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<h1 class="page-title">Head &amp; Neck Anatomy – Complete Reference Guide</h1>

<div class="grid">

<!-- ===================== CARD 1 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-blue">
  <div class="card-header">
    <span class="card-number">1</span>
    <span class="card-title">Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)</span>
  </div>
  <div class="card-body">
    <ul>
      <li><span class="bold">Type:</span> Modified synovial hinge joint (gingylomoarthrodial)</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Articular surfaces:</span>
        <ul class="sub-list">
          <li>Head (condyle) of mandible</li>
          <li>Mandibular fossa of temporal bone</li>
          <li>Articular eminence</li>
        </ul>
      </li>
      <li><span class="bold">Articular disc:</span> Fibrocartilage divides joint into upper &amp; lower compartments</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Ligaments:</span> Lateral (TM), Sphenomandibular, Stylomandibular</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Movements:</span> Elevation, Depression, Protrusion, Retrusion, Side to side</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Nerve supply:</span> Auriculotemporal n., Masseteric n.</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Blood supply:</span> Superficial temporal a., Maxillary a.</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Applied:</span> Dislocation, Ankylosis, Clicking (disc displacement)</li>
    </ul>
  </div>
  <div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Describe TMJ under type, articular surfaces, ligaments and movements. Applied anatomy.</div>
</div>

<!-- ===================== CARD 2 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-green">
  <div class="card-header">
    <span class="card-number">2</span>
    <span class="card-title">Muscles of Mastication<span class="subtitle">(All supplied by Mandibular n. – V3)</span></span>
  </div>
  <div class="card-body">
    <div class="section-label cl-orange">Temporalis</div>
    <ul>
      <li><span class="bold">Origin:</span> Temporal fossa</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Insertion:</span> Coronoid process</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Action:</span> Elevates &amp; retracts mandible</li>
    </ul>
    <div class="section-label cl-orange">Masseter</div>
    <ul>
      <li><span class="bold">Origin:</span> Zygomatic arch</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Insertion:</span> Ramus &amp; angle</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Action:</span> Powerful elevator</li>
    </ul>
    <div class="section-label cl-orange">Medial Pterygoid</div>
    <ul>
      <li><span class="bold">Origin:</span> Medial surface of lateral pterygoid plate</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Insertion:</span> Medial surface of ramus (angle)</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Action:</span> Elevates, protrudes (grinding)</li>
    </ul>
    <div class="section-label cl-orange">Lateral Pterygoid</div>
    <ul>
      <li><span class="bold">Origin:</span> Greater wing of sphenoid</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Insertion:</span> Neck of mandible &amp; articular disc</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Action:</span> Depresses, protrudes, side to side</li>
    </ul>
    <ul><li><span class="bold">Blood supply:</span> Branches of maxillary a.</li></ul>
  </div>
  <div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Enumerate muscles of mastication with origin, insertion, nerve supply and actions.</div>
</div>

<!-- ===================== CARD 3 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-orange">
  <div class="card-header">
    <span class="card-number">3</span>
    <span class="card-title">Facial Nerve (VII)</span>
  </div>
  <div class="card-body">
    <ul>
      <li><span class="bold">Type:</span> Mixed nerve</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Components:</span>
        <ul class="sub-list">
          <li>1. Branchial motor</li>
          <li>2. Parasympathetic</li>
          <li>3. Taste</li>
          <li>4. General sensory</li>
        </ul>
      </li>
      <li><span class="bold">Course:</span> Pons → Internal acoustic meatus → Facial canal → Stylomastoid foramen → Parotid gland</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Branches in parotid gland (T-Z-B-M-C):</span> Temporal, Zygomatic, Buccal, Marginal mandibular, Cervical</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Motor:</span> Muscles of facial expression, stapedius, stylohyoid, post. belly of digastric</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Parasympathetic:</span> Greater petrosal n. → lacrimal gland; Chorda tympani → submandibular &amp; sublingual glands</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Taste:</span> Anterior 2/3 of tongue</li>
    </ul>
  </div>
  <div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Describe facial nerve under course, branches and applied anatomy.</div>
</div>

<!-- ===================== CARD 4 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-purple">
  <div class="card-header">
    <span class="card-number">4</span>
    <span class="card-title">Trigeminal Nerve (V)</span>
  </div>
  <div class="card-body">
    <ul>
      <li>Largest cranial nerve</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Divisions:</span></li>
    </ul>
    <div class="section-label cl-blue">V1 Ophthalmic (Pure sensory)</div>
    <ul><li>Forehead, cornea, nose, upper eyelid</li></ul>
    <div class="section-label cl-blue">V2 Maxillary (Pure sensory)</div>
    <ul><li>Midface, maxillary sinus, upper teeth</li></ul>
    <div class="section-label cl-blue">V3 Mandibular (Mixed)</div>
    <ul>
      <li><span class="bold">Sensory:</span> Lower teeth, lower lip, tongue (general sensation)</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Motor:</span> Muscles of mastication, mylohyoid, ant. belly of digastric, tensor tympani, tensor veli palatini</li>
    </ul>
    <ul>
      <li>Trigeminal ganglion in Meckel's cave</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Important branches of V3:</span> Lingual, Inferior alveolar, Buccal, Auriculotemporal, Masseteric</li>
    </ul>
  </div>
  <div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Describe divisions and branches of trigeminal nerve.</div>
</div>

