Classify agricultural poisons - fmt narayana reddy
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Classification of Agricultural Poisons
Source: The Essentials of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, 36th Edition - K.S. Narayana Reddy
Position in the Overall Classification of Poisons
Agricultural poisons appear in two places within Narayana Reddy's classification scheme:
1. Under Irritant Poisons (Symptomatic Classification)
Poisons classified by chief symptoms produced:
| Class | Sub-types |
|---|---|
| (I) Corrosives | Strong acids (mineral + organic), Strong alkalis, Metallic salts |
| (II) Irritants | (1) Agricultural |
| (III) Systemic | Cerebral, Spinal, Peripheral, Cardiovascular, Asphyxiants, Genito-urinary |
| (IV) Miscellaneous | Food poisoning/botulism, Hydrocarbons, Agrochemical poisons, Domestic poisons |
Agricultural poisons are listed as the first sub-category under Irritant Poisons (II).
Detailed Classification of Agricultural (Agrochemical) Poisons
According to Narayana Reddy, agricultural poisons are classified as follows:
A. Insecticides
(1) Inorganic Insecticides
- Arsenic compounds (lead arsenate, calcium arsenate, Paris green)
- Fluorides (sodium fluoride, cryolite)
(2) Botanical (Natural Organic) Insecticides
- Nicotine (from tobacco - Nicotiana tabacum)
- Pyrethrum (from chrysanthemum flowers)
- Rotenone / Derris
- Ryania
(3) Synthetic Organic Chemical Insecticides - divided into:
| Sub-group | Examples |
|---|---|
| Phosphate esters (Organophosphorus) | Parathion, Malathion, TEPP, HETP, OMPA, Methyl-parathion, Diazinon |
| Carbamates | Carbaryl (Sevin), Aldicarb |
| Chlorinated hydrocarbons | DDT, BHC/Lindane, Aldrin, Dieldrin, Endrin, Chlordane, Heptachlor, Toxaphene |
B. Organophosphorus Compounds (most important group)
They form two series - Alkyl phosphates and Aryl phosphates:
| Alkyl Phosphates | Aryl Phosphates |
|---|---|
| HETP | Parathion (Folldol, Kill-phos, Ekato) |
| TEPP (Tetron) | Paraoxon |
| OMPA | Methyl-parathion (Metacide) |
| Dimefox | Chlorthion |
| Isopestox | Diazinon (Tik-20) |
| Malathion (Kill bug, Bugsolline) | |
| Sulfotepp | |
| Demeton | |
| Trichlorfon |
C. Weedicides / Herbicides
- Bipyridyl compounds: Paraquat (most important), Diquat
- Chlorophenoxy compounds (2,4-D, 2,4,5-T)
D. Rodenticides (Rat Poisons)
- Phosphides: Aluminum phosphide (commonest cause of intentional poisoning in North India since 1985), Zinc phosphide
- Strychnine (Strychnos nux-vomica)
- Warfarin (anticoagulant rodenticide)
- Red squill
- Thallium sulfate
- Sodium fluoroacetate (1080)
- Barium carbonate
- Norbormide
- Arsenious oxide
E. Fumigants
- Aluminum phosphide (also used as fumigant)
- Methyl bromide
- Hydrogen cyanide
F. Fungicides
- Copper sulfate (Bordeaux mixture)
- Organotin compounds
- Dithiocarbamates
Summary as Agrochemical Poisons (Miscellaneous Category IV-C)
Narayana Reddy explicitly lists under Agrochemical Poisons:
- Organophosphorus compounds
- Carbamates
- Paraquat
- Zinc phosphide
- Aluminum phosphide
- Strychnine
Epidemiological Note (Narayana Reddy)
Organophosphorus compounds are the commonest cause of accidental and suicidal poisoning in India. Since 1985, aluminum phosphide poisoning has been reported as the commonest cause of intentional poisoning in northern India (Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan), predominantly in females in the second and third decades.
- The Essentials of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, 36th ed., K.S. Narayana Reddy, pp. 474-476, 493+
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