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<h1 class="page-title">Head & Neck Anatomy – Complete Reference Guide</h1>
<div class="grid">
<!-- ===================== CARD 1 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-blue">
<div class="card-header">
<span class="card-number">1</span>
<span class="card-title">Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)</span>
</div>
<div class="card-body">
<ul>
<li><span class="bold">Type:</span> Modified synovial hinge joint (gingylomoarthrodial)</li>
<li><span class="bold">Articular surfaces:</span>
<ul class="sub-list">
<li>Head (condyle) of mandible</li>
<li>Mandibular fossa of temporal bone</li>
<li>Articular eminence</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><span class="bold">Articular disc:</span> Fibrocartilage divides joint into upper & lower compartments</li>
<li><span class="bold">Ligaments:</span> Lateral (TM), Sphenomandibular, Stylomandibular</li>
<li><span class="bold">Movements:</span> Elevation, Depression, Protrusion, Retrusion, Side to side</li>
<li><span class="bold">Nerve supply:</span> Auriculotemporal n., Masseteric n.</li>
<li><span class="bold">Blood supply:</span> Superficial temporal a., Maxillary a.</li>
<li><span class="bold">Applied:</span> Dislocation, Ankylosis, Clicking (disc displacement)</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Describe TMJ under type, articular surfaces, ligaments and movements. Applied anatomy.</div>
</div>
<!-- ===================== CARD 2 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-green">
<div class="card-header">
<span class="card-number">2</span>
<span class="card-title">Muscles of Mastication<span class="subtitle">(All supplied by Mandibular n. – V3)</span></span>
</div>
<div class="card-body">
<div class="section-label cl-orange">Temporalis</div>
<ul>
<li><span class="bold">Origin:</span> Temporal fossa</li>
<li><span class="bold">Insertion:</span> Coronoid process</li>
<li><span class="bold">Action:</span> Elevates & retracts mandible</li>
</ul>
<div class="section-label cl-orange">Masseter</div>
<ul>
<li><span class="bold">Origin:</span> Zygomatic arch</li>
<li><span class="bold">Insertion:</span> Ramus & angle</li>
<li><span class="bold">Action:</span> Powerful elevator</li>
</ul>
<div class="section-label cl-orange">Medial Pterygoid</div>
<ul>
<li><span class="bold">Origin:</span> Medial surface of lateral pterygoid plate</li>
<li><span class="bold">Insertion:</span> Medial surface of ramus (angle)</li>
<li><span class="bold">Action:</span> Elevates, protrudes (grinding)</li>
</ul>
<div class="section-label cl-orange">Lateral Pterygoid</div>
<ul>
<li><span class="bold">Origin:</span> Greater wing of sphenoid</li>
<li><span class="bold">Insertion:</span> Neck of mandible & articular disc</li>
<li><span class="bold">Action:</span> Depresses, protrudes, side to side</li>
</ul>
<ul><li><span class="bold">Blood supply:</span> Branches of maxillary a.</li></ul>
</div>
<div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Enumerate muscles of mastication with origin, insertion, nerve supply and actions.</div>
</div>
<!-- ===================== CARD 3 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-orange">
<div class="card-header">
<span class="card-number">3</span>
<span class="card-title">Facial Nerve (VII)</span>
</div>
<div class="card-body">
<ul>
<li><span class="bold">Type:</span> Mixed nerve</li>
<li><span class="bold">Components:</span>
<ul class="sub-list">
<li>1. Branchial motor</li>
<li>2. Parasympathetic</li>
<li>3. Taste</li>
<li>4. General sensory</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><span class="bold">Course:</span> Pons → Internal acoustic meatus → Facial canal → Stylomastoid foramen → Parotid gland</li>
<li><span class="bold">Branches in parotid gland (T-Z-B-M-C):</span> Temporal, Zygomatic, Buccal, Marginal mandibular, Cervical</li>
<li><span class="bold">Motor:</span> Muscles of facial expression, stapedius, stylohyoid, post. belly of digastric</li>
<li><span class="bold">Parasympathetic:</span> Greater petrosal n. → lacrimal gland; Chorda tympani → submandibular & sublingual glands</li>
<li><span class="bold">Taste:</span> Anterior 2/3 of tongue</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Describe facial nerve under course, branches and applied anatomy.</div>
</div>
<!-- ===================== CARD 4 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-purple">
<div class="card-header">
<span class="card-number">4</span>
<span class="card-title">Trigeminal Nerve (V)</span>
</div>
<div class="card-body">
<ul>
<li>Largest cranial nerve</li>
<li><span class="bold">Divisions:</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="section-label cl-blue">V1 Ophthalmic (Pure sensory)</div>
<ul><li>Forehead, cornea, nose, upper eyelid</li></ul>
<div class="section-label cl-blue">V2 Maxillary (Pure sensory)</div>
<ul><li>Midface, maxillary sinus, upper teeth</li></ul>
<div class="section-label cl-blue">V3 Mandibular (Mixed)</div>
<ul>
<li><span class="bold">Sensory:</span> Lower teeth, lower lip, tongue (general sensation)</li>
<li><span class="bold">Motor:</span> Muscles of mastication, mylohyoid, ant. belly of digastric, tensor tympani, tensor veli palatini</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>Trigeminal ganglion in Meckel's cave</li>
<li><span class="bold">Important branches of V3:</span> Lingual, Inferior alveolar, Buccal, Auriculotemporal, Masseteric</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Describe divisions and branches of trigeminal nerve.</div>
</div>
<!-- ===================== CARD 5 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-red">
<div class="card-header">
<span class="card-number">5</span>
<span class="card-title">Facial Artery</span>
</div>
<div class="card-body">
<ul>
<li><span class="bold">Origin:</span> External carotid artery</li>
<li><span class="bold">Course:</span> In carotid triangle → crosses lower border of mandible anterior to masseter → winds upwards deep to SMAS</li>
<li><span class="bold">Branches in neck:</span>
<ul class="sub-list">
<li>Ascending palatine</li>
<li>Tonsillar</li>
<li>Glandular</li>
<li>Submental</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><span class="bold">Branches on face:</span>
<ul class="sub-list">
<li>Inferior labial</li>
<li>Superior labial</li>
<li>Lateral nasal</li>
<li>Angular (terminal)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><span class="bold">Anastomosis:</span> Angular a. with dorsal nasal branch of ophthalmic a.</li>
<li><span class="bold">Applied:</span> Severe bleeding, facial flap</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Write the course, branches and applied anatomy of facial artery.</div>
</div>
<!-- ===================== CARD 6 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-teal">
<div class="card-header">
<span class="card-number">6</span>
<span class="card-title">Cavernous Sinus</span>
</div>
<div class="card-body">
<ul>
<li>Paired venous sinus on either side of body of sphenoid</li>
<li><span class="bold">Extent:</span> From superior orbital fissure to apex of petrous temporal bone</li>
<li><span class="bold">Contents inside sinus:</span>
<ul class="sub-list">
<li>Internal carotid artery</li>
<li>Abducent nerve (VI)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><span class="bold">Nerves in lateral wall (from above downward):</span>
<ul class="sub-list">
<li>III Oculomotor</li>
<li>IV Trochlear</li>
<li>V₁ Ophthalmic</li>
<li>V₂ Maxillary</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><span class="bold">Tributaries:</span> Superior & inferior ophthalmic v., superficial middle cerebral v., sphenoparietal sinus</li>
<li><span class="bold">Communications:</span> Facial v. → Internal jugular v. → Pterygoid plexus</li>
<li><span class="bold">Applied:</span> Cavernous sinus thrombosis</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Describe cavernous sinus under situation, contents and applied anatomy.</div>
</div>
<!-- ===================== CARD 7 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-indigo">
<div class="card-header">
<span class="card-number">7</span>
<span class="card-title">Parotid Gland</span>
</div>
<div class="card-body">
<ul>
<li>Largest salivary gland</li>
<li><span class="bold">Situation:</span> In front of & below ear</li>
<li><span class="bold">Parts:</span> Superficial & deep</li>
<li><span class="bold">Duct:</span> Stensen's duct – emerges from anterior border, pierces buccinator & opens opposite upper 2nd molar</li>
<li><span class="bold">Nerve supply:</span>
<ul class="sub-list">
<li>Parasympathetic – Glossopharyngeal n. (via tympanic n. → lesser petrosal n. → otic ganglion)</li>
<li>Sympathetic – Superior cervical ganglion</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><span class="bold">Blood supply:</span> External carotid a.</li>