<!-- ===================== CARD 5 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-red">
  <div class="card-header">
    <span class="card-number">5</span>
    <span class="card-title">Facial Artery</span>
  </div>
  <div class="card-body">
    <ul>
      <li><span class="bold">Origin:</span> External carotid artery</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Course:</span> In carotid triangle → crosses lower border of mandible anterior to masseter → winds upwards deep to SMAS</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Branches in neck:</span>
        <ul class="sub-list">
          <li>Ascending palatine</li>
          <li>Tonsillar</li>
          <li>Glandular</li>
          <li>Submental</li>
        </ul>
      </li>
      <li><span class="bold">Branches on face:</span>
        <ul class="sub-list">
          <li>Inferior labial</li>
          <li>Superior labial</li>
          <li>Lateral nasal</li>
          <li>Angular (terminal)</li>
        </ul>
      </li>
      <li><span class="bold">Anastomosis:</span> Angular a. with dorsal nasal branch of ophthalmic a.</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Applied:</span> Severe bleeding, facial flap</li>
    </ul>
  </div>
  <div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Write the course, branches and applied anatomy of facial artery.</div>
</div>

<!-- ===================== CARD 6 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-teal">
  <div class="card-header">
    <span class="card-number">6</span>
    <span class="card-title">Cavernous Sinus</span>
  </div>
  <div class="card-body">
    <ul>
      <li>Paired venous sinus on either side of body of sphenoid</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Extent:</span> From superior orbital fissure to apex of petrous temporal bone</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Contents inside sinus:</span>
        <ul class="sub-list">
          <li>Internal carotid artery</li>
          <li>Abducent nerve (VI)</li>
        </ul>
      </li>
      <li><span class="bold">Nerves in lateral wall (from above downward):</span>
        <ul class="sub-list">
          <li>III Oculomotor</li>
          <li>IV Trochlear</li>
          <li>V₁ Ophthalmic</li>
          <li>V₂ Maxillary</li>
        </ul>
      </li>
      <li><span class="bold">Tributaries:</span> Superior &amp; inferior ophthalmic v., superficial middle cerebral v., sphenoparietal sinus</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Communications:</span> Facial v. → Internal jugular v. → Pterygoid plexus</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Applied:</span> Cavernous sinus thrombosis</li>
    </ul>
  </div>
  <div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Describe cavernous sinus under situation, contents and applied anatomy.</div>
</div>

<!-- ===================== CARD 7 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-indigo">
  <div class="card-header">
    <span class="card-number">7</span>
    <span class="card-title">Parotid Gland</span>
  </div>
  <div class="card-body">
    <ul>
      <li>Largest salivary gland</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Situation:</span> In front of &amp; below ear</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Parts:</span> Superficial &amp; deep</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Duct:</span> Stensen's duct – emerges from anterior border, pierces buccinator &amp; opens opposite upper 2nd molar</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Nerve supply:</span>
        <ul class="sub-list">
          <li>Parasympathetic – Glossopharyngeal n. (via tympanic n. → lesser petrosal n. → otic ganglion)</li>
          <li>Sympathetic – Superior cervical ganglion</li>
        </ul>
      </li>
      <li><span class="bold">Blood supply:</span> External carotid a.</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Applied:</span> Parotitis, Facial nerve injury in parotid surgery</li>
    </ul>
  </div>
  <div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Describe parotid gland under situation, duct, nerve &amp; blood supply.</div>
</div>

<!-- ===================== CARD 8 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-pink">
  <div class="card-header">
    <span class="card-number">8</span>
    <span class="card-title">Submandibular Gland</span>
  </div>
  <div class="card-body">
    <ul>
      <li>Mixed gland</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Situation:</span> In submandibular triangle</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Duct:</span> Wharton's duct – opens on summit of sublingual papilla</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Nerve supply:</span>
        <ul class="sub-list">
          <li>Parasympathetic – Facial n. (via chorda tympani)</li>
          <li>Sympathetic – Superior cervical ganglion</li>
        </ul>
      </li>
      <li><span class="bold">Blood supply:</span> Facial a., submental a.</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Applied:</span> Sialadenitis, stones in duct</li>
    </ul>
  </div>
  <div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Describe submandibular gland under situation, duct, nerve &amp; blood supply.</div>
</div>

<!-- ===================== CARD 9 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-brown">
  <div class="card-header">
    <span class="card-number">9</span>
    <span class="card-title">Maxillary Artery</span>
  </div>
  <div class="card-body">
    <ul>
      <li><span class="bold">Branch</span> of external carotid artery</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Course:</span> Deep to neck of mandible, gives 3 parts in infratemporal fossa</li>
    </ul>
    <div class="section-label cl-red">1st part (Mandibular part):</div>
    <ul><li>Deep auricular, Anterior tympanic, Middle meningeal, Accessory meningeal</li></ul>
    <div class="section-label cl-red">2nd part (Pterygoid part):</div>
    <ul><li>Inferior alveolar, Posterior superior alveolar, Masseteric, Pterygoid, Buccal</li></ul>
    <div class="section-label cl-red">3rd part (Pterygopalatine part):</div>
    <ul><li>Sphenopalatine, Infraorbital, Descending palatine</li></ul>
  </div>
  <div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Describe maxillary artery and its branches.</div>
</div>

<!-- ===================== CARD 10 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-cyan">
  <div class="card-header">
    <span class="card-number">10</span>
    <span class="card-title">Scalp &amp; Dangerous Area</span>
  </div>
  <div class="card-body">
    <div class="section-label cl-blue">Scalp: 5 layers (SCALP)</div>
    <ul>
      <li>1. Skin</li>
      <li>2. Dense connective tissue</li>
      <li>3. Aponeurosis (Galea aponeurotica)</li>
      <li>4. Loose areolar tissue</li>
      <li>5. Pericranium</li>
    </ul>
    <ul>
      <li><span class="bold">Blood supply:</span> Supratrochlear, Supraorbital, Superficial temporal, Posterior auricular (from ECA)</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Dangerous area:</span> Triangle from bridge of nose to angles of mouth (Infection → Facial v. → Angular v. → Ophthalmic v. → Cavernous sinus → Thrombosis, meningitis)</li>
    </ul>
  </div>
  <div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Describe layers of scalp and dangerous area of scalp with applied anatomy.</div>
</div>

