze piece.
Screening tests
Reaction:
An aqueous extract of the stain was prepared. On adding the reagent followed by hydrogen peroxide, a characteristic colour change was observed.
An aqueous extract of the stain was prepared. On adding the reagent followed by hydrogen peroxide, a characteristic colour change was observed.
Benzidine / Phenolphthalein test:
Positive. Greenish-blue colour was produced in the benzidine test / pink colour was produced in the phenolphthalein (Kastle-Meyer) test, suggesting the presence of blood.
Positive. Greenish-blue colour was produced in the benzidine test / pink colour was produced in the phenolphthalein (Kastle-Meyer) test, suggesting the presence of blood.
Write only the test that your teacher actually performed.
- Benzidine positive: greenish-blue colour
- Phenolphthalein positive: pink colour
Microscopic and Micro-chemical tests
Examination for evidence of cells (RBC):
On microscopic examination, red blood cells were seen. They appeared as numerous circular, non-nucleated cells.
On microscopic examination, red blood cells were seen. They appeared as numerous circular, non-nucleated cells.
Confirmatory tests
a) Haemin crystal test (Teichmann test)
Observation:
Brownish-black, rhombic crystals of haemin were seen under the microscope.
Brownish-black, rhombic crystals of haemin were seen under the microscope.
Result:
Teichmann test is positive.
Teichmann test is positive.
What to draw in the first circle:
Draw 5-6 small dark brown rhombus/diamond-shaped crystals, arranged separately or in small groups. Label:
“Brown rhombic haemin crystals”
Draw 5-6 small dark brown rhombus/diamond-shaped crystals, arranged separately or in small groups. Label:
“Brown rhombic haemin crystals”
b) Haemochromogen crystal test (Takayama test)
Observation:
Salmon-pink, needle-shaped or feathery haemochromogen crystals were seen, arranged in clusters/sheaves.
Salmon-pink, needle-shaped or feathery haemochromogen crystals were seen, arranged in clusters/sheaves.
Result:
Takayama test is positive.
Takayama test is positive.
What to draw in the second circle:
Draw a cluster of thin pink needle-like crystals, like a small bunch or sheaf. Label:
“Salmon-pink feathery haemochromogen crystals”
Draw a cluster of thin pink needle-like crystals, like a small bunch or sheaf. Label:
“Salmon-pink feathery haemochromogen crystals”
c) Blood grouping
Write this only according to the agglutination reaction shown in your practical.
| Agglutination with | Interpretation |
|---|---|
| Anti-A only | Group A |
| Anti-B only | Group B |
| Anti-A and Anti-B | Group AB |
| Neither Anti-A nor Anti-B | Group O |
| Anti-D positive | Rh positive |
| Anti-D negative | Rh negative |
Example only:
Agglutination was seen with Anti-B and Anti-D sera. No agglutination with Anti-A serum. Hence, the blood group is B positive.
Agglutination was seen with Anti-B and Anti-D sera. No agglutination with Anti-A serum. Hence, the blood group is B positive.
You can draw three small circles or drops:
- Anti-A: no clumping
- Anti-B: clumping present
- Anti-D: clumping present
Opinion
The stain is confirmed to be blood, as the screening test and microcrystal tests are positive. In this sample, the blood group is B positive.
If you do not perform blood grouping, write:
“The stain is confirmed to be blood. Blood grouping could not be performed / was not done.”
Important correction to your first line
You have written: “fresh stain, bright red in colour, soft and moist, soluble in water.”
That is good for a fresh wet stain. Write it neatly as:
That is good for a fresh wet stain. Write it neatly as:
Fresh stain, bright red in colour, soft and moist in consistency, and soluble in water.
For a dry/old stain, use instead:
Dry stain, reddish-brown in colour, hard and brittle, and soluble in water.
The phenolphthalein test gives pink or purple colour in the presence of blood, while Teichmann crystals are brown rhombic and Takayama crystals are salmon-pink and feathery. This matches the standard FMT practical description in The Essentials of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology by K. S. Narayan Reddy and O. P. Murty. Benzidine is historically described but has carcinogenic risk, so it should only be handled under your departmental supervision.
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This is my FMT practical task. i dont no what to write here please help me to what to write here from nitish kumar readyy book , and give me one sample so i can write in my file
analyse_media
analyse_media
Finding Sources
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Searching PubMed
forensic seminal stain identification
Searching the Web
forensic examination seminal stains Florence test Barberio test spermatozoa
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This page is for Examination of Seminal Stains. Copy this sample neatly. Change only the quantity or result if your teacher showed something different.
Page 25: Physical and Chemical Examination
Physical Examination
Quantity:
Scanty amount of suspected seminal stain.