<li><span class="bold">Applied:</span> Parotitis, Facial nerve injury in parotid surgery</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Describe parotid gland under situation, duct, nerve & blood supply.</div>
</div>
<!-- ===================== CARD 8 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-pink">
<div class="card-header">
<span class="card-number">8</span>
<span class="card-title">Submandibular Gland</span>
</div>
<div class="card-body">
<ul>
<li>Mixed gland</li>
<li><span class="bold">Situation:</span> In submandibular triangle</li>
<li><span class="bold">Duct:</span> Wharton's duct – opens on summit of sublingual papilla</li>
<li><span class="bold">Nerve supply:</span>
<ul class="sub-list">
<li>Parasympathetic – Facial n. (via chorda tympani)</li>
<li>Sympathetic – Superior cervical ganglion</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><span class="bold">Blood supply:</span> Facial a., submental a.</li>
<li><span class="bold">Applied:</span> Sialadenitis, stones in duct</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Describe submandibular gland under situation, duct, nerve & blood supply.</div>
</div>
<!-- ===================== CARD 9 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-brown">
<div class="card-header">
<span class="card-number">9</span>
<span class="card-title">Maxillary Artery</span>
</div>
<div class="card-body">
<ul>
<li><span class="bold">Branch</span> of external carotid artery</li>
<li><span class="bold">Course:</span> Deep to neck of mandible, gives 3 parts in infratemporal fossa</li>
</ul>
<div class="section-label cl-red">1st part (Mandibular part):</div>
<ul><li>Deep auricular, Anterior tympanic, Middle meningeal, Accessory meningeal</li></ul>
<div class="section-label cl-red">2nd part (Pterygoid part):</div>
<ul><li>Inferior alveolar, Posterior superior alveolar, Masseteric, Pterygoid, Buccal</li></ul>
<div class="section-label cl-red">3rd part (Pterygopalatine part):</div>
<ul><li>Sphenopalatine, Infraorbital, Descending palatine</li></ul>
</div>
<div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Describe maxillary artery and its branches.</div>
</div>
<!-- ===================== CARD 10 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-cyan">
<div class="card-header">
<span class="card-number">10</span>
<span class="card-title">Scalp & Dangerous Area</span>
</div>
<div class="card-body">
<div class="section-label cl-blue">Scalp: 5 layers (SCALP)</div>
<ul>
<li>1. Skin</li>
<li>2. Dense connective tissue</li>
<li>3. Aponeurosis (Galea aponeurotica)</li>
<li>4. Loose areolar tissue</li>
<li>5. Pericranium</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span class="bold">Blood supply:</span> Supratrochlear, Supraorbital, Superficial temporal, Posterior auricular (from ECA)</li>
<li><span class="bold">Dangerous area:</span> Triangle from bridge of nose to angles of mouth (Infection → Facial v. → Angular v. → Ophthalmic v. → Cavernous sinus → Thrombosis, meningitis)</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Describe layers of scalp and dangerous area of scalp with applied anatomy.</div>
</div>
<!-- ===================== CARD 11 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-blue">
<div class="card-header">
<span class="card-number">11</span>
<span class="card-title">Thyroid Gland</span>
</div>
<div class="card-body">
<ul>
<li>Butterfly shaped gland in front of trachea (C5–T1)</li>
<li><span class="bold">Parts:</span> Right lobe, Left lobe, Isthmus</li>
<li><span class="bold">Nerve supply:</span> Sympathetic – from superior, middle & inferior cervical ganglia; Parasympathetic – from vagus</li>
<li><span class="bold">Blood supply:</span> Superior thyroid a., Inferior thyroid a.</li>
<li><span class="bold">Applied:</span> Goitre, Thyroidectomy</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Describe thyroid gland under parts, nerve & blood supply.</div>
</div>
<!-- ===================== CARD 12 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-green">
<div class="card-header">
<span class="card-number">12</span>
<span class="card-title">Carotid Triangle</span>
</div>
<div class="card-body">
<ul>
<li><span class="bold">Boundaries:</span>
<ul class="sub-list">
<li>Ant. border of SCM (post.)</li>
<li>Post. belly of digastric (sup.)</li>
<li>Sup. belly of omohyoid (inf.)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><span class="bold">Floor:</span> Hyoglossus, Thyrohyoid, Middle constrictor, Carotid sheath</li>
<li><span class="bold">Contents:</span>
<ul class="sub-list">
<li>Carotid sheath (Common carotid a., Internal jugular v., Vagus n.)</li>
<li>External carotid a. & branches</li>
<li>Hypoglossal n., Superior thyroid a.</li>
<li>Ansa cervicalis</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Boundaries, contents and applied anatomy of carotid triangle.</div>
</div>
<!-- ===================== CARD 13 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-orange">
<div class="card-header">
<span class="card-number">13</span>
<span class="card-title">Tongue (Muscles, Nerve Supply)</span>
</div>
<div class="card-body">
<div class="section-label cl-purple">Muscles:</div>
<ul>
<li><span class="bold">Intrinsic</span> – Superior longitudinal, Inferior longitudinal, Transverse, Vertical</li>
<li><span class="bold">Extrinsic</span> – Genioglossus, Hyoglossus, Styloglossus, Palatoglossus</li>
</ul>
<div class="section-label cl-purple">Nerve supply:</div>
<ul>
<li><span class="bold">Motor</span> – Hypoglossal n. (XII) to all muscles</li>
<li><span class="bold">Sensory – Ant. 2/3:</span> Lingual n. (V3) (General & taste via Chorda tympani)</li>
<li><span class="bold">Post. 1/3:</span> Glossopharyngeal n. (IX) (General & taste)</li>
<li>Taste from epiglottic region – Internal laryngeal n. (X)</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Muscles of tongue and nerve supply.</div>
</div>
<!-- ===================== CARD 14 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-purple">
<div class="card-header">
<span class="card-number">14</span>
<span class="card-title">Soft Palate</span>
</div>
<div class="card-body">
<ul>
<li>Muscular part: Posterior to hard palate</li>
<li>Muscular & mucous parts</li>
<li><span class="bold">Muscles (from medial to lateral):</span>
<ul class="sub-list">
<li>Tensor veli palatini (X)</li>
<li>Levator veli palatini (X)</li>
<li>Palatoglossus (X), Palatopharyngeus (X)</li>
<li>Musculus uvulae (X)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><span class="bold">Nerve supply:</span> Motor – Pharyngeal plexus (X); Sensory – Greater palatine (V2) for mucous membrane</li>
<li><span class="bold">Function:</span> Closes nasopharynx during swallowing & speaking</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Describe soft palate under parts, muscles, nerve supply and functions.</div>
</div>
<!-- ===================== CARD 15 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-red">
<div class="card-header">
<span class="card-number">15</span>
<span class="card-title">Pharynx</span>
</div>
<div class="card-body">
<ul>
<li><span class="bold">Muscles:</span> Constrictors (sup., middle, inf.), Stylopharyngeus, Palatopharyngeus, Salpingopharyngeus</li>
<li><span class="bold">Nerve supply:</span> Motor – Pharyngeal plexus (X) except stylopharyngeus (IX); Sensory – Pharyngeal plexus</li>
<li><span class="bold">Parts:</span> Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx</li>
<li><span class="bold">Functions:</span> Passage for air & food, phonation, swallowing</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Describe pharynx under parts, muscles, nerve supply and functions.</div>
</div>
<!-- ===================== CARD 16 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-teal">
<div class="card-header">
<span class="card-number">16</span>
<span class="card-title">Temporal Artery & Branches</span>
</div>
<div class="card-body">
<ul>
<li><span class="bold">Origin:</span> From 2nd part of external carotid artery (within parotid gland)</li>
<li><span class="bold">Course:</span> Ascends anterior to tragus, divides into anterior and posterior branches within temporalis</li>
<li><span class="bold">Branches:</span>
<ul class="sub-list">
<li>Anterior temporal a. → Frontal, parietal regions</li>
<li>Posterior temporal a. → Parietal, occipital regions</li>
<li>Middle temporal a. → Deep to temporalis</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><span class="bold">Anastomosis:</span> With ophthalmic a., occipital a., maxillary a.</li>
<li><span class="bold">Applied:</span> Superficial temporal pulse; ligation in temporal arteritis.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Describe origin, course and branches of superficial temporal artery.</div>
</div>
<!-- ===================== CARD 17 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-indigo">