<!-- ===================== CARD 11 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-blue">
  <div class="card-header">
    <span class="card-number">11</span>
    <span class="card-title">Thyroid Gland</span>
  </div>
  <div class="card-body">
    <ul>
      <li>Butterfly shaped gland in front of trachea (C5–T1)</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Parts:</span> Right lobe, Left lobe, Isthmus</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Nerve supply:</span> Sympathetic – from superior, middle &amp; inferior cervical ganglia; Parasympathetic – from vagus</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Blood supply:</span> Superior thyroid a., Inferior thyroid a.</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Applied:</span> Goitre, Thyroidectomy</li>
    </ul>
  </div>
  <div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Describe thyroid gland under parts, nerve &amp; blood supply.</div>
</div>

<!-- ===================== CARD 12 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-green">
  <div class="card-header">
    <span class="card-number">12</span>
    <span class="card-title">Carotid Triangle</span>
  </div>
  <div class="card-body">
    <ul>
      <li><span class="bold">Boundaries:</span>
        <ul class="sub-list">
          <li>Ant. border of SCM (post.)</li>
          <li>Post. belly of digastric (sup.)</li>
          <li>Sup. belly of omohyoid (inf.)</li>
        </ul>
      </li>
      <li><span class="bold">Floor:</span> Hyoglossus, Thyrohyoid, Middle constrictor, Carotid sheath</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Contents:</span>
        <ul class="sub-list">
          <li>Carotid sheath (Common carotid a., Internal jugular v., Vagus n.)</li>
          <li>External carotid a. &amp; branches</li>
          <li>Hypoglossal n., Superior thyroid a.</li>
          <li>Ansa cervicalis</li>
        </ul>
      </li>
    </ul>
  </div>
  <div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Boundaries, contents and applied anatomy of carotid triangle.</div>
</div>

<!-- ===================== CARD 13 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-orange">
  <div class="card-header">
    <span class="card-number">13</span>
    <span class="card-title">Tongue (Muscles, Nerve Supply)</span>
  </div>
  <div class="card-body">
    <div class="section-label cl-purple">Muscles:</div>
    <ul>
      <li><span class="bold">Intrinsic</span> – Superior longitudinal, Inferior longitudinal, Transverse, Vertical</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Extrinsic</span> – Genioglossus, Hyoglossus, Styloglossus, Palatoglossus</li>
    </ul>
    <div class="section-label cl-purple">Nerve supply:</div>
    <ul>
      <li><span class="bold">Motor</span> – Hypoglossal n. (XII) to all muscles</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Sensory – Ant. 2/3:</span> Lingual n. (V3) (General &amp; taste via Chorda tympani)</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Post. 1/3:</span> Glossopharyngeal n. (IX) (General &amp; taste)</li>
      <li>Taste from epiglottic region – Internal laryngeal n. (X)</li>
    </ul>
  </div>
  <div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Muscles of tongue and nerve supply.</div>
</div>

<!-- ===================== CARD 14 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-purple">
  <div class="card-header">
    <span class="card-number">14</span>
    <span class="card-title">Soft Palate</span>
  </div>
  <div class="card-body">
    <ul>
      <li>Muscular part: Posterior to hard palate</li>
      <li>Muscular &amp; mucous parts</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Muscles (from medial to lateral):</span>
        <ul class="sub-list">
          <li>Tensor veli palatini (X)</li>
          <li>Levator veli palatini (X)</li>
          <li>Palatoglossus (X), Palatopharyngeus (X)</li>
          <li>Musculus uvulae (X)</li>
        </ul>
      </li>
      <li><span class="bold">Nerve supply:</span> Motor – Pharyngeal plexus (X); Sensory – Greater palatine (V2) for mucous membrane</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Function:</span> Closes nasopharynx during swallowing &amp; speaking</li>
    </ul>
  </div>
  <div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Describe soft palate under parts, muscles, nerve supply and functions.</div>
</div>

<!-- ===================== CARD 15 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-red">
  <div class="card-header">
    <span class="card-number">15</span>
    <span class="card-title">Pharynx</span>
  </div>
  <div class="card-body">
    <ul>
      <li><span class="bold">Muscles:</span> Constrictors (sup., middle, inf.), Stylopharyngeus, Palatopharyngeus, Salpingopharyngeus</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Nerve supply:</span> Motor – Pharyngeal plexus (X) except stylopharyngeus (IX); Sensory – Pharyngeal plexus</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Parts:</span> Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Functions:</span> Passage for air &amp; food, phonation, swallowing</li>
    </ul>
  </div>
  <div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Describe pharynx under parts, muscles, nerve supply and functions.</div>
</div>

<!-- ===================== CARD 16 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-teal">
  <div class="card-header">
    <span class="card-number">16</span>
    <span class="card-title">Temporal Artery &amp; Branches</span>
  </div>
  <div class="card-body">
    <ul>
      <li><span class="bold">Origin:</span> From 2nd part of external carotid artery (within parotid gland)</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Course:</span> Ascends anterior to tragus, divides into anterior and posterior branches within temporalis</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Branches:</span>
        <ul class="sub-list">
          <li>Anterior temporal a. → Frontal, parietal regions</li>
          <li>Posterior temporal a. → Parietal, occipital regions</li>
          <li>Middle temporal a. → Deep to temporalis</li>
        </ul>
      </li>
      <li><span class="bold">Anastomosis:</span> With ophthalmic a., occipital a., maxillary a.</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Applied:</span> Superficial temporal pulse; ligation in temporal arteritis.</li>
    </ul>
  </div>
  <div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Describe origin, course and branches of superficial temporal artery.</div>
</div>

