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I have exam i need questions and answers

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I have a clear picture of your syllabus. Here is a full set of exam-ready Q&A covering all topics from your notes:

πŸ“š Pharmacology Exam Q&A

PAPER I


πŸ”· SECTION 1: General Pharmacology - Pharmacokinetics


Q1. What are the routes of drug administration? Give examples.
A: Routes of drug administration:
  • Enteral - oral, sublingual, rectal
  • Parenteral - IV, IM, SC, intradermal
  • Topical/Local - skin, eye drops, inhalation
  • Special - intrathecal, intraosseous
IV is fastest onset; oral is most convenient.

Q2. Define Bioavailability. What factors affect it?
A: Bioavailability (F) = the fraction of administered drug that reaches systemic circulation in unchanged form.
Factors affecting bioavailability:
  • First-pass metabolism (hepatic)
  • Gut wall metabolism
  • Drug solubility and formulation
  • Food interaction
  • Plasma protein binding (PPB)
IV route = 100% bioavailability (reference standard).

Q3. Define half-life (tΒ½). What is its clinical significance?
A: tΒ½ = time required for plasma drug concentration to fall by 50%.
Clinical significance:
  • Determines dosing interval
  • ~4-5 half-lives needed to reach steady state
  • ~4-5 half-lives needed for complete elimination
  • Guides dose adjustment in renal/hepatic failure
Formula: tΒ½ = 0.693 Γ— Vd / Cl

Q4. Define Plasma Protein Binding (PPB). What is its significance?
A: PPB = reversible binding of drug to plasma proteins (mainly albumin).
Significance:
  • Bound drug = pharmacologically inactive, not filtered by kidney
  • Free drug = active, diffusible, metabolized
  • High PPB = long duration of action, slow elimination
  • Drug-drug interaction: displacement from binding sites increases free drug toxicity (e.g., warfarin + aspirin)

Q5. Define: Agonist, Partial Agonist, and Inverse Agonist.
A:
TermDefinitionExample
AgonistDrug that binds receptor and produces maximal response (full efficacy)Morphine (mu receptor)
Partial AgonistBinds receptor but produces submaximal response even at full occupancy (partial efficacy)Buprenorphine
Inverse AgonistBinds receptor and produces opposite effect to agonist (negative efficacy)Beta-carboline (BZD receptor)

πŸ”· SECTION 2: Pharmacodynamics


Q6. What are 4 factors affecting drug action?
A:
  1. Pharmacokinetic factors - absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
  2. Age - elderly have reduced hepatic/renal function; neonates lack enzymes
  3. Body weight - dose calculated per kg body weight
  4. Genetic factors - pharmacogenomics (e.g., slow vs fast acetylators)
(Additional: disease state, route, drug interactions, tolerance)

Q7. What is First Order kinetics? How does it differ from zero order?
A:
FeatureFirst OrderZero Order
Rate of eliminationProportional to drug concentrationConstant, independent of concentration
Half-lifeConstantIncreases with dose
Plasma curveExponentialLinear
ExamplesMost drugsAlcohol, Phenytoin (at high doses), Aspirin (high dose)

Q8. Classify types of antagonism with examples. (4 marks)
A:
1. Competitive (Reversible) Antagonism:
  • Antagonist competes with agonist for same receptor
  • Effect overcome by increasing agonist dose
  • Shifts dose-response curve to RIGHT (parallel shift)
  • Example: Atropine vs Acetylcholine; Naloxone vs Morphine
2. Non-competitive (Irreversible) Antagonism:
  • Antagonist binds receptor irreversibly (or at different site)
  • Cannot be overcome by increasing agonist
  • Reduces maximal response (Emax reduced)
  • Example: Phenoxybenzamine (alpha blocker)
3. Pharmacokinetic Antagonism:
  • Antagonist reduces absorption/increases metabolism of agonist
  • Example: Phenobarbitone induces metabolism of warfarin
4. Physiological Antagonism:
  • Two drugs act on different receptors with opposing effects
  • Example: Insulin vs Glucagon; Adrenaline vs Histamine

πŸ”· SECTION 3: ANS - Classification


Q9. Classify drugs acting on ANS with examples. (Important!)
A:
I. Cholinergic (Parasympathomimetic) drugs:
  • Direct acting: Pilocarpine, Carbachol, Bethanechol
  • Indirect acting (Anticholinesterase): Neostigmine, Physostigmine, Organophosphates
II. Anticholinergic (Parasympatholytic) drugs:
  • Atropine, Hyoscine (Scopolamine), Ipratropium, Glycopyrrolate
III. Anticholinesterase drugs:
  • Reversible: Neostigmine, Physostigmine, Edrophonium
  • Irreversible: Organophosphates (DFP), Echothiophate
IV. Adrenergic (Sympathomimetic) drugs:
  • Direct: Adrenaline, Noradrenaline, Dopamine, Salbutamol
  • Indirect: Amphetamine, Ephedrine
  • Mixed: Ephedrine
V. Adrenergic Blockers (Sympatholytic):
  • Alpha blockers: Prazosin, Phentolamine, Phenoxybenzamine
  • Beta blockers: Propranolol, Atenolol, Metoprolol
  • Alpha + Beta: Labetalol, Carvedilol