<div class="card-header">
<span class="card-number">17</span>
<span class="card-title">Occipital Artery</span>
</div>
<div class="card-body">
<ul>
<li><span class="bold">Origin:</span> From external carotid artery</li>
<li><span class="bold">Course:</span> Passes between posterior belly of digastric and stylohyoid; behind sternocleidomastoid; ascends in scalp</li>
<li><span class="bold">Branches:</span>
<ul class="sub-list">
<li>Occipital branch → Scalp of occipital region</li>
<li>Mastoid branch → Mastoid region</li>
<li>Ascending pharyngeal branch → Pharynx, posterior auricular area</li>
<li>Descending branch → Internal carotid branches</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><span class="bold">Anastomosis:</span> With posterior auricular, superficial temporal, internal carotid branches</li>
<li><span class="bold">Applied:</span> Ligation in occipital hemorrhage.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Describe occipital artery under course, branches and applied anatomy.</div>
</div>
<!-- ===================== CARD 18 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-pink">
<div class="card-header">
<span class="card-number">18</span>
<span class="card-title">Posterior Auricular Artery</span>
</div>
<div class="card-body">
<ul>
<li><span class="bold">Origin:</span> From external carotid artery</li>
<li><span class="bold">Course:</span> Ascends behind auricle</li>
<li><span class="bold">Branches:</span>
<ul class="sub-list">
<li>Posterior auricular branches → Auricle</li>
<li>Occipital branches → Occipital region</li>
<li>Parotid branches → Parotid gland</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><span class="bold">Anastomosis:</span> With superficial temporal, occipital, maxillary arteries</li>
<li><span class="bold">Applied:</span> Injury in parotid surgery; bleeding behind auricle.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Describe posterior auricular artery under course, branches and applications.</div>
</div>
<!-- ===================== CARD 19 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-brown">
<div class="card-header">
<span class="card-number">19</span>
<span class="card-title">External Jugular Vein</span>
</div>
<div class="card-body">
<ul>
<li><span class="bold">Formation:</span> Posterior division of retromandibular vein</li>
<li><span class="bold">Course:</span> Descends obliquely across sternocleidomastoid</li>
<li><span class="bold">Termination:</span> In subclavian vein</li>
<li><span class="bold">Tributaries:</span> Posterior auricular, occipital, superficial temporal, transverse cervical veins</li>
<li><span class="bold">Applied:</span> Visible in neck; used for venipuncture.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Describe external jugular vein under formation, course, tributaries and applied anatomy.</div>
</div>
<!-- ===================== CARD 20 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-cyan">
<div class="card-header">
<span class="card-number">20</span>
<span class="card-title">Internal Jugular Vein</span>
</div>
<div class="card-body">
<ul>
<li><span class="bold">Formation:</span> Continuation of sigmoid sinus at jugular foramen</li>
<li><span class="bold">Course:</span> Descends in carotid sheath with ICA and vagus nerve</li>
<li><span class="bold">Termination:</span> In brachiocephalic vein</li>
<li><span class="bold">Tributaries:</span> Facial vein, lingual vein, pharyngeal veins, superior thyroid vein</li>
<li><span class="bold">Applied:</span> Important in central venous catheterization.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Describe internal jugular vein under course, tributaries and applied anatomy.</div>
</div>
<!-- ===================== CARD 21 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-blue">
<div class="card-header">
<span class="card-number">21</span>
<span class="card-title">Pterygoid Plexus</span>
</div>
<div class="card-body">
<ul>
<li><span class="bold">Nature:</span> Venous plexus</li>
<li><span class="bold">Location:</span> Infratemporal fossa</li>
<li><span class="bold">Formation:</span> From maxillary vein and other tributaries</li>
<li><span class="bold">Communication:</span> With cavernous sinus (via emissary veins), facial vein, deep facial vein</li>
<li><span class="bold">Applied:</span> Route for spread of infection from face to cavernous sinus.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Describe pterygoid plexus under situation, communications and applied anatomy.</div>
</div>
<!-- ===================== CARD 22 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-green">
<div class="card-header">
<span class="card-number">22</span>
<span class="card-title">Lymph Nodes of Head & Neck</span>
</div>
<div class="card-body">
<div class="section-label cl-purple">Groups:</div>
<ul><li>Occipital, mastoid, preauricular, parotid, submandibular, submental, superficial cervical</li></ul>
<div class="section-label cl-purple">Deep cervical group:</div>
<ul><li>Along internal jugular vein</li></ul>
<div class="section-label cl-purple">Drainage:</div>
<ul>
<li>Scalp → Occipital, mastoid</li>
<li>Face → Parotid, submandibular, submental</li>
<li>Oral cavity, pharynx, larynx → Deep cervical</li>
</ul>
<ul><li><span class="bold">Applied:</span> Assessment in head & neck malignancies.</li></ul>
</div>
<div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Enumerate lymph nodes of head & neck and mention their drainage.</div>
</div>
<!-- ===================== CARD 23 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-orange">
<div class="card-header">
<span class="card-number">23</span>
<span class="card-title">Nasal Cavity (Lateral Wall)</span>
</div>
<div class="card-body">
<ul>
<li><span class="bold">Boundaries:</span> Roof, floor, septum, lateral wall</li>
<li><span class="bold">Lateral Wall Features:</span>
<ul class="sub-list">
<li>Superior: Superior concha</li>
<li>Middle: Middle concha</li>
<li>Inferior: Inferior concha</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><span class="bold">Recesses:</span> Spheno-ethmoidal (above superior), Fronto-ethmoidal (above middle), Maxillary (below middle)</li>
<li><span class="bold">Applied:</span> Sinusitis drainage pathways.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Describe lateral wall of nasal cavity under parts and applied anatomy.</div>
</div>
<!-- ===================== CARD 24 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-purple">
<div class="card-header">
<span class="card-number">24</span>
<span class="card-title">Paranasal Sinuses</span>
</div>
<div class="card-body">
<ul>
<li><span class="bold">Types:</span> Frontal, Maxillary, Ethmoidal, Sphenoidal</li>
<li><span class="bold">Frontal Sinus:</span> In frontal bone; opens into fronto-ethmoidal recess</li>
<li><span class="bold">Maxillary Sinus:</span> In maxilla; opens into middle meatus</li>
<li><span class="bold">Ethmoidal Sinuses:</span> Anterior, middle, posterior cells; open into superior & middle meatus</li>
<li><span class="bold">Sphenoidal Sinus:</span> In sphenoid; opens into spheno-ethmoidal recess</li>
<li><span class="bold">Applied:</span> Sinusitis, headache, surgery</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Describe paranasal sinuses under parts, openings and applied anatomy.</div>
</div>
<!-- ===================== CARD 25 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-red">
<div class="card-header">
<span class="card-number">25</span>
<span class="card-title">Oral Cavity (Parts)</span>
</div>
<div class="card-body">
<ul>
<li><span class="bold">Vestibule:</span> Between lips/cheeks and gums/teeth</li>
<li><span class="bold">Oral Cavity Proper:</span> Inside teeth and gums</li>
<li><span class="bold">Roof:</span> Hard palate (ant.), soft palate (post.)</li>
<li><span class="bold">Floor:</span> Oral diaphragm (mylohyoid)</li>
<li><span class="bold">Boundaries:</span> Lips, cheeks, alveolar arches</li>
<li><span class="bold">Applied:</span> Dental procedures, oral infections.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Describe parts and boundaries of oral cavity with applied anatomy.</div>
</div>
<!-- ===================== CARD 26 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-teal">
<div class="card-header">
<span class="card-number">26</span>
<span class="card-title">Pharynx (Constrictors)</span>
</div>
<div class="card-body">
<ul>
<li><span class="bold">Muscles:</span> Superior, middle, inferior pharyngeal constrictors</li>
<li><span class="bold">Attachments:</span>
<ul class="sub-list">
<li>Superior: Pterygoid hamulus, pterygomandibular raphe</li>
<li>Middle: Hyoid bone, stylohyoid ligament</li>
<li>Inferior: Thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><span class="bold">Nerve Supply:</span> Vagus nerve (X) (except stylopharyngeus by IX)</li>