<!-- ===================== CARD 17 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-indigo">
  <div class="card-header">
    <span class="card-number">17</span>
    <span class="card-title">Occipital Artery</span>
  </div>
  <div class="card-body">
    <ul>
      <li><span class="bold">Origin:</span> From external carotid artery</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Course:</span> Passes between posterior belly of digastric and stylohyoid; behind sternocleidomastoid; ascends in scalp</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Branches:</span>
        <ul class="sub-list">
          <li>Occipital branch → Scalp of occipital region</li>
          <li>Mastoid branch → Mastoid region</li>
          <li>Ascending pharyngeal branch → Pharynx, posterior auricular area</li>
          <li>Descending branch → Internal carotid branches</li>
        </ul>
      </li>
      <li><span class="bold">Anastomosis:</span> With posterior auricular, superficial temporal, internal carotid branches</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Applied:</span> Ligation in occipital hemorrhage.</li>
    </ul>
  </div>
  <div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Describe occipital artery under course, branches and applied anatomy.</div>
</div>

<!-- ===================== CARD 18 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-pink">
  <div class="card-header">
    <span class="card-number">18</span>
    <span class="card-title">Posterior Auricular Artery</span>
  </div>
  <div class="card-body">
    <ul>
      <li><span class="bold">Origin:</span> From external carotid artery</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Course:</span> Ascends behind auricle</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Branches:</span>
        <ul class="sub-list">
          <li>Posterior auricular branches → Auricle</li>
          <li>Occipital branches → Occipital region</li>
          <li>Parotid branches → Parotid gland</li>
        </ul>
      </li>
      <li><span class="bold">Anastomosis:</span> With superficial temporal, occipital, maxillary arteries</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Applied:</span> Injury in parotid surgery; bleeding behind auricle.</li>
    </ul>
  </div>
  <div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Describe posterior auricular artery under course, branches and applications.</div>
</div>

<!-- ===================== CARD 19 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-brown">
  <div class="card-header">
    <span class="card-number">19</span>
    <span class="card-title">External Jugular Vein</span>
  </div>
  <div class="card-body">
    <ul>
      <li><span class="bold">Formation:</span> Posterior division of retromandibular vein</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Course:</span> Descends obliquely across sternocleidomastoid</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Termination:</span> In subclavian vein</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Tributaries:</span> Posterior auricular, occipital, superficial temporal, transverse cervical veins</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Applied:</span> Visible in neck; used for venipuncture.</li>
    </ul>
  </div>
  <div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Describe external jugular vein under formation, course, tributaries and applied anatomy.</div>
</div>

<!-- ===================== CARD 20 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-cyan">
  <div class="card-header">
    <span class="card-number">20</span>
    <span class="card-title">Internal Jugular Vein</span>
  </div>
  <div class="card-body">
    <ul>
      <li><span class="bold">Formation:</span> Continuation of sigmoid sinus at jugular foramen</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Course:</span> Descends in carotid sheath with ICA and vagus nerve</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Termination:</span> In brachiocephalic vein</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Tributaries:</span> Facial vein, lingual vein, pharyngeal veins, superior thyroid vein</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Applied:</span> Important in central venous catheterization.</li>
    </ul>
  </div>
  <div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Describe internal jugular vein under course, tributaries and applied anatomy.</div>
</div>

<!-- ===================== CARD 21 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-blue">
  <div class="card-header">
    <span class="card-number">21</span>
    <span class="card-title">Pterygoid Plexus</span>
  </div>
  <div class="card-body">
    <ul>
      <li><span class="bold">Nature:</span> Venous plexus</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Location:</span> Infratemporal fossa</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Formation:</span> From maxillary vein and other tributaries</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Communication:</span> With cavernous sinus (via emissary veins), facial vein, deep facial vein</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Applied:</span> Route for spread of infection from face to cavernous sinus.</li>
    </ul>
  </div>
  <div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Describe pterygoid plexus under situation, communications and applied anatomy.</div>
</div>

<!-- ===================== CARD 22 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-green">
  <div class="card-header">
    <span class="card-number">22</span>
    <span class="card-title">Lymph Nodes of Head &amp; Neck</span>
  </div>
  <div class="card-body">
    <div class="section-label cl-purple">Groups:</div>
    <ul><li>Occipital, mastoid, preauricular, parotid, submandibular, submental, superficial cervical</li></ul>
    <div class="section-label cl-purple">Deep cervical group:</div>
    <ul><li>Along internal jugular vein</li></ul>
    <div class="section-label cl-purple">Drainage:</div>
    <ul>
      <li>Scalp → Occipital, mastoid</li>
      <li>Face → Parotid, submandibular, submental</li>
      <li>Oral cavity, pharynx, larynx → Deep cervical</li>
    </ul>
    <ul><li><span class="bold">Applied:</span> Assessment in head &amp; neck malignancies.</li></ul>
  </div>
  <div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Enumerate lymph nodes of head &amp; neck and mention their drainage.</div>
</div>

<!-- ===================== CARD 23 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-orange">
  <div class="card-header">
    <span class="card-number">23</span>
    <span class="card-title">Nasal Cavity (Lateral Wall)</span>
  </div>
  <div class="card-body">
    <ul>
      <li><span class="bold">Boundaries:</span> Roof, floor, septum, lateral wall</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Lateral Wall Features:</span>
        <ul class="sub-list">
          <li>Superior: Superior concha</li>
          <li>Middle: Middle concha</li>
          <li>Inferior: Inferior concha</li>
        </ul>
      </li>
      <li><span class="bold">Recesses:</span> Spheno-ethmoidal (above superior), Fronto-ethmoidal (above middle), Maxillary (below middle)</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Applied:</span> Sinusitis drainage pathways.</li>
    </ul>
  </div>
  <div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Describe lateral wall of nasal cavity under parts and applied anatomy.</div>
</div>