πŸ”· SECTION 4: CVS


Q10. Classify drugs used in CCF (Congestive Cardiac Failure). (β˜…β˜…)
A:
  1. Cardiac glycosides - Digoxin (positive inotrope)
  2. Diuretics - Furosemide (loop), Spironolactone
  3. ACE Inhibitors - Enalapril, Ramipril (first-line)
  4. ARBs - Losartan (if ACE-I intolerant)
  5. Beta blockers - Carvedilol, Metoprolol (in stable CCF)
  6. Vasodilators - Hydralazine + Nitrates
  7. Sacubitril/Valsartan (ARNi) - newer agent

Q11. Classify drugs used in Angina. (β˜…β˜…β˜… - High Priority)
A:
Organic Nitrates:
  • Short-acting: GTN (sublingual) - acute attack
  • Long-acting: Isosorbide mononitrate - prophylaxis
Beta Blockers: Propranolol, Atenolol - reduce heart rate and O2 demand
Calcium Channel Blockers (CCBs):
  • Non-dihydropyridine: Verapamil, Diltiazem
  • Dihydropyridine: Amlodipine, Nifedipine
Other: Ranolazine, Nicorandil, Ivabradine (stable angina)
Variant (Prinzmetal) Angina: CCBs are drug of choice; beta-blockers contraindicated.

Q12. What is the MOA and major ADR of ACE Inhibitors? Why do they cause dry cough?
A:
MOA of ACE Inhibitors:
  • Inhibit Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE)
  • Block conversion of Angiotensin I β†’ Angiotensin II
  • Result: vasodilation, reduced aldosterone, decreased BP, reduced preload and afterload
  • Also reduce cardiac remodeling - useful in CCF and post-MI
Adverse Drug Reactions:
  • Dry cough (most common - class effect) - due to accumulation of bradykinin and substance P (normally broken down by ACE)
  • Hyperkalemia
  • First-dose hypotension
  • Angioedema (rare but serious)
  • Teratogenic (contraindicated in pregnancy)
  • Renal artery stenosis - contraindicated
Dry cough: ACE also degrades bradykinin. When ACE is inhibited, bradykinin accumulates in lungs, stimulating cough reflex.

Q13. What are the drug choices for Emergency Hypertension (Hypertensive Crisis)?
A:
  • IV Sodium Nitroprusside - drug of choice (immediate, titratable)
  • IV Labetalol - alpha + beta blocker
  • IV Nicardipine / Clevidipine - CCB
  • IV Hydralazine - especially in pregnancy
  • Sublingual Nifedipine - now avoided (risk of rapid BP fall)
  • IV Furosemide - if pulmonary edema present

Q14. What drugs are used in Pregnancy-induced Hypertension (PIH)?
A:
  • Methyldopa - drug of choice (safest, most evidence)
  • Hydralazine - IV for severe/emergency PIH
  • Labetalol - oral and IV use
  • Nifedipine - oral CCB used in PIH
Contraindicated in pregnancy: ACE Inhibitors, ARBs, Thiazide diuretics (teratogenic)

Q15. What is Stage 1 Hypertension? How is it managed?
A:
  • Stage 1 HT: SBP 130-139 mmHg OR DBP 80-89 mmHg (ACC/AHA 2017)
  • (JNC 7: SBP 140-159 / DBP 90-99)
Management:
  • Lifestyle modification first (diet, exercise, salt restriction, smoking cessation)
  • If target organ damage present or high CV risk β†’ add drug therapy
  • First-line drugs: Thiazide diuretics, CCBs, ACE Inhibitors, ARBs

Q16. Briefly describe management of MI (Myocardial Infarction). (2 marks)
A: (MONA + reperfusion)
  • M - Morphine (pain relief)
  • O - Oxygen (if SpO2 < 94%)
  • N - Nitrates (sublingual GTN)
  • A - Aspirin 300 mg (antiplatelet) + Clopidogrel (DAPT)
  • Reperfusion - Primary PCI (first choice) or Thrombolysis (streptokinase/tPA)
  • Others: Heparin (anticoagulation), Beta-blocker, Statin, ACE Inhibitor

PAPER II


πŸ”· SECTION 5: CNS


Q17. Classify antiepileptic drugs. (β˜…β˜…β˜… - Very High Priority)
A:
By mechanism:
MechanismDrugs
Na⁺ channel blockersPhenytoin, Carbamazepine, Valproate, Lamotrigine
GABA enhancementValproate, Benzodiazepines, Phenobarbitone, Vigabatrin
Ca²⁺ channel (T-type) blockEthosuximide, Valproate
Glutamate antagonismLamotrigine, Topiramate
SV2A ligandLevetiracetam
By seizure type:
  • Generalized tonic-clonic: Valproate, Phenytoin, Carbamazepine
  • Absence: Ethosuximide, Valproate
  • Myoclonic: Valproate, Clonazepam
  • Partial: Carbamazepine, Phenytoin, Levetiracetam