<li><span class="bold">Function:</span> Constrict pharynx in swallowing.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Constrictors of pharynx under parts, nerve supply and function.</div>
</div>
<!-- ===================== CARD 27 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-indigo">
<div class="card-header">
<span class="card-number">27</span>
<span class="card-title">Soft Palate & Uvula</span>
</div>
<div class="card-body">
<div class="section-label cl-green">Soft Palate:</div>
<ul><li>Muscles: Tensor veli palatini, levator veli palatini, musculus uvulae, palatoglossus, palatopharyngeus</li>
<li>Artery: Greater palatine, ascending palatine</li>
<li>Nerve: Vagus (X) via pharyngeal plexus</li></ul>
<div class="section-label cl-green">Uvula:</div>
<ul>
<li>Musculus uvulae covered by mucosa</li>
<li>Helps in speech and swallowing</li>
<li><span class="bold">Applied:</span> Cleft palate, palatal palsy.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Describe soft palate and uvula under parts, nerve supply and functions.</div>
</div>
<!-- ===================== CARD 28 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-pink">
<div class="card-header">
<span class="card-number">28</span>
<span class="card-title">Tongue (Extrinsic Muscles)</span>
</div>
<div class="card-body">
<div class="section-label cl-blue">Muscles:</div>
<ul>
<li><span class="bold">Genioglossus</span> – Protrudes tongue</li>
<li><span class="bold">Hyoglossus</span> – Depresses tongue</li>
<li><span class="bold">Styloglossus</span> – Retracts and elevates</li>
<li><span class="bold">Palatoglossus</span> – Elevates posterior tongue</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span class="bold">Nerve Supply:</span> Hypoglossal nerve (XII) (except palatoglossus by X)</li>
<li><span class="bold">Function:</span> Movements of tongue in speech and swallowing.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Describe extrinsic muscles of tongue under nerve supply and functions.</div>
</div>
<!-- ===================== CARD 29 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-brown">
<div class="card-header">
<span class="card-number">29</span>
<span class="card-title">Taste (Special Sense)</span>
</div>
<div class="card-body">
<div class="section-label cl-orange">Anterior 2/3:</div>
<ul><li>Nerve: Chorda tympani (VII)</li>
<li>Papillae: Fungiform, filliate, circumvallate</li></ul>
<div class="section-label cl-orange">Posterior 1/3:</div>
<ul><li>Nerve: Glossopharyngeal (IX)</li></ul>
<div class="section-label cl-orange">Epiglottis & near vallate papillae:</div>
<ul><li>Nerve: Vagus (X)</li></ul>
<ul>
<li>Taste buds in papillae contain gustatory cells.</li>
<li><span class="bold">Applied:</span> Ageusia, dysgeusia.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Describe taste sensation of tongue under nerve supply and distribution.</div>
</div>
<!-- ===================== CARD 30 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-cyan">
<div class="card-header">
<span class="card-number">30</span>
<span class="card-title">Salivary Glands</span>
</div>
<div class="card-body">
<div class="section-label cl-red">Parotid Gland:</div>
<ul><li>Serous; Stensen's duct opens opposite 2nd molar</li>
<li>Nerve: CN IX (secretomotor via otic ganglion)</li></ul>
<div class="section-label cl-red">Submandibular Gland:</div>
<ul><li>Mixed; Wharton's duct opens at sublingual caruncle</li>
<li>Nerve: CN VII (via chorda tympani)</li></ul>
<div class="section-label cl-red">Sublingual Gland:</div>
<ul><li>Mucous; multiple small ducts</li>
<li>Nerve: CN VII</li></ul>
<ul><li><span class="bold">Applied:</span> Sialadenitis, stones.</li></ul>
</div>
<div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Enumerate salivary glands and describe their features.</div>
</div>
<!-- ===================== CARD 31 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-blue">
<div class="card-header">
<span class="card-number">31</span>
<span class="card-title">Larynx (Cartilages)</span>
</div>
<div class="card-body">
<div class="section-label cl-purple">Unpaired:</div>
<ul><li>Thyroid, Cricoid, Epiglottis</li></ul>
<div class="section-label cl-purple">Paired:</div>
<ul><li>Arytenoid, Corniculate, Cuneiform</li></ul>
<ul>
<li><span class="bold">Thyroid:</span> Forms laryngeal prominence</li>
<li><span class="bold">Cricoid:</span> Only complete ring</li>
<li><span class="bold">Epiglottis:</span> Elastic cartilage, closes laryngeal inlet</li>
<li><span class="bold">Applied:</span> Laryngoscopy, intubation</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Enumerate cartilages of larynx and describe their applied anatomy.</div>
</div>
<!-- ===================== CARD 32 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-green">
<div class="card-header">
<span class="card-number">32</span>
<span class="card-title">Larynx (Muscles)</span>
</div>
<div class="card-body">
<div class="section-label cl-teal">Intrinsic Muscles:</div>
<ul>
<li><span class="bold">Abductors:</span> Posterior cricoarytenoid</li>
<li><span class="bold">Adductors:</span> Lateral cricoarytenoid, arytenoid, transverse arytenoid</li>
<li><span class="bold">Tensor:</span> Cricothyroid</li>
<li><span class="bold">Relaxor:</span> Thyroarytenoid</li>
</ul>
<div class="section-label cl-teal">Nerve Supply:</div>
<ul><li>Recurrent laryngeal nerve (all) except cricothyroid by external branch of superior laryngeal nerve</li></ul>
<ul><li><span class="bold">Function:</span> Voice production, adduction/abduction of vocal cords.</li></ul>
</div>
<div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Describe intrinsic muscles of larynx under nerve supply and functions.</div>
</div>
<!-- ===================== CARD 33 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-orange">
<div class="card-header">
<span class="card-number">33</span>
<span class="card-title">Voice Production</span>
</div>
<div class="card-body">
<ul>
<li>Air from lungs passes through glottis</li>
<li>Vocal cords (true vocal folds) vibrate to produce sound</li>
<li><span class="bold">Pitch:</span> Depends on length, tension of vocal cords</li>
<li><span class="bold">Loudness:</span> Depends on force of expiration</li>
<li><span class="bold">Resonance:</span> Modified in pharynx, oral cavity, nasal cavity</li>
<li><span class="bold">Applied:</span> Dysphonia, hoarseness.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Explain mechanism of voice production and factors affecting it.</div>
</div>
<!-- ===================== CARD 34 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-purple">
<div class="card-header">
<span class="card-number">34</span>
<span class="card-title">Cranial Nerves (I–XII)</span>
</div>
<div class="card-body">
<ul>
<li>I – Olfactory (Smell)</li>
<li>II – Optic (Vision)</li>
<li>III – Oculomotor (Eye movements)</li>
<li>IV – Trochlear (Superior oblique)</li>
<li>V – Trigeminal (Sensation, mastication)</li>
<li>VI – Abducent (Lateral rectus)</li>
<li>VII – Facial (Expression, taste ant. 2/3)</li>
<li>VIII – Vestibulocochlear (Hearing, balance)</li>
<li>IX – Glossopharyngeal (Taste post. 1/3, swallowing)</li>
<li>X – Vagus (Swallowing, voice)</li>
<li>XI – Accessory (SCM, trapezius)</li>
<li>XII – Hypoglossal (Tongue movements)</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Enumerate cranial nerves and mention their functions.</div>
</div>
<!-- ===================== CARD 35 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-red">
<div class="card-header">
<span class="card-number">35</span>
<span class="card-title">Clinical Anatomy & Applied</span>
</div>
<div class="card-body">
<ul>
<li><span class="bold">Epistaxis:</span> Kiesselbach's plexus in anterior nasal septum</li>
<li><span class="bold">Trismus:</span> Due to spasm of muscles of mastication</li>
<li><span class="bold">Ludwig's Angina:</span> Infection of submandibular space</li>
<li><span class="bold">Otitis Media:</span> Infection of middle ear</li>
<li><span class="bold">Thyroid Swelling:</span> Goitre</li>
<li><span class="bold">Carotid Pulse:</span> Felt in neck</li>
<li><span class="bold">Applied:</span> Essential in diagnosis, procedures and surgeries.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Short notes on applied anatomy of head and neck.</div>
</div>
<!-- ===================== CARD 36 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-teal">
<div class="card-header">
<span class="card-number">36</span>
<span class="card-title">Cranial Nerves (Continuation)</span>
</div>
<div class="card-body">
<div class="section-label cl-red">X Vagus (Mixed):</div>
<ul>
<li>Motor: Pharyngeal muscles, larynx, soft palate</li>
<li>Parasympathetic: Heart, lungs, GI tract</li>
<li>Sensory: Pharynx, larynx, ear</li>
</ul>
<div class="section-label cl-red">XI Accessory (Motor):</div>
<ul><li>Motor to sternocleidomastoid & trapezius</li></ul>
