You are a medical physiology expert helping a student prepare for a model exam tomorrow. Search the medical textbook library database and compile the TOP 15 most important exam questions with detailed answers for the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM in physiology. Use query_library_db to search the medical textbook library. Here is how to use it: Step 1: Find physiology books available: ```sql SELECT isbn, title, speciality FROM v_book_overview WHERE speciality LIKE '%physiol%' OR speciality LIKE '%Physiol%' LIMIT 10 ``` Step 2: Search for cardiovascular topics using headings_fts: ```sql SELECT title, book_title, '/textbooks/' || block_file_path AS file_path, line_number, para_line_ranges, para_count FROM headings_fts WHERE headings_fts MATCH 'cardiac output' ORDER BY rank LIMIT 5 ``` Step 3: Read relevant file sections using read_file with the file_path, offset=line_number, limit=80 Search for these key cardiovascular topics and read content from the textbook files: 1. Cardiac output - measurement, factors, Fick's principle 2. Frank-Starling law of the heart 3. Action potential of cardiac muscle (SA node vs ventricular) 4. ECG - waves, intervals, normal values 5. Heart sounds - S1, S2, S3, S4 6. Cardiac cycle - phases, pressure-volume loop 7. Regulation of heart rate (autonomic) 8. Coronary circulation 9. Blood pressure regulation - short term and long term 10. Baroreceptor reflex 11. JVP (jugular venous pressure) waveform 12. Starling forces / capillary fluid exchange 13. Venous return and its determinants 14. Hypertension - mechanisms For EACH topic, search the headings_fts, then read the actual text from the file, and compile a detailed Q&A. Return a structured document with 15 important Q&A pairs, each with: - The question (as typically asked in exams) - A comprehensive answer (4-8 bullet points or a paragraph) - Key values/numbers to remember Focus on frequently tested exam topics. Be thorough with mechanisms and numbers.

You are a medical physiology expert helping a student prepare for a model exam tomorrow. Search the medical textbook library database and compile the TOP IMPORTANT exam questions with detailed answers for THREE systems: RESPIRATORY SYSTEM, NERVOUS SYSTEM, and SPECIAL SENSES in physiology. Use query_library_db to search the medical textbook library. Here is how to use it: Step 1: Find physiology books available: ```sql SELECT isbn, title, speciality FROM v_book_overview WHERE speciality LIKE '%physiol%' OR speciality LIKE '%Physiol%' LIMIT 10 ``` Step 2: Search for topics using headings_fts: ```sql SELECT title, book_title, '/textbooks/' || block_file_path AS file_path, line_number, para_line_ranges, para_count FROM headings_fts WHERE headings_fts MATCH 'spirometry lung volumes' ORDER BY rank LIMIT 5 ``` Step 3: Read relevant file sections using read_file with the file_path, offset=line_number, limit=80 Step 4: Also use paragraphs_fts for specific facts: ```sql SELECT book_title, section_heading, '/textbooks/' || block_file_path AS file_path, line_start, line_end, snippet(paragraphs_fts, 0, '>>>', '<<<', '...', 30) as snippet FROM paragraphs_fts WHERE paragraphs_fts MATCH 'tidal volume functional residual capacity' ORDER BY rank LIMIT 5 ``` SEARCH AND READ CONTENT from textbook files for these topics: ### RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (12 questions): 1. Lung volumes and capacities - definitions, normal values (TV, IRV, ERV, RV, IC, FRC, VC, TLC) 2. Spirometry - measurements, FEV1/FVC ratio, obstructive vs restrictive patterns 3. Compliance of lung and chest wall - static vs dynamic, surfactant role 4. Ventilation-Perfusion (V/Q) ratio - matching, zones of lung (West zones) 5. Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve - shape, P50, Bohr effect, factors that shift it 6. CO2 transport in blood - forms, Haldane effect, chloride shift 7. Control of breathing - central and peripheral chemoreceptors 8. Dead space - anatomical vs physiological, Fowler's method 9. Pulmonary circulation - pressures, hypoxic vasoconstriction 10. Diffusion capacity (DLCO) 11. Work of breathing 12. Alveolar gas equation ### NERVOUS SYSTEM (12 questions): 1. Resting membrane potential - Goldman equation, Nernst equation 2. Action potential - phases, ionic basis, threshold, refractory periods 3. Synaptic transmission - neuromuscular junction, EPSPs and IPSPs 4. Neurotransmitters - ACh, dopamine, serotonin, GABA, glutamate 5. Reflexes - stretch reflex, Golgi tendon organ reflex, withdrawal reflex 6. Cerebellum - functions, lobes, connections, clinical signs of cerebellar damage 7. Basal ganglia - circuits, dopamine pathways, Parkinson's disease 8. Hypothalamus - functions (temperature, appetite, thirst, osmolarity) 9. EEG - wave types (alpha, beta, theta, delta), sleep stages (REM vs NREM) 10. Blood-brain barrier - structure, function, what crosses it 11. Ascending pain pathways - anterolateral system, gate control theory 12. Autonomic nervous system - sympathetic vs parasympathetic ### SPECIAL SENSES (8 questions): 1. Vision - photoreceptors (rods vs cones), phototransduction cascade, dark adaptation 2. Eye anatomy and optics - accommodation, near point, presbyopia 3. Hearing - sound conduction, organ of Corti, hair cell mechanism, tonotopy 4. Vestibular system - semicircular canals, otolith organs, VOR reflex 5. Olfaction - receptor mechanism, olfactory pathway 6. Taste - receptor types (sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami), pathway 7. Visual pathways - optic chiasm, visual field defects with lesion locations 8. Color vision - trichromatic theory, opponent process theory, color blindness For EACH topic: 1. First search headings_fts or paragraphs_fts 2. Read the actual textbook file content (use read_file with correct offset and limit=80) 3. Compile a comprehensive Q&A Return a structured document with: - Section headers: ## RESPIRATORY SYSTEM, ## NERVOUS SYSTEM, ## SPECIAL SENSES - For each Q: the exam question, a detailed answer (bullet points + mechanisms), key values/numbers - Be thorough with numbers, mechanisms, and clinical correlations - All content must come from the textbooks via the database