Q18. What is Status Epilepticus? How is it treated?
A: Definition: Continuous seizure lasting > 5 minutes OR two seizures without recovery of consciousness.
Treatment (stepwise):
  1. First-line: IV/IM Lorazepam (or Diazepam IV) - benzodiazepine
  2. Second-line (if BZD fails): IV Phenytoin / Fosphenytoin or IV Valproate or IV Levetiracetam
  3. Refractory SE: IV Phenobarbitone β†’ then general anesthesia (Propofol, Midazolam, Thiopental)

Q19. Classify anti-Parkinson drugs with MOA. (β˜…β˜…β˜…)
A:
1. Dopaminergic drugs (Increase dopamine):
  • Levodopa + Carbidopa (most effective) - Levodopa converts to dopamine; carbidopa prevents peripheral conversion
  • Dopamine agonists: Bromocriptine, Pramipexole, Ropinirole
  • MAO-B inhibitors: Selegiline, Rasagiline (prevent dopamine breakdown)
  • COMT inhibitors: Entacapone, Tolcapone (increase levodopa availability)
  • Amantadine - increases dopamine release, NMDA antagonist
2. Anticholinergic drugs (Reduce ACh):
  • Trihexyphenidyl (Benzhexol), Procyclidine
  • Used mainly for tremor

Q20. Classify Sedative-Hypnotics. Describe Benzodiazepines (BZD). (β˜…β˜…)
A:
Classification:
  1. Benzodiazepines (BZD): Diazepam, Lorazepam, Alprazolam, Triazolam, Nitrazepam
  2. Non-BZD (Z-drugs): Zolpidem, Zopiclone, Zaleplon
  3. Barbiturates: Phenobarbitone, Thiopental
  4. Melatonin receptor agonists: Ramelteon
  5. Antihistamines: Diphenhydramine
Benzodiazepines - MOA:
  • Bind to BZD receptor on GABA-A receptor complex
  • Increase frequency of Cl⁻ channel opening
  • Enhance inhibitory effect of GABA β†’ CNS depression
Uses: Anxiety, insomnia, epilepsy (status epilepticus), alcohol withdrawal, pre-anesthetic medication, muscle relaxant
ADR: Sedation, dependence, tolerance, respiratory depression (especially with opioids), anterograde amnesia
Reversal agent: Flumazenil (competitive BZD antagonist)

Q21. What is the MOA of Morphine? What are its uses and adverse effects?
A:
MOA:
  • Acts on opioid receptors (mainly mu/ΞΌ receptors) in CNS and periphery
  • Inhibits adenylyl cyclase β†’ decreases cAMP
  • Hyperpolarizes neurons (opens K⁺ channels, closes Ca²⁺ channels)
  • Inhibits pain transmission in dorsal horn; activates descending inhibitory pathways
Uses:
  • Severe acute pain (post-op, MI, trauma)
  • Chronic cancer pain
  • Pulmonary edema (acute)
  • Cough suppression (codeine preferred)
  • Dyspnea in terminal illness
ADR (most commonly asked):
  • Respiratory depression (most dangerous)
  • Constipation (does not develop tolerance)
  • Nausea/vomiting
  • Miosis (pinpoint pupils)
  • Euphoria/dependence
  • Urinary retention
  • Histamine release (itching, bronchospasm)
Antidote: Naloxone (pure opioid antagonist)

πŸ”· SECTION 6: Hormones


Q22. Classify Oral Antidiabetic Drugs (OADs) with examples. (Metformin β˜…β˜…β˜…)
A:
ClassExampleMOA
BiguanidesMetforminActivates AMPK, reduces hepatic glucose output, improves insulin sensitivity
SulfonylureasGlibenclamide, GlipizideCloses K⁺-ATP channels β†’ insulin release
MeglitinidesRepaglinideSimilar to sulfonylureas, faster acting
ThiazolidinedionesPioglitazonePPAR-Ξ³ agonist, insulin sensitizer
DPP-4 inhibitorsSitagliptinIncreases GLP-1, enhances insulin release
GLP-1 agonistsLiraglutide, SemaglutideStimulates insulin, inhibits glucagon
SGLT-2 inhibitorsDapagliflozinInhibits renal glucose reabsorption
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitorsAcarboseDelays carbohydrate absorption

Q23. Describe Metformin in detail. (β˜…β˜…β˜… - Most Important)
A:
Class: Biguanide
MOA: Activates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) β†’ reduces hepatic gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis; improves peripheral insulin sensitivity; decreases intestinal glucose absorption
Uses:
  • Type 2 DM (first-line drug per all guidelines)
  • Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)
  • Prevention of T2DM in prediabetes
  • Obesity-associated insulin resistance
Advantages:
  • Does NOT cause hypoglycemia (euglycemic)
  • Causes mild weight loss
  • Cardioprotective
  • Cheap, well-tolerated
ADR:
  • GI side effects (nausea, diarrhea, metallic taste) - most common
  • Lactic acidosis (rare but serious - especially in renal failure)
  • Vitamin B12 deficiency (long-term use)
Contraindications: Renal failure (eGFR < 30), hepatic failure, alcoholism, before IV contrast, hypoxic states