<!-- ===================== CARD 24 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-purple">
  <div class="card-header">
    <span class="card-number">24</span>
    <span class="card-title">Paranasal Sinuses</span>
  </div>
  <div class="card-body">
    <ul>
      <li><span class="bold">Types:</span> Frontal, Maxillary, Ethmoidal, Sphenoidal</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Frontal Sinus:</span> In frontal bone; opens into fronto-ethmoidal recess</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Maxillary Sinus:</span> In maxilla; opens into middle meatus</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Ethmoidal Sinuses:</span> Anterior, middle, posterior cells; open into superior &amp; middle meatus</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Sphenoidal Sinus:</span> In sphenoid; opens into spheno-ethmoidal recess</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Applied:</span> Sinusitis, headache, surgery</li>
    </ul>
  </div>
  <div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Describe paranasal sinuses under parts, openings and applied anatomy.</div>
</div>

<!-- ===================== CARD 25 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-red">
  <div class="card-header">
    <span class="card-number">25</span>
    <span class="card-title">Oral Cavity (Parts)</span>
  </div>
  <div class="card-body">
    <ul>
      <li><span class="bold">Vestibule:</span> Between lips/cheeks and gums/teeth</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Oral Cavity Proper:</span> Inside teeth and gums</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Roof:</span> Hard palate (ant.), soft palate (post.)</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Floor:</span> Oral diaphragm (mylohyoid)</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Boundaries:</span> Lips, cheeks, alveolar arches</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Applied:</span> Dental procedures, oral infections.</li>
    </ul>
  </div>
  <div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Describe parts and boundaries of oral cavity with applied anatomy.</div>
</div>

<!-- ===================== CARD 26 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-teal">
  <div class="card-header">
    <span class="card-number">26</span>
    <span class="card-title">Pharynx (Constrictors)</span>
  </div>
  <div class="card-body">
    <ul>
      <li><span class="bold">Muscles:</span> Superior, middle, inferior pharyngeal constrictors</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Attachments:</span>
        <ul class="sub-list">
          <li>Superior: Pterygoid hamulus, pterygomandibular raphe</li>
          <li>Middle: Hyoid bone, stylohyoid ligament</li>
          <li>Inferior: Thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage</li>
        </ul>
      </li>
      <li><span class="bold">Nerve Supply:</span> Vagus nerve (X) (except stylopharyngeus by IX)</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Function:</span> Constrict pharynx in swallowing.</li>
    </ul>
  </div>
  <div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Constrictors of pharynx under parts, nerve supply and function.</div>
</div>

<!-- ===================== CARD 27 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-indigo">
  <div class="card-header">
    <span class="card-number">27</span>
    <span class="card-title">Soft Palate &amp; Uvula</span>
  </div>
  <div class="card-body">
    <div class="section-label cl-green">Soft Palate:</div>
    <ul><li>Muscles: Tensor veli palatini, levator veli palatini, musculus uvulae, palatoglossus, palatopharyngeus</li>
    <li>Artery: Greater palatine, ascending palatine</li>
    <li>Nerve: Vagus (X) via pharyngeal plexus</li></ul>
    <div class="section-label cl-green">Uvula:</div>
    <ul>
      <li>Musculus uvulae covered by mucosa</li>
      <li>Helps in speech and swallowing</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Applied:</span> Cleft palate, palatal palsy.</li>
    </ul>
  </div>
  <div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Describe soft palate and uvula under parts, nerve supply and functions.</div>
</div>

<!-- ===================== CARD 28 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-pink">
  <div class="card-header">
    <span class="card-number">28</span>
    <span class="card-title">Tongue (Extrinsic Muscles)</span>
  </div>
  <div class="card-body">
    <div class="section-label cl-blue">Muscles:</div>
    <ul>
      <li><span class="bold">Genioglossus</span> – Protrudes tongue</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Hyoglossus</span> – Depresses tongue</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Styloglossus</span> – Retracts and elevates</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Palatoglossus</span> – Elevates posterior tongue</li>
    </ul>
    <ul>
      <li><span class="bold">Nerve Supply:</span> Hypoglossal nerve (XII) (except palatoglossus by X)</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Function:</span> Movements of tongue in speech and swallowing.</li>
    </ul>
  </div>
  <div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Describe extrinsic muscles of tongue under nerve supply and functions.</div>
</div>

<!-- ===================== CARD 29 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-brown">
  <div class="card-header">
    <span class="card-number">29</span>
    <span class="card-title">Taste (Special Sense)</span>
  </div>
  <div class="card-body">
    <div class="section-label cl-orange">Anterior 2/3:</div>
    <ul><li>Nerve: Chorda tympani (VII)</li>
    <li>Papillae: Fungiform, filliate, circumvallate</li></ul>
    <div class="section-label cl-orange">Posterior 1/3:</div>
    <ul><li>Nerve: Glossopharyngeal (IX)</li></ul>
    <div class="section-label cl-orange">Epiglottis &amp; near vallate papillae:</div>
    <ul><li>Nerve: Vagus (X)</li></ul>
    <ul>
      <li>Taste buds in papillae contain gustatory cells.</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Applied:</span> Ageusia, dysgeusia.</li>
    </ul>
  </div>
  <div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Describe taste sensation of tongue under nerve supply and distribution.</div>
</div>

<!-- ===================== CARD 30 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-cyan">
  <div class="card-header">
    <span class="card-number">30</span>
    <span class="card-title">Salivary Glands</span>
  </div>
  <div class="card-body">
    <div class="section-label cl-red">Parotid Gland:</div>
    <ul><li>Serous; Stensen's duct opens opposite 2nd molar</li>
    <li>Nerve: CN IX (secretomotor via otic ganglion)</li></ul>
    <div class="section-label cl-red">Submandibular Gland:</div>
    <ul><li>Mixed; Wharton's duct opens at sublingual caruncle</li>
    <li>Nerve: CN VII (via chorda tympani)</li></ul>
    <div class="section-label cl-red">Sublingual Gland:</div>
    <ul><li>Mucous; multiple small ducts</li>
    <li>Nerve: CN VII</li></ul>
    <ul><li><span class="bold">Applied:</span> Sialadenitis, stones.</li></ul>
  </div>
  <div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Enumerate salivary glands and describe their features.</div>
</div>