Scanty amount of suspected seminal stain.
Viscosity:
Viscid and sticky.
Viscid and sticky.
Odour:
Characteristic seminal odour.
Characteristic seminal odour.
Appearance of the stain:
Greyish-white to yellowish stain. The stained cloth is stiff and slightly crusted.
Greyish-white to yellowish stain. The stained cloth is stiff and slightly crusted.
Chemical Examination
Reaction:
Alkaline reaction.
(Red litmus paper turns blue.)
Alkaline reaction.
(Red litmus paper turns blue.)
Florence test:
Positive. Dark brown, rhombic crystals of choline periodide were seen under the microscope.
Positive. Dark brown, rhombic crystals of choline periodide were seen under the microscope.
What to draw in the circle:
Draw 5-6 small dark brown rhombus or diamond-shaped crystals.
Below or beside it write:
“Dark brown rhombic crystals of choline periodide.”
Draw 5-6 small dark brown rhombus or diamond-shaped crystals.
Below or beside it write:
“Dark brown rhombic crystals of choline periodide.”
Page 26
Barberio’s test
Positive. Yellow, needle-shaped crystals of spermine picrate were seen.
What to draw in the circle:
Draw a bunch of long thin yellow needle-like crystals, arranged in a cluster.
Write:
“Yellow needle-shaped crystals of spermine picrate.”
Draw a bunch of long thin yellow needle-like crystals, arranged in a cluster.
Write:
“Yellow needle-shaped crystals of spermine picrate.”
Microscopic Examination
Numerous spermatozoa were seen. Each spermatozoon consists of an oval head, short neck and a long tail.
You may draw 4-5 spermatozoa like this in the blank space:
(O)~~~~~~~~
(O)~~~~~~~~
(O)~~~~~~~~
Label the parts:
- Oval head
- Neck
- Long tail
Opinion
The given stain is a seminal stain, as Florence test and Barberio’s test are positive and spermatozoa are seen on microscopic examination.
Shorter version, if you have very little space
Reaction: Alkaline.
Florence test: Positive. Dark brown rhombic crystals of choline periodide seen.
Barberio’s test: Positive. Yellow needle-shaped crystals of spermine picrate seen.
Microscopy: Spermatozoa with oval head, neck and long tail seen.
Opinion: The stain is confirmed as seminal stain.
This is the standard description used in the seminal-stain examination section of The Essentials of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology by K. S. Narayan Reddy and O. P. Murty. Do not write “confirmed” if spermatozoa were not actually demonstrated in your practical.
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I dont know what to write here , but my professor give me case i.e (A 25-year-old male from Chandannath, Jumla, stated that the victim had been invited to a birthday party that they celebrated together. The victim left his house approximately three hours after the party. He stated that he had not engaged in any physical/sexual activity with the victim. On physical examination, multiple reddish-coloured abrasions, each measuring approximately 0.5 × 0.5 cm, were present over the ventrolateral aspects of both arms. Genital examination was normal.). Write all the things if not prsent in case then take refrence from nitish kumar readdy book and give me all so i can write in my file
Reading File
Finding Sources
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sexual assault forensic examination male suspect evidence collection
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WHO sexual violence forensic examination suspect consent evidence collection guidelines
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Do not invent missing facts such as height, weight, occupation, police case number, identification marks, date, or laboratory results. Write “Not mentioned in the case” or leave those administrative fields for your professor to provide.
Your case is an examination of an accused person in an alleged sexual offence. You can write the following in your practical file.
Page 67: Examination of accused of sexual offence
Requisition from
Police Station, Chandannath, Jumla
(If the exact police station/case number is not given, write: “Not mentioned in the case.”)
(If the exact police station/case number is not given, write: “Not mentioned in the case.”)
Case No.
Not mentioned in the case.
Name
Not mentioned in the case.
Age
25 years
Occupation
Not mentioned in the case.
Address
Chandannath, Jumla
Brought by
Police personnel
(Write this only if your teacher told you the person was brought by police. Otherwise: “Not mentioned in the case.”)
(Write this only if your teacher told you the person was brought by police. Otherwise: “Not mentioned in the case.”)
Marks of identification
- Not mentioned in the case.
- Not mentioned in the case.
Date
[Write the date of your practical examination]
Consent
Informed written consent obtained for medico-legal examination and collection of relevant samples.
(In an actual medicolegal case, follow the local legal and hospital protocol.)
(In an actual medicolegal case, follow the local legal and hospital protocol.)
History
As given by the Police
Alleged case of sexual offence. The person examined is a 25-year-old male from Chandannath, Jumla. As per the history, the victim was invited to a birthday party which they celebrated together. The victim left the house approximately three hours after the party.