Q24. Classify drugs used in Hyperthyroidism. Describe MOA of PTU. (β˜…β˜…β˜…)
A:
Classification of Antithyroid drugs:
  1. Thionamides: Propylthiouracil (PTU), Carbimazole (Methimazole)
  2. Iodine compounds: Lugol's iodine, KI, Radioactive iodine (I-131)
  3. Beta blockers: Propranolol (symptomatic relief)
  4. Iodinated contrast agents: Iopanoic acid (rare use)

MOA of PTU (Propylthiouracil):
  • Inhibits thyroid peroxidase (TPO) enzyme β†’ blocks:
    • Oxidation of iodide to iodine
    • Organification (iodination of tyrosine residues)
    • Coupling of iodotyrosines to form T3/T4
  • Uniquely: Also inhibits peripheral conversion of T4 β†’ T3 (via inhibiting deiodinase)
  • This dual action makes PTU preferred in thyroid storm and pregnancy (1st trimester)
ADR of PTU:
  • Agranulocytosis (most dangerous - check WBC if fever/sore throat)
  • Skin rash, urticaria
  • Hepatotoxicity (more with PTU than Carbimazole)
  • Lupus-like syndrome

Q25. Describe Radioactive Iodine (I-131) - MOA and ADR.
A:
MOA:
  • I-131 is taken up by thyroid follicular cells via Na⁺/I⁻ symporter (same as normal iodine)
  • Emits beta radiation (90% - destroys thyroid tissue locally) and gamma radiation (10%)
  • Beta rays have short penetration (~2mm) β†’ selective destruction of thyroid cells
  • Leads to hypothyroidism over weeks to months
Uses:
  • Hyperthyroidism (Graves' disease) - definitive treatment
  • Thyroid cancer (differentiated types, post-thyroidectomy ablation)
ADR (MOA, ADR from your notes):
  • Hypothyroidism (most common long-term effect - nearly inevitable)
  • Radiation thyroiditis (acute pain, swelling)
  • Risk of carcinogenesis (theoretical, but low)
  • Worsening of thyroid eye disease in Graves'
  • Contraindicated in pregnancy and lactation
  • Sialadenitis (salivary gland inflammation in high doses for cancer)

Q26. What is Thyroid Storm? How is it managed?
A: Definition: Life-threatening exacerbation of hyperthyroidism with extreme thyrotoxicosis and multi-organ dysfunction.
Precipitants: Surgery, infection, trauma, iodine load, untreated hyperthyroidism.
Clinical features: Hyperpyrexia (>40Β°C), tachycardia, AF, heart failure, delirium/coma, vomiting.
Management (ABPT mnemonic):
  • A - Antithyroid drug: PTU (preferred - also blocks T4β†’T3 conversion) 200-400mg every 4-6 hrs
  • B - Beta blocker: Propranolol IV (controls tachycardia, reduces T4β†’T3 conversion)
  • P - Potassium Iodide (Lugol's after PTU - blocks thyroid hormone release)
  • T - Treatment of precipitant (antibiotics, hydrocortisone - also blocks T4β†’T3)
  • Supportive: cooling, IV fluids, oxygen

Q27. What is Iodine's role OTHER than in the thyroid (endocrine)? (2 marks)
A:
  • Antiseptic: Povidone-iodine (Betadine) used for wound disinfection, surgical scrub
  • Expectorant: KI used to liquefy bronchial secretions in chronic bronchitis
  • Contrast media: Iodinated compounds used in X-ray and CT contrast
  • Antifungal: Saturated KI solution for cutaneous sporotrichosis
  • Radiation emergency: KI tablets given to block thyroid uptake after nuclear accidents

⭐ QUICK REVISION: High-Priority Topics (β˜…β˜…β˜…)

TopicKey Point to Remember
Angina drugsNitrates (acute), Beta-blockers, CCBs (prophylaxis)
ACE Inhibitor ADRDry cough (bradykinin accumulation)
AntiepilepticsValproate is broadest spectrum
Status epilepticusLorazepam IV first β†’ Phenytoin β†’ Phenobarbitone
Anti-ParkinsonLevodopa+Carbidopa = most effective
BZD MOAGABA-A receptor β†’ frequency of Cl⁻ opening
MorphineMOA = mu receptor agonist; antidote = Naloxone
MetforminFirst-line T2DM; no hypoglycemia; risk = lactic acidosis
PTUBlocks TPO + blocks T4β†’T3; preferred in thyroid storm
I-131Beta rays destroy thyroid; ADR = hypothyroidism
CCF drugsACE-I + Diuretic + Digoxin + Beta-blocker

Good luck with your exam! Focus especially on the β˜…β˜…β˜… topics: Epilepsy, Parkinsonism, Angina, Metformin, and Hyperthyroidism - these appear to be your examiner's favourites based on your notes.