<!-- ===================== CARD 31 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-blue">
  <div class="card-header">
    <span class="card-number">31</span>
    <span class="card-title">Larynx (Cartilages)</span>
  </div>
  <div class="card-body">
    <div class="section-label cl-purple">Unpaired:</div>
    <ul><li>Thyroid, Cricoid, Epiglottis</li></ul>
    <div class="section-label cl-purple">Paired:</div>
    <ul><li>Arytenoid, Corniculate, Cuneiform</li></ul>
    <ul>
      <li><span class="bold">Thyroid:</span> Forms laryngeal prominence</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Cricoid:</span> Only complete ring</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Epiglottis:</span> Elastic cartilage, closes laryngeal inlet</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Applied:</span> Laryngoscopy, intubation</li>
    </ul>
  </div>
  <div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Enumerate cartilages of larynx and describe their applied anatomy.</div>
</div>

<!-- ===================== CARD 32 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-green">
  <div class="card-header">
    <span class="card-number">32</span>
    <span class="card-title">Larynx (Muscles)</span>
  </div>
  <div class="card-body">
    <div class="section-label cl-teal">Intrinsic Muscles:</div>
    <ul>
      <li><span class="bold">Abductors:</span> Posterior cricoarytenoid</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Adductors:</span> Lateral cricoarytenoid, arytenoid, transverse arytenoid</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Tensor:</span> Cricothyroid</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Relaxor:</span> Thyroarytenoid</li>
    </ul>
    <div class="section-label cl-teal">Nerve Supply:</div>
    <ul><li>Recurrent laryngeal nerve (all) except cricothyroid by external branch of superior laryngeal nerve</li></ul>
    <ul><li><span class="bold">Function:</span> Voice production, adduction/abduction of vocal cords.</li></ul>
  </div>
  <div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Describe intrinsic muscles of larynx under nerve supply and functions.</div>
</div>

<!-- ===================== CARD 33 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-orange">
  <div class="card-header">
    <span class="card-number">33</span>
    <span class="card-title">Voice Production</span>
  </div>
  <div class="card-body">
    <ul>
      <li>Air from lungs passes through glottis</li>
      <li>Vocal cords (true vocal folds) vibrate to produce sound</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Pitch:</span> Depends on length, tension of vocal cords</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Loudness:</span> Depends on force of expiration</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Resonance:</span> Modified in pharynx, oral cavity, nasal cavity</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Applied:</span> Dysphonia, hoarseness.</li>
    </ul>
  </div>
  <div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Explain mechanism of voice production and factors affecting it.</div>
</div>

<!-- ===================== CARD 34 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-purple">
  <div class="card-header">
    <span class="card-number">34</span>
    <span class="card-title">Cranial Nerves (I–XII)</span>
  </div>
  <div class="card-body">
    <ul>
      <li>I – Olfactory (Smell)</li>
      <li>II – Optic (Vision)</li>
      <li>III – Oculomotor (Eye movements)</li>
      <li>IV – Trochlear (Superior oblique)</li>
      <li>V – Trigeminal (Sensation, mastication)</li>
      <li>VI – Abducent (Lateral rectus)</li>
      <li>VII – Facial (Expression, taste ant. 2/3)</li>
      <li>VIII – Vestibulocochlear (Hearing, balance)</li>
      <li>IX – Glossopharyngeal (Taste post. 1/3, swallowing)</li>
      <li>X – Vagus (Swallowing, voice)</li>
      <li>XI – Accessory (SCM, trapezius)</li>
      <li>XII – Hypoglossal (Tongue movements)</li>
    </ul>
  </div>
  <div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Enumerate cranial nerves and mention their functions.</div>
</div>

<!-- ===================== CARD 35 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-red">
  <div class="card-header">
    <span class="card-number">35</span>
    <span class="card-title">Clinical Anatomy &amp; Applied</span>
  </div>
  <div class="card-body">
    <ul>
      <li><span class="bold">Epistaxis:</span> Kiesselbach's plexus in anterior nasal septum</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Trismus:</span> Due to spasm of muscles of mastication</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Ludwig's Angina:</span> Infection of submandibular space</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Otitis Media:</span> Infection of middle ear</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Thyroid Swelling:</span> Goitre</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Carotid Pulse:</span> Felt in neck</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Applied:</span> Essential in diagnosis, procedures and surgeries.</li>
    </ul>
  </div>
  <div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Short notes on applied anatomy of head and neck.</div>
</div>

<!-- ===================== CARD 36 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-teal">
  <div class="card-header">
    <span class="card-number">36</span>
    <span class="card-title">Cranial Nerves (Continuation)</span>
  </div>
  <div class="card-body">
    <div class="section-label cl-red">X Vagus (Mixed):</div>
    <ul>
      <li>Motor: Pharyngeal muscles, larynx, soft palate</li>
      <li>Parasympathetic: Heart, lungs, GI tract</li>
      <li>Sensory: Pharynx, larynx, ear</li>
    </ul>
    <div class="section-label cl-red">XI Accessory (Motor):</div>
    <ul><li>Motor to sternocleidomastoid &amp; trapezius</li></ul>
    <div class="section-label cl-red">XII Hypoglossal (Motor):</div>
    <ul><li>Motor to intrinsic &amp; extrinsic muscles of tongue</li></ul>
    <ul>
      <li><span class="bold">Applied:</span> Damage to vagus → hoarseness, dysphagia</li>
      <li>CN XI injury → difficulty turning head, shoulder droop</li>
    </ul>
  </div>
  <div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Enumerate cranial nerves (X – XII) and state their functions.</div>
</div>