<div class="section-label cl-red">XII Hypoglossal (Motor):</div>
<ul><li>Motor to intrinsic & extrinsic muscles of tongue</li></ul>
<ul>
<li><span class="bold">Applied:</span> Damage to vagus → hoarseness, dysphagia</li>
<li>CN XI injury → difficulty turning head, shoulder droop</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Enumerate cranial nerves (X – XII) and state their functions.</div>
</div>
<!-- ===================== CARD 37 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-indigo">
<div class="card-header">
<span class="card-number">37</span>
<span class="card-title">Blood Supply of Head & Neck</span>
</div>
<div class="card-body">
<div class="section-label cl-red">Arterial supply:</div>
<ul>
<li>External carotid artery & branches</li>
<li>Internal carotid artery & branches</li>
<li>Vertebral artery & branches</li>
</ul>
<div class="section-label cl-blue">Venous drainage:</div>
<ul>
<li>Facial vein → Internal jugular vein</li>
<li>External jugular vein</li>
<li>Pterygoid plexus → Maxillary vein → Retromandibular vein → External jugular vein</li>
<li>Cavernous sinus → Petrosal sinuses → Internal jugular vein</li>
</ul>
<ul><li><span class="bold">Applied:</span> Important in surgery & spread of infections.</li></ul>
</div>
<div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Describe arterial supply of head & neck and venous drainage.</div>
</div>
<!-- ===================== CARD 38 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-pink">
<div class="card-header">
<span class="card-number">38</span>
<span class="card-title">Fascial Spaces of Head & Neck</span>
</div>
<div class="card-body">
<div class="section-label cl-blue">Scalp:</div>
<ul><li>Loose areolar</li>
<li>Subgaleal</li>
<li>Subperiosteal</li></ul>
<div class="section-label cl-blue">Face:</div>
<ul>
<li>Buccal</li>
<li>Sublingual</li>
<li>Submandibular</li>
<li>Masticator</li>
<li>Parapharyngeal</li>
<li>Retropharyngeal (danger space)</li>
</ul>
<ul><li><span class="bold">Applied:</span> Pathway for spread of infections.</li></ul>
</div>
<div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Enumerate fascial spaces of head & neck and importance of danger space.</div>
</div>
<!-- ===================== CARD 39 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-brown">
<div class="card-header">
<span class="card-number">39</span>
<span class="card-title">Clinical Anatomy of TMJ</span>
</div>
<div class="card-body">
<div class="section-label cl-teal">Movements:</div>
<ul>
<li>Depression, Elevation</li>
<li>Protrusion, Retraction</li>
<li>Lateral excursion</li>
</ul>
<div class="section-label cl-teal">Ligaments:</div>
<ul>
<li>Lateral (Temporomandibular)</li>
<li>Sphenomandibular</li>
<li>Stylomandibular</li>
</ul>
<ul><li><span class="bold">Applied:</span> TMJ disorders → pain, clicking, restricted movements.</li></ul>
</div>
<div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Describe TMJ under type, ligaments, movements and applied anatomy.</div>
</div>
<!-- ===================== CARD 40 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-cyan">
<div class="card-header">
<span class="card-number">40</span>
<span class="card-title">Scalene Muscles</span>
</div>
<div class="card-body">
<div class="section-label cl-green">Anterior:</div>
<ul>
<li>Origin: Transverse processes C3–C6</li>
<li>Insertion: Scalene tubercle (1st rib)</li>
<li>Nerve: Phrenic nerve</li>
<li>Action: Elevates 1st rib</li>
</ul>
<div class="section-label cl-green">Middle:</div>
<ul>
<li>Origin: TP C2–C7</li>
<li>Insertion: Upper surface of 1st rib</li>
<li>Nerve: Ventral rami C3–C8</li>
<li>Action: Elevates 1st rib</li>
</ul>
<div class="section-label cl-green">Posterior:</div>
<ul>
<li>Origin: TP C4–C6</li>
<li>Insertion: Outer border of 2nd rib</li>
<li>Nerve: Ventral rami C5–C8</li>
<li>Action: Elevates 2nd rib</li>
</ul>
<ul><li><span class="bold">Applied:</span> Scalene block in surgery.</li></ul>
</div>
<div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Describe scalene muscles under origin, insertion, nerve supply and actions.</div>
</div>
<!-- ===================== CARD 41 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-blue">
<div class="card-header">
<span class="card-number">41</span>
<span class="card-title">Deep Cervical Fascia</span>
</div>
<div class="card-body">
<div class="section-label cl-purple">Layers:</div>
<ul>
<li>Investing layer</li>
<li>Pretracheal layer</li>
<li>Prevertebral layer</li>
<li>Carotid sheath</li>
</ul>
<ul><li><span class="bold">Applied:</span> Forms boundaries of fascial spaces & pathways of infection spread.</li></ul>
</div>
<div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Describe deep cervical fascia and its layers with applied importance.</div>
</div>
<!-- ===================== CARD 42 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-green">
<div class="card-header">
<span class="card-number">42</span>
<span class="card-title">Pharyngeal Muscles</span>
</div>
<div class="card-body">
<div class="section-label cl-red">Constrictors:</div>
<ul>
<li>Superior</li>
<li>Middle</li>
<li>Inferior (all voluntary)</li>
</ul>
<div class="section-label cl-red">Elevators:</div>
<ul>
<li>Stylopharyngeus</li>
<li>Salpingopharyngeus</li>
<li>Palatopharyngeus</li>
</ul>
<ul><li><span class="bold">Applied:</span> Important in deglutition & speech.</li></ul>
</div>
<div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Describe pharyngeal muscles under parts, nerve supply & functions.</div>
</div>
<!-- ===================== CARD 43 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-orange">
<div class="card-header">
<span class="card-number">43</span>
<span class="card-title">Laryngeal Muscles</span>
</div>
<div class="card-body">
<div class="section-label cl-teal">Intrinsic (move vocal cords):</div>
<ul>
<li>Cricothyroid</li>
<li>Posterior cricoarytenoid</li>
<li>Lateral cricoarytenoid</li>
<li>Thyroarytenoid</li>
<li>Vocalis</li>
<li>Transverse arytenoid</li>
<li>Oblique arytenoid</li>
</ul>
<div class="section-label cl-teal">Extrinsic (move larynx):</div>
<ul>
<li>Suprahyoid (elevators)</li>
<li>Infrahyoid (depressors)</li>
</ul>
<ul><li><span class="bold">Applied:</span> Speech, phonation, swallowing.</li></ul>
</div>
<div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Describe laryngeal muscles under nerve supply and functions.</div>
</div>
<!-- ===================== CARD 44 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-purple">
<div class="card-header">
<span class="card-number">44</span>
<span class="card-title">Parotid Gland</span>
</div>
<div class="card-body">
<ul>
<li><span class="bold">Part:</span> Largest salivary gland</li>
<li><span class="bold">Location:</span> In parotid region</li>
<li><span class="bold">Duct:</span> Stensen's duct → buccinator → opens opposite upper 2nd molar</li>
<li><span class="bold">Nerve supply:</span>
<ul class="sub-list">
<li>Parasympathetic: CN IX (tympanic n. → lesser petrosal n. → otic ganglion)</li>
<li>Sympathetic: Superior cervical ganglion</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><span class="bold">Applied:</span> Parotitis, stones, facial nerve injury.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Describe parotid gland under situation, duct, nerve & blood supply.</div>
</div>
<!-- ===================== CARD 45 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-red">
<div class="card-header">
<span class="card-number">45</span>
<span class="card-title">Retropharyngeal Space</span>
</div>
<div class="card-body">
<ul>
<li><span class="bold">Location:</span> Between buccopharyngeal fascia & prevertebral fascia</li>
<li><span class="bold">Extent:</span> Skull base to T2 vertebra</li>
<li><span class="bold">Contents:</span> Lymph nodes, fat</li>
<li><span class="bold">Applied:</span> Important space for spread of infections (danger space).</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Describe retropharyngeal space and its clinical importance.</div>
</div>
<!-- ===================== CARD 46 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-teal">
<div class="card-header">
<span class="card-number">46</span>
<span class="card-title">Styloid Apparatus</span>
</div>
<div class="card-body">
<div class="section-label cl-purple">Components:</div>
<ul>
<li>Styloid process</li>
<li>Stylohyoid ligament</li>
<li>Stylopharyngeus</li>
<li>Stylohyoid</li>
<li>Stylomandibular ligament</li>
<li>Styloglossus</li>
</ul>
<ul><li><span class="bold">Applied:</span> Eagle's syndrome → pain in throat, ear, tongue.</li></ul>
</div>
<div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Enumerate components of styloid apparatus and applied anatomy.</div>
</div>
<!-- ===================== CARD 47 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-indigo">
<div class="card-header">
<span class="card-number">47</span>
<span class="card-title">Anatomical Triangles of Neck</span>