Generate a quick reference flashcard deck on ADR of major drugs

Reading File
Reading File
Running Command

mkdir -p /home/daytona/workspace/pharma-flashcards && ls /home/daytona/workspace…

Writing File

~/pharma-flashcards/generate.js

const pptxgen = require("pptxgenjs");
const pres = new pptxgen();
pres.layout = "LAYOUT_16x9";
pres.title = "Pharmacology ADR Flashcards";
pres.author = "Orris";

// ─── Design tokens ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
const FRONT_BG  = "1A1A2E";   // deep navy - question side
const BACK_BG   = "16213E";   // slightly lighter navy - answer side
const ACCENT    = "E94560";   // vivid red - headings / labels
const GOLD      = "F5A623";   // gold - drug name highlight
const WHITE     = "FFFFFF";
const LIGHT     = "C9D1D9";   // soft grey for body text
const BULLET_OK = "4CAF50";   // green for normal ADRs
const BULLET_WRN= "FF6B35";   // orange for serious/dangerous ADRs
const DIVIDER   = "E94560";

// ─── Flashcard data ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
const cards = [
  // ── COVER ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
  {
    type: "cover",
    title: "ADR Flashcard Deck",
    subtitle: "Adverse Drug Reactions – Pharmacology Quick Reference",
    tag: "Paper I & II | Exam Ready"
  },

  // ── SECTION DIVIDER ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
  { type: "divider", label: "SECTION 1", title: "General Pharmacology & CVS" },

  // ── DRUG CARDS ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
  {
    drug: "ACE Inhibitors",
    subtitle: "Enalapril | Ramipril | Lisinopril",
    category: "CVS – Antihypertensive",
    adrs: [
      { text: "Dry persistent cough (most common – bradykinin accumulation)", warn: true },
      { text: "First-dose hypotension", warn: true },
      { text: "Hyperkalemia", warn: true },
      { text: "Angioedema (rare, potentially life-threatening)", warn: true },
      { text: "Teratogenic – contraindicated in pregnancy", warn: true },
      { text: "Renal impairment (bilateral renal artery stenosis)", warn: true },
    ],
    memory: "🧠 ACE = Accumulates Cough Enzyme (bradykinin not degraded)"
  },
  {
    drug: "Digoxin",
    subtitle: "Cardiac Glycoside",
    category: "CVS – CCF / Arrhythmia",
    adrs: [
      { text: "Nausea, vomiting, anorexia (early GI toxicity)", warn: false },
      { text: "Visual disturbances – yellow/green halos (xanthopsia)", warn: false },
      { text: "Bradycardia, heart block, arrhythmias", warn: true },
      { text: "Narrow therapeutic index – toxicity risk is HIGH", warn: true },
      { text: "Hypokalemia increases toxicity risk", warn: true },
    ],
    memory: "🧠 Digoxin toxicity β†’ Yellow vision + Slow heart"
  },
  {
    drug: "Nitrates",
    subtitle: "GTN | Isosorbide Mononitrate",
    category: "CVS – Angina",
    adrs: [
      { text: "Headache (most common – meningeal vessel dilation)", warn: false },
      { text: "Postural hypotension / dizziness", warn: false },
      { text: "Reflex tachycardia", warn: false },
      { text: "Tolerance with prolonged use (nitrate-free interval needed)", warn: false },
      { text: "Methaemoglobinaemia (at very high doses)", warn: true },
      { text: "Contraindicated with PDE-5 inhibitors (sildenafil) – severe hypotension", warn: true },
    ],
    memory: "🧠 Nitrates = Headache + Hypotension; No sildenafil!"
  },
  {
    drug: "Propranolol (Beta Blockers)",
    subtitle: "Non-selective Ξ²-blocker",
    category: "CVS – HT / Angina / Arrhythmia",
    adrs: [
      { text: "Bronchospasm – contraindicated in asthma", warn: true },
      { text: "Bradycardia and heart block", warn: true },
      { text: "Masking of hypoglycaemia symptoms in diabetics", warn: true },
      { text: "Cold extremities, fatigue, depression", warn: false },
      { text: "Rebound angina / hypertension on abrupt withdrawal", warn: true },
      { text: "Impotence", warn: false },
    ],
    memory: "🧠 Beta Blockers β†’ Bronchospasm + Bradycardia (BB)"
  },
  {
    drug: "Furosemide (Loop Diuretic)",
    subtitle: "Frusemide",
    category: "CVS – CCF / HT / Edema",
    adrs: [
      { text: "Hypokalemia (most common)", warn: true },
      { text: "Hyponatremia, hypomagnesemia", warn: false },
      { text: "Ototoxicity – tinnitus, deafness (dose-related)", warn: true },
      { text: "Hyperuricemia β†’ gout", warn: false },
      { text: "Dehydration, hypotension", warn: false },
      { text: "Metabolic alkalosis", warn: false },
    ],
    memory: "🧠 Furosemide = Flush out K⁺ + Hear less (ototoxic)"
  },

  // ── SECTION DIVIDER ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
  { type: "divider", label: "SECTION 2", title: "Autonomic Nervous System" },