<!-- ===================== CARD 37 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-indigo">
  <div class="card-header">
    <span class="card-number">37</span>
    <span class="card-title">Blood Supply of Head &amp; Neck</span>
  </div>
  <div class="card-body">
    <div class="section-label cl-red">Arterial supply:</div>
    <ul>
      <li>External carotid artery &amp; branches</li>
      <li>Internal carotid artery &amp; branches</li>
      <li>Vertebral artery &amp; branches</li>
    </ul>
    <div class="section-label cl-blue">Venous drainage:</div>
    <ul>
      <li>Facial vein → Internal jugular vein</li>
      <li>External jugular vein</li>
      <li>Pterygoid plexus → Maxillary vein → Retromandibular vein → External jugular vein</li>
      <li>Cavernous sinus → Petrosal sinuses → Internal jugular vein</li>
    </ul>
    <ul><li><span class="bold">Applied:</span> Important in surgery &amp; spread of infections.</li></ul>
  </div>
  <div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Describe arterial supply of head &amp; neck and venous drainage.</div>
</div>

<!-- ===================== CARD 38 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-pink">
  <div class="card-header">
    <span class="card-number">38</span>
    <span class="card-title">Fascial Spaces of Head &amp; Neck</span>
  </div>
  <div class="card-body">
    <div class="section-label cl-blue">Scalp:</div>
    <ul><li>Loose areolar</li>
    <li>Subgaleal</li>
    <li>Subperiosteal</li></ul>
    <div class="section-label cl-blue">Face:</div>
    <ul>
      <li>Buccal</li>
      <li>Sublingual</li>
      <li>Submandibular</li>
      <li>Masticator</li>
      <li>Parapharyngeal</li>
      <li>Retropharyngeal (danger space)</li>
    </ul>
    <ul><li><span class="bold">Applied:</span> Pathway for spread of infections.</li></ul>
  </div>
  <div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Enumerate fascial spaces of head &amp; neck and importance of danger space.</div>
</div>

<!-- ===================== CARD 39 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-brown">
  <div class="card-header">
    <span class="card-number">39</span>
    <span class="card-title">Clinical Anatomy of TMJ</span>
  </div>
  <div class="card-body">
    <div class="section-label cl-teal">Movements:</div>
    <ul>
      <li>Depression, Elevation</li>
      <li>Protrusion, Retraction</li>
      <li>Lateral excursion</li>
    </ul>
    <div class="section-label cl-teal">Ligaments:</div>
    <ul>
      <li>Lateral (Temporomandibular)</li>
      <li>Sphenomandibular</li>
      <li>Stylomandibular</li>
    </ul>
    <ul><li><span class="bold">Applied:</span> TMJ disorders → pain, clicking, restricted movements.</li></ul>
  </div>
  <div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Describe TMJ under type, ligaments, movements and applied anatomy.</div>
</div>

<!-- ===================== CARD 40 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-cyan">
  <div class="card-header">
    <span class="card-number">40</span>
    <span class="card-title">Scalene Muscles</span>
  </div>
  <div class="card-body">
    <div class="section-label cl-green">Anterior:</div>
    <ul>
      <li>Origin: Transverse processes C3–C6</li>
      <li>Insertion: Scalene tubercle (1st rib)</li>
      <li>Nerve: Phrenic nerve</li>
      <li>Action: Elevates 1st rib</li>
    </ul>
    <div class="section-label cl-green">Middle:</div>
    <ul>
      <li>Origin: TP C2–C7</li>
      <li>Insertion: Upper surface of 1st rib</li>
      <li>Nerve: Ventral rami C3–C8</li>
      <li>Action: Elevates 1st rib</li>
    </ul>
    <div class="section-label cl-green">Posterior:</div>
    <ul>
      <li>Origin: TP C4–C6</li>
      <li>Insertion: Outer border of 2nd rib</li>
      <li>Nerve: Ventral rami C5–C8</li>
      <li>Action: Elevates 2nd rib</li>
    </ul>
    <ul><li><span class="bold">Applied:</span> Scalene block in surgery.</li></ul>
  </div>
  <div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Describe scalene muscles under origin, insertion, nerve supply and actions.</div>
</div>

<!-- ===================== CARD 41 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-blue">
  <div class="card-header">
    <span class="card-number">41</span>
    <span class="card-title">Deep Cervical Fascia</span>
  </div>
  <div class="card-body">
    <div class="section-label cl-purple">Layers:</div>
    <ul>
      <li>Investing layer</li>
      <li>Pretracheal layer</li>
      <li>Prevertebral layer</li>
      <li>Carotid sheath</li>
    </ul>
    <ul><li><span class="bold">Applied:</span> Forms boundaries of fascial spaces &amp; pathways of infection spread.</li></ul>
  </div>
  <div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Describe deep cervical fascia and its layers with applied importance.</div>
</div>

<!-- ===================== CARD 42 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-green">
  <div class="card-header">
    <span class="card-number">42</span>
    <span class="card-title">Pharyngeal Muscles</span>
  </div>
  <div class="card-body">
    <div class="section-label cl-red">Constrictors:</div>
    <ul>
      <li>Superior</li>
      <li>Middle</li>
      <li>Inferior (all voluntary)</li>
    </ul>
    <div class="section-label cl-red">Elevators:</div>
    <ul>
      <li>Stylopharyngeus</li>
      <li>Salpingopharyngeus</li>
      <li>Palatopharyngeus</li>
    </ul>
    <ul><li><span class="bold">Applied:</span> Important in deglutition &amp; speech.</li></ul>
  </div>
  <div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Describe pharyngeal muscles under parts, nerve supply &amp; functions.</div>
</div>