As given by the person
The person stated that he had not engaged in any physical or sexual activity with the victim.
Any evidence of intoxication
No evidence of intoxication was noted at the time of examination.
Only write this if your teacher expects a complete sample. If the case gives no examination for intoxication, safer wording is:
“No history or examination findings regarding intoxication are provided in the case.”
Only write this if your teacher expects a complete sample. If the case gives no examination for intoxication, safer wording is:
“No history or examination findings regarding intoxication are provided in the case.”
Any evidence of disease
No evidence of any disease was noted on general examination.
Or, more strictly from the given facts:
“No history or findings of disease are mentioned in the case.”
Or, more strictly from the given facts:
“No history or findings of disease are mentioned in the case.”
Physical Examination
Build
Moderately built and nourished.
This is a sample line. Do not write it if your professor has given another build.
This is a sample line. Do not write it if your professor has given another build.
Height
Not mentioned in the case.
Weight
Not mentioned in the case.
Teeth
No abnormality noted.
Or write “Not examined / not mentioned in the case” if you were not given this information.
Or write “Not examined / not mentioned in the case” if you were not given this information.
Voice
Normal male voice.
Clothing
Because clothing findings are not provided in the case, write:
Blood stain: No blood stain noted on the clothing.
Seminal stains: No seminal stain noted on the clothing.
Foreign material: No foreign material noted.
Hair: No foreign hair noted.
Tears: No tear noted.
Loss of button etc.: No loss of button or other damage noted.
Seminal stains: No seminal stain noted on the clothing.
Foreign material: No foreign material noted.
Hair: No foreign hair noted.
Tears: No tear noted.
Loss of button etc.: No loss of button or other damage noted.
If you want to be completely case-based without adding assumptions, write this instead:
“Clothing examination findings were not provided in the case.”
Your teacher may prefer the first style because it completes the proforma.
Page 68: Genital Examination and Opinion
Injuries on body
Write this before genital findings, if there is space:
Multiple reddish-coloured abrasions, each measuring approximately 0.5 cm × 0.5 cm, were present over the ventrolateral aspects of both arms.
Do not write the age of these abrasions just from the colour. Write only that they are reddish, as given in the case.
Genitals
Pubic hair (Length)
Present, normal male pattern.
Matted or not
Not matted.
Penis
Normal in size, shape and development. No abrasion, bruise, swelling, discharge, blood stain or seminal stain noted.
Circumcised or not
Not mentioned in the case.
Do not guess this. If your teacher permits a normal sample entry, use: “Uncircumcised.”
Do not guess this. If your teacher permits a normal sample entry, use: “Uncircumcised.”
Smegma
Not mentioned in the case.
If your teacher wants a sample normal finding: “Smegma absent / no smegma noted.”
If your teacher wants a sample normal finding: “Smegma absent / no smegma noted.”
Testis
Both testes descended in the scrotum and normal on examination. No injury noted.
Collection of Samples
You can write:
Blood sample collected in two properly labelled and sealed vials for serology, blood grouping and drug screening, as per local protocol. Buccal/oral swab, pubic hair sample, fingernail scrapings, penile/preputial swab and other relevant forensic samples collected, labelled, sealed and handed over maintaining chain of custody.
However, because your case does not state that samples were actually collected, the safer practical-file wording is:
“Relevant samples may be collected as per local medico-legal protocol and investigating officer’s requisition. Details of actual collection are not provided in the case.”
Do not write “smear from glans for vaginal cells” as a positive finding. It is a sample that may be collected, not a result.
Opinion: Ready-to-write sample
On examination, multiple reddish abrasions, each measuring approximately 0.5 cm × 0.5 cm, were present over the ventrolateral aspects of both arms. Genital examination was normal, with no genital injury or abnormality noted. The findings do not establish or exclude alleged sexual contact. The abrasions are simple injuries and should be correlated with the history, laboratory findings and investigation.
This is the best and safest opinion for your case.
Do not write these incorrect statements
- “He has committed rape.”
- “He is innocent.”
- “Normal genital examination proves that no intercourse occurred.”
- “The abrasions were caused by the victim.”
- “He is potent” unless the examiner specifically assessed and documented it.
A normal genital examination does not prove or disprove sexual activity. It only means no abnormal genital finding was observed at the time of examination.
The standard FMT approach is to document identity and history, examine clothing and injuries for signs of struggle, assess the genitalia, and collect relevant samples with correct labelling and chain of custody. A normal genital examination and absence of stains cannot by themselves rule out alleged sexual contact. The Essentials of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology by K. S. Narayan Reddy and O. P. Murty, examination of accused of sexual offence section.
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