  {
    drug: "Atropine",
    subtitle: "Anticholinergic / Muscarinic blocker",
    category: "ANS – Anticholinergic",
    adrs: [
      { text: "Dry mouth (xerostomia)", warn: false },
      { text: "Blurred vision, photophobia, cycloplegia", warn: false },
      { text: "Urinary retention (especially in elderly men – BPH)", warn: true },
      { text: "Constipation", warn: false },
      { text: "Tachycardia, palpitations", warn: false },
      { text: "CNS excitement, confusion (especially in elderly)", warn: false },
    ],
    memory: "🧠 'Hot as a hare, blind as a bat, dry as a bone, red as a beet, mad as a hatter'"
  },
  {
    drug: "Organophosphates",
    subtitle: "Irreversible Anticholinesterase",
    category: "ANS – Toxicology",
    adrs: [
      { text: "SLUDGE: Salivation, Lacrimation, Urination, Diarrhoea, GI cramps, Emesis", warn: true },
      { text: "Miosis (pinpoint pupils)", warn: true },
      { text: "Bradycardia, bronchospasm", warn: true },
      { text: "Muscle fasciculations β†’ paralysis (nicotinic)", warn: true },
      { text: "CNS: anxiety, seizures, coma", warn: true },
      { text: "Treatment: Atropine + Pralidoxime (PAM)", warn: false },
    ],
    memory: "🧠 OP toxicity = SLUDGE; Rx = Atropine + PAM"
  },
  {
    drug: "Adrenaline (Epinephrine)",
    subtitle: "Alpha + Beta agonist",
    category: "ANS – Adrenergic",
    adrs: [
      { text: "Palpitations, tachycardia, arrhythmias", warn: true },
      { text: "Hypertension, headache", warn: false },
      { text: "Tremor, anxiety, restlessness", warn: false },
      { text: "Hyperglycemia (beta-2 effect)", warn: false },
      { text: "Tissue necrosis if extravasation occurs (IV)", warn: true },
      { text: "Contraindicated in hyperthyroidism, severe CAD", warn: true },
    ],
    memory: "🧠 Adrenaline ADR = Fight-or-Flight overdrive"
  },

  // ── SECTION DIVIDER ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
  { type: "divider", label: "SECTION 3", title: "CNS Drugs" },

  {
    drug: "Morphine",
    subtitle: "Opioid Analgesic – ΞΌ receptor agonist",
    category: "CNS – Opioid",
    adrs: [
      { text: "Respiratory depression (most dangerous – can be fatal)", warn: true },
      { text: "Constipation (no tolerance develops)", warn: false },
      { text: "Nausea and vomiting", warn: false },
      { text: "Miosis (pinpoint pupils – diagnostic sign of toxicity)", warn: false },
      { text: "Euphoria, dependence, addiction", warn: true },
      { text: "Urinary retention", warn: false },
      { text: "Histamine release – itching, bronchospasm, hypotension", warn: false },
    ],
    memory: "🧠 Morphine: 3 M's – Miosis, nausea (veMitus), constipation"
  },
  {
    drug: "Benzodiazepines (BZD)",
    subtitle: "Diazepam | Lorazepam | Alprazolam",
    category: "CNS – Sedative Hypnotic",
    adrs: [
      { text: "Sedation, drowsiness (most common)", warn: false },
      { text: "Anterograde amnesia", warn: false },
      { text: "Respiratory depression (especially with opioids or alcohol)", warn: true },
      { text: "Physical dependence, tolerance, withdrawal seizures", warn: true },
      { text: "Paradoxical excitement (especially in elderly/children)", warn: false },
      { text: "Ataxia, confusion in elderly – fall risk", warn: false },
    ],
    memory: "🧠 BZD reversal = Flumazenil (competitive antagonist)"
  },
  {
    drug: "Phenytoin",
    subtitle: "Anti-epileptic – Na⁺ channel blocker",
    category: "CNS – Antiepileptic",
    adrs: [
      { text: "Gingival hyperplasia (gum overgrowth) – unique to phenytoin", warn: false },
      { text: "Hirsutism (excess hair growth)", warn: false },
      { text: "Coarsening of facial features", warn: false },
      { text: "Nystagmus, ataxia, diplopia (dose-related toxicity)", warn: true },
      { text: "Teratogenic – fetal hydantoin syndrome", warn: true },
      { text: "Drug interactions: enzyme inducer (CYP450)", warn: true },
      { text: "Megaloblastic anaemia (folate deficiency)", warn: false },
    ],
    memory: "🧠 Phenytoin = Gum, Hair, Nystagmus + Teratogen"
  },
  {
    drug: "Sodium Valproate",
    subtitle: "Broad-spectrum Anti-epileptic",
    category: "CNS – Antiepileptic",
    adrs: [
      { text: "Hepatotoxicity – most serious, especially in children <2 yrs", warn: true },
      { text: "Teratogenic – neural tube defects (folic acid must be given)", warn: true },
      { text: "Tremor, weight gain", warn: false },
      { text: "Alopecia (reversible hair loss)", warn: false },
      { text: "Thrombocytopenia", warn: false },
      { text: "Pancreatitis (rare)", warn: true },
      { text: "Polycystic ovaries with long-term use in women", warn: false },
    ],
    memory: "🧠 Valproate: Hepatotox + Neural tube defect – give folate!"
  },
  {
    drug: "Levodopa",
    subtitle: "Anti-Parkinson – Dopamine precursor",
    category: "CNS – Parkinsonism",
    adrs: [
      { text: "Dyskinesias (involuntary movements) – long-term use", warn: true },
      { text: "On-off fluctuations (wearing-off phenomenon)", warn: true },
      { text: "Nausea, vomiting (peripheral dopamine) – reduced by carbidopa", warn: false },
      { text: "Postural hypotension", warn: false },
      { text: "Psychosis, hallucinations, confusion", warn: true },
      { text: "Arrhythmias (rare)", warn: false },
    ],
    memory: "🧠 L-DOPA long-term β†’ Dyskinesia + On-Off swings"
  },