</div>
<div class="card-body">
<div class="section-label cl-green">Anterior triangle:</div>
<ul>
<li>Submental</li>
<li>Submandibular (digastric)</li>
<li>Carotid</li>
<li>Muscular</li>
</ul>
<div class="section-label cl-green">Posterior triangle:</div>
<ul>
<li>Occipital</li>
<li>Omoclavicular</li>
<li>Supraclavicular (omoclavicular)</li>
</ul>
<ul><li><span class="bold">Applied:</span> Landmarks for surgical approaches.</li></ul>
</div>
<div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Enumerate triangles of neck and describe their boundaries & contents.</div>
</div>
<!-- ===================== CARD 48 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-pink">
<div class="card-header">
<span class="card-number">48</span>
<span class="card-title">Carotid Sheath</span>
</div>
<div class="card-body">
<div class="section-label cl-red">Contents:</div>
<ul>
<li>Common carotid artery (bifurcation)</li>
<li>Internal jugular vein</li>
<li>Vagus nerve (posterior)</li>
</ul>
<ul><li><span class="bold">Applied:</span> Landmark for carotid artery surgery & nerve block.</li></ul>
</div>
<div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Describe carotid sheath and its contents & applied anatomy.</div>
</div>
<!-- ===================== CARD 49 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-brown">
<div class="card-header">
<span class="card-number">49</span>
<span class="card-title">Submandibular Region</span>
</div>
<div class="card-body">
<ul>
<li><span class="bold">Boundaries:</span> Body of mandible, anterior & posterior bellies of digastric, hyoid bone</li>
<li><span class="bold">Contents:</span>
<ul class="sub-list">
<li>Submandibular gland</li>
<li>Facial artery</li>
<li>Facial vein</li>
<li>Hypoglossal nerve (XII)</li>
<li>Deep part: Lingual nerve, submandibular ganglion</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><span class="bold">Applied:</span> Swelling, sialadenitis.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Describe submandibular region with its contents & applied importance.</div>
</div>
<!-- ===================== CARD 50 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-cyan">
<div class="card-header">
<span class="card-number">50</span>
<span class="card-title">Infratemporal Fossa</span>
</div>
<div class="card-body">
<ul>
<li><span class="bold">Location:</span> Deep to zygomatic arch</li>
<li><span class="bold">Boundaries:</span> Base of skull, ramus of mandible</li>
<li><span class="bold">Contents:</span>
<ul class="sub-list">
<li>Pterygoid muscles</li>
<li>Maxillary artery & pterygoid plexus</li>
<li>Mandibular nerve (V3)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><span class="bold">Applied:</span> Local anesthesia, trismus.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Describe infratemporal fossa with its contents & importance.</div>
</div>
<!-- ===================== CARD 51 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-blue">
<div class="card-header">
<span class="card-number">51</span>
<span class="card-title">Cribriform Plate & Olfactory Nerves</span>
</div>
<div class="card-body">
<ul>
<li><span class="bold">Cribriform plate:</span> Part of ethmoid bone</li>
<li><span class="bold">Olfactory nerves (I):</span> Pass through foramina to olfactory bulb</li>
<li><span class="bold">Function:</span> Sense of smell</li>
<li><span class="bold">Applied:</span> CSF leak, anosmia.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Describe cribriform plate and olfactory nerve.</div>
</div>
<!-- ===================== CARD 52 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-green">
<div class="card-header">
<span class="card-number">52</span>
<span class="card-title">Petrous Part of Temporal Bone</span>
</div>
<div class="card-body">
<div class="section-label cl-blue">Important foramina:</div>
<ul>
<li>Internal acoustic meatus (VII, VIII nerves)</li>
<li>Carotid canal (internal carotid artery)</li>
<li>Jugular foramen (IX, X, XI nerves)</li>
</ul>
<ul><li><span class="bold">Applied:</span> Fractures → nerve deficits.</li></ul>
</div>
<div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Enumerate foramina in petrous part of temporal bone and contents.</div>
</div>
<!-- ===================== CARD 53 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-orange">
<div class="card-header">
<span class="card-number">53</span>
<span class="card-title">Meninges of Brain</span>
</div>
<div class="card-body">
<ul>
<li><span class="bold">Dura mater:</span> Periosteal (endosteal) & meningeal layers</li>
<li><span class="bold">Arachnoid mater:</span> Avascular, arachnoid trabeculae</li>
<li><span class="bold">Pia mater:</span> Vascular, closely applied</li>
<li><span class="bold">Applied:</span> Meningitis, subdural hematoma.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Describe meninges of brain and applied anatomy.</div>
</div>
<!-- ===================== CARD 54 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-purple">
<div class="card-header">
<span class="card-number">54</span>
<span class="card-title">Venous Sinuses of Dura Mater</span>
</div>
<div class="card-body">
<div class="section-label cl-blue">Dural venous sinuses:</div>
<ul>
<li>Superior sagittal</li>
<li>Inferior sagittal</li>
<li>Straight sinus</li>
<li>Transverse sinus</li>
<li>Sigmoid sinus</li>
<li>Cavernous sinus</li>
</ul>
<ul><li><span class="bold">Applied:</span> Thrombosis, infection spread (cavernous sinus), sialadenitis.</li></ul>
</div>
<div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Enumerate dural venous sinuses and their clinical importance.</div>
</div>
<!-- ===================== CARD 55 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-red">
<div class="card-header">
<span class="card-number">55</span>
<span class="card-title">Cavernous Sinus</span>
</div>
<div class="card-body">
<ul>
<li><span class="bold">Location:</span> Either side of sella turcica</li>
<li><span class="bold">Contents:</span>
<ul class="sub-list">
<li>Internal carotid artery</li>
<li>CN III, IV, V1, V2, VI</li>
<li>ICA</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><span class="bold">Applied:</span> Cavernous sinus thrombosis → painful ophthalmoplegia.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Describe cavernous sinus with its contents & applied anatomy.</div>
</div>
<!-- ===================== CARD 56 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-teal">
<div class="card-header">
<span class="card-number">56</span>
<span class="card-title">Applied Anatomy Summary</span>
</div>
<div class="card-body">
<ul>
<li><span class="bold">Parotitis:</span> Parotid gland infection</li>
<li><span class="bold">Tonsillitis:</span> Infection of tonsils</li>
<li><span class="bold">Goitre:</span> Enlargement of thyroid</li>
<li><span class="bold">Hemithyroidectomy:</span> Surgical removal</li>
<li><span class="bold">Facial nerve palsy:</span> Bell's palsy</li>
<li><span class="bold">Carotid endarterectomy:</span> Removal of plaque</li>
<li><span class="bold">Trismus:</span> Inability to open mouth</li>
<li><span class="bold">Dysphagia:</span> Difficulty in swallowing</li>
<li><span class="bold">CSF rhinorrhea:</span> Leak through nose</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Short notes on applied anatomy of head and neck.</div>
</div>
</div><!-- end grid -->
<div class="footer">the_dental_cafe ☕</div>
</body>
</html>
ls -lh /home/daytona/workspace/anatomy-cards/
head neck anatomy
HTML File · HTML
Convert above hdml file into PDF form
which weasyprint && python3 -c "import weasyprint; print('weasyprint OK')" 2>&1; which wkhtmltopdf 2>&1; python3 -c "import pdfkit; print('pdfkit OK')" 2>&1
which chromium-browser || which chromium || which google-chrome || which google-chrome-stable 2>&1; which puppeteer 2>&1; which libreoffice 2>&1; which pandoc 2>&1
chromium --headless --disable-gpu --no-sandbox --print-to-pdf=/home/daytona/workspace/anatomy-cards/head-neck-anatomy.pdf --print-to-pdf-no-header --no-pdf-header-footer "file:///home/daytona/workspace/anatomy-cards/head-neck-anatomy.html" 2>&1
python3 -c "from pypdf import PdfReader; r = PdfReader('/home/daytona/workspace/anatomy-cards/head-neck-anatomy.pdf'); print(f'Pages: {len(r.pages)}'); print(f'Size: OK')"
head neck anatomy
PDF Document · PDF
Sunrise important points of lower limb in one page
~/anatomy-cards/lower-limb-summary.html
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<div class="banner">
<div>
<div class="sun">🌅</div>
</div>
<div style="flex:1">
<h1>Lower Limb – Sunrise Important Points</h1>
<div class="sub">Bones · Joints · Muscles · Nerves · Vessels · Clinical Pearls | Gray's Anatomy for Students</div>
</div>
<div style="text-align:right; font-size:9px; opacity:.75; line-height:1.7">
<b>Regions:</b> Gluteal · Thigh · Leg · Foot<br>
<b>Plexus:</b> Lumbar (L1–L4) · Sacral (L4–S3)
