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Prenatal and antenatal care . Diagnostic methods . Usg , ctg, hsg etc.. detailed chapter from williams and dc dutta and other books

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That's your comprehensive chapter on prenatal/antenatal care and diagnostic methods. Here's a quick orientation to what was covered:
Part I - Antenatal Care draws from Park's Textbook (community medicine perspective) and standard obstetric practice: objectives, visit schedule (WHO 4-visit minimum and 8-contact recommendation), clinical examination at each visit (BP, pallor, fundal height, Leopold's maneuvers), prenatal advice, and high-risk pregnancy criteria.
Part II - Diagnostic Methods covers 9 major modalities from Creasy & Resnik's Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Thompson & Thompson Genetics:
  1. USG - Types (first trimester, anatomy scan, Level II), key measurements (CRL, BPD, HC, AC, FL, AFI), anomaly detection rates
  2. Doppler USG - Umbilical artery (AEDV/REDV in FGR), MCA-PSV (fetal anaemia), ductus venosus, uterine artery
  3. CTG - Technical aspects (internal vs external), NST criteria (reactive = 2 accels ≥15 bpm), BPP scoring, ACOG 3-tier intrapartum classification
  4. HSG - Indications, timing, findings for tubal patency and uterine cavity
  5. Amniocentesis - Indications, timing (15-20 wks), complications (0.1-0.3% loss)
  6. CVS - First trimester (10-13 wks), advantages/limitations vs amniocentesis
  7. cfDNA/NIPT - Detection rates (>99% for T21), screening vs diagnostic distinction
  8. Serum screening - First trimester combined, Quad screen markers
  9. Cordocentesis - PUBS for fetal blood sampling and intrauterine transfusion
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