  // ── SECTION DIVIDER ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
  { type: "divider", label: "SECTION 4", title: "Hormones & Metabolic Drugs" },

  {
    drug: "Metformin",
    subtitle: "Biguanide – OAD (First-line T2DM)",
    category: "Hormones – Diabetes",
    adrs: [
      { text: "GI side effects: nausea, diarrhea, metallic taste (most common)", warn: false },
      { text: "Lactic acidosis (rare but potentially fatal – esp. renal failure)", warn: true },
      { text: "Vitamin B12 deficiency with long-term use", warn: false },
      { text: "No hypoglycemia (euglycemic drug)", warn: false },
      { text: "Contraindicated: eGFR <30, hepatic failure, IV contrast use, alcoholism", warn: true },
    ],
    memory: "🧠 Metformin: GI upset + Lactic acidosis (check kidneys!)"
  },
  {
    drug: "Sulfonylureas",
    subtitle: "Glibenclamide | Glipizide | Gliclazide",
    category: "Hormones – Diabetes",
    adrs: [
      { text: "Hypoglycemia (most important – especially in elderly)", warn: true },
      { text: "Weight gain", warn: false },
      { text: "GI upset: nausea, vomiting", warn: false },
      { text: "Disulfiram-like reaction with alcohol (chlorpropamide)", warn: false },
      { text: "Cholestatic jaundice (rare)", warn: false },
    ],
    memory: "🧠 Sulfonylureas: SU = Sugar too low (hypoglycemia)"
  },
  {
    drug: "Propylthiouracil (PTU)",
    subtitle: "Antithyroid – Thionamide",
    category: "Hormones – Hyperthyroidism",
    adrs: [
      { text: "Agranulocytosis (most dangerous – fever + sore throat = STOP drug)", warn: true },
      { text: "Skin rash, urticaria, pruritus", warn: false },
      { text: "Hepatotoxicity (more with PTU than carbimazole)", warn: true },
      { text: "Lupus-like syndrome (rare)", warn: false },
      { text: "Hypothyroidism with overdose", warn: false },
    ],
    memory: "🧠 PTU: Agranulocytosis = EMERGENCY. Check CBC if fever!"
  },
  {
    drug: "Radioactive Iodine (I-131)",
    subtitle: "Antithyroid – Definitive Therapy",
    category: "Hormones – Hyperthyroidism",
    adrs: [
      { text: "Hypothyroidism (most common long-term ADR – nearly inevitable)", warn: true },
      { text: "Radiation thyroiditis (acute – painful swelling, transient worsening)", warn: false },
      { text: "Worsening of Graves' ophthalmopathy", warn: false },
      { text: "Sialadenitis (in high-dose thyroid cancer treatment)", warn: false },
      { text: "Absolute contraindication: Pregnancy and lactation", warn: true },
    ],
    memory: "🧠 I-131: Burns thyroid β†’ Hypothyroidism in 6–12 months"
  },

  // ── SECTION DIVIDER ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
  { type: "divider", label: "SECTION 5", title: "Master ADR Comparison Chart" },

  // ── SUMMARY CARD ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
  {
    type: "summary",
    title: "UNIQUE ADRs – Must Know",
    rows: [
      ["Drug", "Unique / Classic ADR"],
      ["ACE Inhibitors", "Dry cough (bradykinin ↑)"],
      ["Digoxin", "Yellow vision (xanthopsia)"],
      ["Atropine", "Dry mouth + Urinary retention"],
      ["Morphine", "Constipation (no tolerance)"],
      ["Phenytoin", "Gingival hyperplasia"],
      ["Valproate", "Neural tube defects"],
      ["Metformin", "Lactic acidosis"],
      ["PTU", "Agranulocytosis"],
      ["Furosemide", "Ototoxicity (deafness)"],
      ["Levodopa", "Dyskinesias (long-term)"],
    ]
  },

  {
    type: "summary2",
    title: "DRUGS CONTRAINDICATED IN PREGNANCY",
    rows: [
      ["Drug / Class", "Reason"],
      ["ACE Inhibitors / ARBs", "Fetal renal toxicity, oligohydramnios"],
      ["Phenytoin", "Fetal hydantoin syndrome"],
      ["Sodium Valproate", "Neural tube defects"],
      ["Tetracyclines", "Bone/teeth deposition"],
      ["Warfarin (1st & 3rd trim)", "Warfarin embryopathy, fetal bleeding"],
      ["Radioactive Iodine", "Fetal thyroid destruction"],
      ["Methotrexate", "Abortifacient, teratogen"],
    ]
  },

  {
    type: "summary3",
    title: "ANTIDOTES – Quick Reference",
    rows: [
      ["Drug Toxicity", "Antidote"],
      ["Morphine / Opioids", "Naloxone"],
      ["Benzodiazepines", "Flumazenil"],
      ["Organophosphates", "Atropine + Pralidoxime (PAM)"],
      ["Paracetamol overdose", "N-Acetylcysteine (NAC)"],
      ["Warfarin overdose", "Vit K + FFP"],
      ["Heparin overdose", "Protamine sulphate"],
      ["Digoxin toxicity", "Digoxin-Fab antibodies"],
      ["Iron overdose", "Deferoxamine"],
    ]
  },