</div>
</div>
<!-- MAIN GRID -->
<div class="main-grid">
<!-- 1. BONES & REGIONS -->
<div class="card c1">
<div class="card-head"><span class="icon">🦴</span> Bones & Regions</div>
<div class="card-body">
<ul>
<li><span class="lbl">Regions:</span> Gluteal · Thigh · Leg · Foot</li>
<li><span class="lbl">Femur:</span> Head, neck, greater & lesser trochanter, shaft, condyles</li>
<li><span class="lbl">Tibia:</span> Medial bone of leg; bears body weight; tibial plateau, tibial tuberosity, medial malleolus</li>
<li><span class="lbl">Fibula:</span> Lateral, non-weight-bearing; lateral malleolus</li>
<li><span class="lbl">Patella:</span> Largest sesamoid bone; in quadriceps tendon</li>
<li><span class="lbl">Foot bones:</span> 7 tarsals, 5 metatarsals, 14 phalanges</li>
<li><span class="lbl">Key tarsals:</span> Talus (on calcaneus), Calcaneus (heel), Navicular, Cuboid, 3 Cuneiforms</li>
</ul>
<div class="clinical">Neck of femur fractures common in elderly (Garden classification)</div>
<div class="memory">"Tom Can Never Do Nothing For Glasgow" = Tarsals: Talus, Calcaneus, Navicular, Cuboid, 3 Cuneiforms</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- 2. HIP JOINT -->
<div class="card c2">
<div class="card-head"><span class="icon">🔵</span> Hip Joint</div>
<div class="card-body">
<ul>
<li><span class="lbl">Type:</span> Ball-and-socket synovial joint</li>
<li><span class="lbl">Articulation:</span> Head of femur + acetabulum (ilium, ischium, pubis)</li>
<li><span class="lbl">Stabilising ligaments:</span>
<ul class="sub-ul">
<li>Iliofemoral (Y-lig of Bigelow) – strongest</li>
<li>Pubofemoral (inferior)</li>
<li>Ischiofemoral (posterior)</li>
<li>Ligament of head of femur (carries artery)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><span class="lbl">Movements:</span> Flexion, Extension, Abduction, Adduction, Medial/Lateral rotation, Circumduction</li>
<li><span class="lbl">Blood supply to femoral head:</span> Medial circumflex femoral a. (main), obturator a. (lig of head)</li>
<li><span class="lbl">Nerve supply:</span> Femoral, obturator, sciatic (L2–S1)</li>
</ul>
<div class="clinical">AVN of femoral head after intracapsular fracture (medial circumflex artery torn)</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- 3. KNEE JOINT -->
<div class="card c3">
<div class="card-head"><span class="icon">🔷</span> Knee Joint</div>
<div class="card-body">
<ul>
<li><span class="lbl">Type:</span> Modified hinge (condylar) synovial joint</li>
<li><span class="lbl">Bones:</span> Femur + Tibia (mainly) + Patella</li>
<li><span class="lbl">Menisci:</span> Medial (C-shaped, fixed) & Lateral (O-shaped, mobile)</li>
<li><span class="lbl">Cruciate ligaments:</span>
<ul class="sub-ul">
<li>ACL – prevents anterior tibial displacement</li>
<li>PCL – prevents posterior tibial displacement</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><span class="lbl">Collateral lig:</span> Medial (MCL) + Lateral (LCL)</li>
<li><span class="lbl">Locking mechanism:</span> Terminal lateral rotation of femur (screw-home), unlocked by popliteus</li>
<li><span class="lbl">Blood supply:</span> Genicular anastomosis (6 genicular arteries)</li>
</ul>
<div class="clinical">ACL tear → anterior drawer +ve; MCL + medial meniscus + ACL = "Unhappy triad"</div>
<div class="memory">Popliteus = key to house (unlocks knee)</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- 4. ANKLE & FOOT JOINTS -->
<div class="card c4">
<div class="card-head"><span class="icon">🦶</span> Ankle & Foot Joints</div>
<div class="card-body">
<ul>
<li><span class="lbl">Ankle (Talocrural):</span> Hinge joint; tibia + fibula + talus</li>
<li><span class="lbl">Movements:</span> Dorsiflexion & Plantarflexion</li>
<li><span class="lbl">Lateral ligaments:</span> ATFL · CFL · PTFL (ATFL most commonly sprained)</li>
<li><span class="lbl">Medial ligament:</span> Deltoid (very strong; 4 parts)</li>
<li><span class="lbl">Subtalar joint:</span> Inversion & Eversion of foot</li>
<li><span class="lbl">Arches of foot:</span>
<ul class="sub-ul">
<li>Medial longitudinal (highest; talus is keystone)</li>
<li>Lateral longitudinal (lower)</li>
<li>Transverse arch</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><span class="lbl">Tarsal tunnel:</span> Posteromedial ankle; contains Tom, Dick AN Harry (Tibialis post., FDL, posterior tibial vessels & nerve, FHL)</li>
</ul>
<div class="clinical">Pes planus (flat foot) = fallen medial arch; Eversion injury → ATFL sprain</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- 5. FEMORAL TRIANGLE & ADDUCTOR CANAL -->
<div class="card c5">
<div class="card-head"><span class="icon">📐</span> Femoral Triangle & Adductor Canal</div>
<div class="card-body">
<div class="lbl" style="margin-bottom:2px">Femoral Triangle:</div>
<ul>
<li><span class="lbl">Boundaries:</span> Inguinal lig (sup), Sartorius (lat), Adductor longus (med)</li>
<li><span class="lbl">Floor:</span> Iliopsoas + Pectineus</li>
<li><span class="lbl">Contents (lateral → medial):</span>
<ul class="sub-ul">
<li><span class="bl">N</span>erve (Femoral)</li>
<li><span class="bl">A</span>rtery (Femoral)</li>
<li><span class="bl">V</span>ein (Femoral)</li>
<li><span class="bl">E</span>mpty space</li>
<li><span class="bl">L</span>ymphatics</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<hr class="dv">
<div class="lbl" style="margin-bottom:2px">Adductor (Hunter's) Canal:</div>
<ul>
<li>Sartorius covers it; runs from apex of femoral triangle to adductor hiatus</li>
<li>Contains: Femoral a. & v., saphenous nerve, nerve to VMO</li>
</ul>
<div class="clinical">Femoral hernia: through femoral ring (medial to femoral vein); commoner in females</div>
<div class="memory">NAVEL (Nerve-Artery-Vein-Empty-Lymphatics) lateral to medial under inguinal lig</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- 6. POPLITEAL FOSSA -->
<div class="card c6">
<div class="card-head"><span class="icon">🔺</span> Popliteal Fossa & Gluteal Region</div>
<div class="card-body">
<div class="lbl" style="margin-bottom:2px">Popliteal Fossa:</div>
<ul>
<li><span class="lbl">Shape:</span> Diamond; posterior to knee</li>
<li><span class="lbl">Boundaries:</span> Biceps femoris (superlat), Semimembranosus + Semitendinosus (superomed), Gastrocnemius heads (inf)</li>
<li><span class="lbl">Contents (deep to superficial):</span> Popliteal a. → Popliteal v. → Tibial n. → Common fibular n.</li>
<li><span class="lbl">Popliteal artery:</span> 5 genicular branches; continuation of femoral a.</li>
</ul>
<hr class="dv">
<div class="lbl" style="margin-bottom:2px">Gluteal Region:</div>
<ul>
<li>Piriformis = key landmark (divides greater sciatic foramen)</li>
<li>Above piriformis: Superior gluteal vessels & nerve</li>
<li>Below piriformis: Sciatic n., inferior gluteal n. & a., pudendal n.</li>
</ul>
<div class="clinical">Baker's cyst (popliteal cyst): synovial fluid accumulation posterior to knee</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- 7. NERVES OF LOWER LIMB -->
<div class="card c7">
<div class="card-head"><span class="icon">⚡</span> Nerves of Lower Limb</div>
<div class="card-body">
<ul>
<li><span class="lbl">Femoral n. (L2–L4):</span> Ant. thigh muscles + skin; medial leg (saphenous branch)</li>
<li><span class="lbl">Obturator n. (L2–L4):</span> Medial compartment (adductors); medial thigh skin</li>
<li><span class="lbl">Sciatic n. (L4–S3):</span> Largest nerve in body; all posterior thigh + all leg & foot muscles</li>
<li><span class="lbl">Common fibular n.:</span> Divides at fibular neck → Superficial (lat compartment) & Deep (ant compartment, dorsum foot)</li>
<li><span class="lbl">Tibial n.:</span> Posterior leg, sole of foot</li>
<li><span class="lbl">Superior gluteal n. (L4–S1):</span> Gluteus medius, minimus, TFL</li>
<li><span class="lbl">Inferior gluteal n. (L5–S2):</span> Gluteus maximus only</li>
</ul>
<hr class="dv">
<div class="lbl" style="color:#c62828">Key Nerve Injuries:</div>
<ul>
<li><span class="rd">Common fibular:</span> Foot drop (neck of fibula fracture)</li>
<li><span class="rd">Femoral:</span> Loss of knee extension (quadriceps)</li>
<li><span class="rd">Obturator:</span> Loss of adduction (medial thigh)</li>
<li><span class="rd">Sciatic:</span> Loss of knee flexion + all below knee</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<!-- 8. ARTERIES OF LOWER LIMB -->
<div class="card c8">
<div class="card-head"><span class="icon">🩸</span> Arteries of Lower Limb</div>
<div class="card-body">
<ul>
<li><span class="lbl">Femoral a.:</span> Continuation of external iliac a. (under inguinal lig)</li>
<li><span class="lbl">Profunda femoris a.:</span> Main supply of thigh; gives medial & lateral circumflex femoral aa.</li>
<li><span class="lbl">Popliteal a.:</span> Continuation of femoral a. through adductor hiatus; gives 5 genicular branches</li>