  // ── BACK COVER ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
  {
    type: "backcover",
    text: "Good Luck with Your Exam! 🎯",
    subtext: "Remember: Know the UNIQUE ADR for each drug – that's what examiners test!"
  }
];

// ─── Helper: Draw a rounded rect with colored left border ────────────────────
function addCard(slide, bg) {
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function addLeftBorder(slide, color) {
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}

// ─── Render each card ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
for (const card of cards) {

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    s.addText("ADR QUICK REFERENCE", { x:3.5, y:1.1, w:3, h:0.4, fontSize:10, bold:true, color:WHITE, align:"center", valign:"middle", margin:0 });
    // Main title
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    // Tag
    s.addText(card.tag, { x:1, y:4.2, w:8, h:0.4, fontSize:11, color:GOLD, align:"center" });
    continue;
  }

  // ── DIVIDER ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
  if (card.type === "divider") {
    const s = pres.addSlide();
    s.addShape(pres.ShapeType.rect, { x:0, y:0, w:10, h:5.625, fill:{ color:"111122" }, line:{ color:"111122" } });
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    s.addText(card.title, { x:0.5, y:2.0, w:9, h:1.2, fontSize:36, bold:true, color:WHITE, align:"center" });
    continue;
  }

  // ── DRUG CARD ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
  if (!card.type) {
    // FRONT (Question) slide
    const front = pres.addSlide();
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    addTopBar(front, ACCENT, 0.07);
    addLeftBorder(front, GOLD);

    // Category badge
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    front.addText(card.category, { x:0.3, y:0.2, w:3.6, h:0.35, fontSize:9.5, color:ACCENT, align:"center", valign:"middle", margin:0 });

    // Card label (top right)
    front.addText("QUESTION", { x:7.5, y:0.2, w:2.2, h:0.35, fontSize:9, bold:true, color:GOLD, align:"right", charSpacing:3 });

    // Drug name
    front.addText(card.drug, { x:0.3, y:0.75, w:9.4, h:0.85, fontSize:30, bold:true, color:WHITE, align:"left", margin:0 });
    // Subtitle
    front.addText(card.subtitle, { x:0.3, y:1.55, w:9.4, h:0.4, fontSize:13, color:LIGHT, align:"left", italic:true, margin:0 });

    // Divider line
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    // Question text
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      fontSize:17, color:LIGHT, align:"left", italic:true, margin:0
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    // Flip instruction
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    const back = pres.addSlide();
    addCard(back, BACK_BG);
    addTopBar(back, GOLD, 0.07);
    addLeftBorder(back, ACCENT);

    // Drug name (compact header)
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    back.addText("ANSWER", { x:7.5, y:0.12, w:2.2, h:0.35, fontSize:9, bold:true, color:ACCENT, align:"right", charSpacing:3 });

    // ADRs header
    back.addText("β–Œ ADRs", { x:0.3, y:0.72, w:3, h:0.3, fontSize:11, bold:true, color:GOLD, margin:0 });

    // Build bullet array
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  // ── SUMMARY TABLE ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
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    s.addShape(pres.ShapeType.rect, { x:0, y:0, w:10, h:0.08, fill:{ color:GOLD }, line:{ color:GOLD } });
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    s.addText(card.subtext, { x:1, y:3.25, w:8, h:0.8, fontSize:13, color:LIGHT, align:"center", italic:true });
  }
}

// ─── Write file ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
pres.writeFile({ fileName: "/home/daytona/workspace/pharma-flashcards/ADR_Flashcards.pptx" })
  .then(() => console.log("βœ… Saved: ADR_Flashcards.pptx"))
  .catch(e => { console.error("❌ Error:", e); process.exit(1); });
Running Command

cd /home/daytona/workspace/pharma-flashcards && node generate.js 2>&1

Running Command

ls -lh /home/daytona/workspace/pharma-flashcards/ADR_Flashcards.pptx

Your flashcard deck is ready! Download it here:

ADR Flashcards

Presentation Β· PPTX


What's inside (36 slides total):

Slide TypeContent
Cover slideTitle page with dark navy design
Section dividers5 sections with bold headers
Drug flashcards (x2 each)Front = Question / Back = Answer with color-coded ADRs
3 Summary tablesUnique ADRs, Drugs in Pregnancy, Antidotes
Back coverExam good-luck slide

Drugs covered:

CVS: ACE Inhibitors, Digoxin, Nitrates, Propranolol, Furosemide
ANS: Atropine, Organophosphates, Adrenaline
CNS: Morphine, Benzodiazepines, Phenytoin, Valproate, Levodopa
Hormones: Metformin, Sulfonylureas, PTU, Radioactive Iodine (I-131)

Design features:

  • 🟠 Orange bullet = Serious/dangerous ADR (examiners love these)
  • 🟒 Green bullet = Common but less dangerous ADR
  • 🧠 Memory tip on every answer slide
  • Dark navy theme - easy on the eyes during late-night study!
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