<li><span class="lbl">Anterior tibial a.:</span> → Dorsalis pedis a. (dorsum of foot); crosses interosseous membrane</li>
<li><span class="lbl">Posterior tibial a.:</span> Posterior leg → passes through tarsal tunnel → medial & lateral plantar aa.</li>
<li><span class="lbl">Fibular (peroneal) a.:</span> Lateral compartment of leg</li>
<li><span class="lbl">Anastomoses:</span> Cruciate anastomosis (gluteal region); genicular anastomosis (knee)</li>
</ul>
<div class="clinical">Dorsalis pedis pulse: dorsum of foot (lateral to EHL); posterior tibial pulse: behind medial malleolus</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- 9. VEINS & LYMPHATICS -->
<div class="card c9">
<div class="card-head"><span class="icon">💙</span> Veins & Lymphatics</div>
<div class="card-body">
<div class="lbl" style="margin-bottom:2px">Superficial veins:</div>
<ul>
<li><span class="lbl">Great saphenous v.:</span> Medial side; from medial dorsal arch → medial leg → medial thigh → femoral v. (at saphenofemoral junction, 4 cm below pubic tubercle)</li>
<li><span class="lbl">Small saphenous v.:</span> Posterior leg; dorsal arch lateral → popliteal v.</li>
</ul>
<hr class="dv">
<div class="lbl" style="margin-bottom:2px">Deep veins:</div>
<ul>
<li>Follow arteries; femoral v. → external iliac v.</li>
<li>Perforators connect superficial to deep (valved)</li>
</ul>
<hr class="dv">
<div class="lbl" style="margin-bottom:2px">Lymphatics:</div>
<ul>
<li>Superficial → superficial inguinal nodes</li>
<li>Deep → deep inguinal nodes → external iliac nodes</li>
</ul>
<div class="clinical">Varicose veins (great saphenous); DVT (deep veins); Great saphenous used for coronary bypass graft</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- 10. MUSCLES – THIGH -->
<div class="card c10">
<div class="card-head"><span class="icon">💪</span> Muscles of Thigh</div>
<div class="card-body">
<div class="lbl" style="color:#0277bd; margin-bottom:2px">Anterior Compartment (Femoral n.):</div>
<ul>
<li>Quadriceps femoris: Rectus femoris, Vastus lateralis, medialis, intermedius → knee extension</li>
<li>Iliopsoas: Hip flexion (L1–L3)</li>
<li>Sartorius: Longest muscle; FABER at hip + knee flexion</li>
<li>Pectineus: Adduction + flexion (femoral n.)</li>
</ul>
<div class="lbl" style="color:#1b5e20; margin-bottom:2px">Medial Compartment (Obturator n.):</div>
<ul>
<li>Adductors: Longus, Brevis, Magnus (also ischio-part by tibial n.)</li>
<li>Gracilis: Adduction + medial rotation + knee flexion</li>
</ul>
<div class="lbl" style="color:#b71c1c; margin-bottom:2px">Posterior Compartment (Tibial n.):</div>
<ul>
<li>Hamstrings: Biceps femoris, Semimembranosus, Semitendinosus → knee flexion + hip extension</li>
<li>Short head biceps femoris: common fibular n.</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<!-- 11. MUSCLES – LEG & FOOT -->
<div class="card c11">
<div class="card-head"><span class="icon">🦵</span> Muscles of Leg & Foot</div>
<div class="card-body">
<div class="lbl" style="color:#0277bd; margin-bottom:2px">Anterior compartment (Deep fibular n.):</div>
<ul>
<li>Tibialis anterior (dorsiflexion + inversion)</li>
<li>EHL (extends great toe)</li>
<li>EDL + Fibularis tertius (toe extension + eversion)</li>
</ul>
<div class="lbl" style="color:#6a1b9a; margin-bottom:2px">Lateral compartment (Superficial fibular n.):</div>
<ul>
<li>Fibularis (peroneus) longus & brevis → eversion, plantarflexion</li>
</ul>
<div class="lbl" style="color:#b71c1c; margin-bottom:2px">Posterior compartment (Tibial n.):</div>
<ul>
<li>Superficial: Gastrocnemius + Soleus (= Triceps surae) + Plantaris → plantarflexion via Achilles tendon</li>
<li>Deep: Tibialis posterior (inversion), FHL, FDL, Popliteus</li>
</ul>
<div class="clinical">Achilles tendon rupture: Thompson test +ve; compartment syndrome → fasciотomy</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- 12. DERMATOMES, MYOTOMES & REFLEXES -->
<div class="card c12">
<div class="card-head"><span class="icon">🗺️</span> Dermatomes · Myotomes · Reflexes</div>
<div class="card-body">
<div class="lbl" style="margin-bottom:2px">Dermatomes (autonomous zones):</div>
<ul>
<li><span class="or">L1</span> – Inguinal ligament region</li>
<li><span class="or">L2</span> – Lateral thigh</li>
<li><span class="or">L3</span> – Lower medial thigh / knee</li>
<li><span class="or">L4</span> – Medial side of great toe</li>
<li><span class="or">L5</span> – Medial side of digit II (dorsum)</li>
<li><span class="or">S1</span> – Little toe / lateral foot</li>
<li><span class="or">S2</span> – Back of thigh</li>
<li><span class="or">S3</span> – Gluteal fold</li>
</ul>
<hr class="dv">
<div class="lbl" style="margin-bottom:2px">Myotomes & Reflexes:</div>
<ul>
<li>Hip flexion: <span class="bl">L1, L2</span></li>
<li>Knee extension: <span class="bl">L3, L4</span></li>
<li>Knee flexion: <span class="bl">L5–S2</span></li>
<li>Plantarflexion: <span class="bl">S1, S2</span></li>
<li>Patellar reflex: <span class="rd">L3–L4</span></li>
<li>Achilles reflex: <span class="rd">S1–S2</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="clinical">Herniated L4/L5 disc → foot drop; L5/S1 disc → loss of ankle reflex</div>
</div>
</div>
</div><!-- end grid -->
<div class="footer">☀️ Sunrise Summary – Lower Limb Anatomy | Source: Gray's Anatomy for Students | the_dental_cafe ☕</div>
</body>
</html>
chromium --headless --disable-gpu --no-sandbox --print-to-pdf=/home/daytona/workspace/anatomy-cards/lower-limb-summary.pdf --print-to-pdf-no-header --no-pdf-header-footer --virtual-time-budget=5000 "file:///home/daytona/workspace/anatomy-cards/lower-limb-summary.html" 2>&1 | tail -5
python3 -c "from pypdf import PdfReader; r = PdfReader('/home/daytona/workspace/anatomy-cards/lower-limb-summary.pdf'); print(f'Pages: {len(r.pages)}, Size: OK')"
chromium --headless --disable-gpu --no-sandbox \ --print-to-pdf=/home/daytona/workspace/anatomy-cards/lower-limb-summary.pdf \ --print-to-pdf-no-header \ --no-pdf-header-footer \ --virtual-time-budget=5000 \ "file:///home/daytona/workspace/anatomy-cards/lower-limb-summary.html?print" 2>&1 | tail -3
~/anatomy-cards/lower-limb-summary.html
Successfully replaced 1 instance(s) of the string in '/home/daytona/workspace/anatomy-cards/lower-limb-summary.html'
chromium --headless --disable-gpu --no-sandbox \ --print-to-pdf=/home/daytona/workspace/anatomy-cards/lower-limb-summary.pdf \ --print-to-pdf-no-header \ --no-pdf-header-footer \ --virtual-time-budget=5000 \ "file:///home/daytona/workspace/anatomy-cards/lower-limb-summary.html" 2>&1 | tail -3 && \ python3 -c "from pypdf import PdfReader; r = PdfReader('/home/daytona/workspace/anatomy-cards/lower-limb-summary.pdf'); print(f'Pages: {len(r.pages)}')"
lower limb summary
PDF Document · PDF
lower limb summary
HTML File · HTML
| # | Card | Key Contents |
|---|---|---|
| 🦴 | Bones & Regions | Femur, tibia, fibula, patella, 7 tarsals mnemonic |
| 🔵 | Hip Joint | Ball-socket, 3 ligaments, blood supply to femoral head, AVN warning |
| 🔷 | Knee Joint | ACL/PCL, menisci, locking mechanism, unhappy triad |
| 🦶 | Ankle & Foot | Talocrural joint, ATFL sprain, 3 arches, tarsal tunnel (Tom Dick AN Harry) |
| 📐 | Femoral Triangle | NAVEL mnemonic, adductor canal, femoral hernia |
| 🔺 | Popliteal Fossa & Gluteal | Contents, piriformis landmark, Baker's cyst |
| ⚡ | Nerves | Femoral, Obturator, Sciatic, Common fibular, Tibial + injury patterns |
| 🩸 | Arteries | Femoral → Popliteal → Anterior/Posterior tibial + pulses |
| 💙 | Veins & Lymphatics | Great/small saphenous, varicose veins, bypass graft uses |
| 💪 | Thigh Muscles | Anterior (femoral n.), Medial (obturator n.), Posterior (tibial n.) |
| 🦵 | Leg & Foot Muscles | 3 compartments, Achilles tendon, compartment syndrome |
| 🗺️ | Dermatomes / Reflexes | L1–S3 autonomous zones, patellar (L3–L4), Achilles (S1–S2) |
For any online video for lower limb
best YouTube videos lower limb anatomy medical students 2024
lower limb anatomy online video lectures playlist Acland Netter
| Channel | What to Watch | Link |
|---|---|---|
| Ninja Nerd | Muscles of the Lower Limb (full lecture series with diagrams) | youtube.com – Ninja Nerd Lower Limb |
| Osmosis (Elsevier) | Bones, nerves, vessels of lower limb – animated, high quality | youtube.com – Osmosis Lower Limb |
| AnatomyZone | Detailed 3D model walkthrough of lower limb regions | youtube.com/AnatomyZone |
| Kenhub | Muscles, nerves, arteries – short focused videos + quizzes | youtube.com/Kenhub |
| Armando Hasudungan | Hand-drawn illustrated lower limb nerve/artery lectures | youtube.com/ArmandoHasudungan |
| Platform | What It Offers | Link |
|---|---|---|
| Acland's Video Atlas | ~330 real cadaver dissection videos; Volume 2 is entirely Lower Extremity - bones, muscles, vessels, nerves | aclandanatomy.com |
| Kenhub (Pro) | 20-min Lower Limb region videos, interactive atlas, quizzes | kenhub.com/lower-limb |
| Osmosis Prime | Full lower limb library, USMLE-style videos | osmosis.org |