<!-- ===================== CARD 43 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-orange">
  <div class="card-header">
    <span class="card-number">43</span>
    <span class="card-title">Laryngeal Muscles</span>
  </div>
  <div class="card-body">
    <div class="section-label cl-teal">Intrinsic (move vocal cords):</div>
    <ul>
      <li>Cricothyroid</li>
      <li>Posterior cricoarytenoid</li>
      <li>Lateral cricoarytenoid</li>
      <li>Thyroarytenoid</li>
      <li>Vocalis</li>
      <li>Transverse arytenoid</li>
      <li>Oblique arytenoid</li>
    </ul>
    <div class="section-label cl-teal">Extrinsic (move larynx):</div>
    <ul>
      <li>Suprahyoid (elevators)</li>
      <li>Infrahyoid (depressors)</li>
    </ul>
    <ul><li><span class="bold">Applied:</span> Speech, phonation, swallowing.</li></ul>
  </div>
  <div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Describe laryngeal muscles under nerve supply and functions.</div>
</div>

<!-- ===================== CARD 44 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-purple">
  <div class="card-header">
    <span class="card-number">44</span>
    <span class="card-title">Parotid Gland</span>
  </div>
  <div class="card-body">
    <ul>
      <li><span class="bold">Part:</span> Largest salivary gland</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Location:</span> In parotid region</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Duct:</span> Stensen's duct → buccinator → opens opposite upper 2nd molar</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Nerve supply:</span>
        <ul class="sub-list">
          <li>Parasympathetic: CN IX (tympanic n. → lesser petrosal n. → otic ganglion)</li>
          <li>Sympathetic: Superior cervical ganglion</li>
        </ul>
      </li>
      <li><span class="bold">Applied:</span> Parotitis, stones, facial nerve injury.</li>
    </ul>
  </div>
  <div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Describe parotid gland under situation, duct, nerve &amp; blood supply.</div>
</div>

<!-- ===================== CARD 45 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-red">
  <div class="card-header">
    <span class="card-number">45</span>
    <span class="card-title">Retropharyngeal Space</span>
  </div>
  <div class="card-body">
    <ul>
      <li><span class="bold">Location:</span> Between buccopharyngeal fascia &amp; prevertebral fascia</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Extent:</span> Skull base to T2 vertebra</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Contents:</span> Lymph nodes, fat</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Applied:</span> Important space for spread of infections (danger space).</li>
    </ul>
  </div>
  <div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Describe retropharyngeal space and its clinical importance.</div>
</div>

<!-- ===================== CARD 46 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-teal">
  <div class="card-header">
    <span class="card-number">46</span>
    <span class="card-title">Styloid Apparatus</span>
  </div>
  <div class="card-body">
    <div class="section-label cl-purple">Components:</div>
    <ul>
      <li>Styloid process</li>
      <li>Stylohyoid ligament</li>
      <li>Stylopharyngeus</li>
      <li>Stylohyoid</li>
      <li>Stylomandibular ligament</li>
      <li>Styloglossus</li>
    </ul>
    <ul><li><span class="bold">Applied:</span> Eagle's syndrome → pain in throat, ear, tongue.</li></ul>
  </div>
  <div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Enumerate components of styloid apparatus and applied anatomy.</div>
</div>

<!-- ===================== CARD 47 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-indigo">
  <div class="card-header">
    <span class="card-number">47</span>
    <span class="card-title">Anatomical Triangles of Neck</span>
  </div>
  <div class="card-body">
    <div class="section-label cl-green">Anterior triangle:</div>
    <ul>
      <li>Submental</li>
      <li>Submandibular (digastric)</li>
      <li>Carotid</li>
      <li>Muscular</li>
    </ul>
    <div class="section-label cl-green">Posterior triangle:</div>
    <ul>
      <li>Occipital</li>
      <li>Omoclavicular</li>
      <li>Supraclavicular (omoclavicular)</li>
    </ul>
    <ul><li><span class="bold">Applied:</span> Landmarks for surgical approaches.</li></ul>
  </div>
  <div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Enumerate triangles of neck and describe their boundaries &amp; contents.</div>
</div>

<!-- ===================== CARD 48 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-pink">
  <div class="card-header">
    <span class="card-number">48</span>
    <span class="card-title">Carotid Sheath</span>
  </div>
  <div class="card-body">
    <div class="section-label cl-red">Contents:</div>
    <ul>
      <li>Common carotid artery (bifurcation)</li>
      <li>Internal jugular vein</li>
      <li>Vagus nerve (posterior)</li>
    </ul>
    <ul><li><span class="bold">Applied:</span> Landmark for carotid artery surgery &amp; nerve block.</li></ul>
  </div>
  <div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Describe carotid sheath and its contents &amp; applied anatomy.</div>
</div>

<!-- ===================== CARD 49 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-brown">
  <div class="card-header">
    <span class="card-number">49</span>
    <span class="card-title">Submandibular Region</span>
  </div>
  <div class="card-body">
    <ul>
      <li><span class="bold">Boundaries:</span> Body of mandible, anterior &amp; posterior bellies of digastric, hyoid bone</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Contents:</span>
        <ul class="sub-list">
          <li>Submandibular gland</li>
          <li>Facial artery</li>
          <li>Facial vein</li>
          <li>Hypoglossal nerve (XII)</li>
          <li>Deep part: Lingual nerve, submandibular ganglion</li>
        </ul>
      </li>
      <li><span class="bold">Applied:</span> Swelling, sialadenitis.</li>
    </ul>
  </div>
  <div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Describe submandibular region with its contents &amp; applied importance.</div>
</div>

<!-- ===================== CARD 50 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-cyan">
  <div class="card-header">
    <span class="card-number">50</span>
    <span class="card-title">Infratemporal Fossa</span>
  </div>
  <div class="card-body">
    <ul>
      <li><span class="bold">Location:</span> Deep to zygomatic arch</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Boundaries:</span> Base of skull, ramus of mandible</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Contents:</span>
        <ul class="sub-list">
          <li>Pterygoid muscles</li>
          <li>Maxillary artery &amp; pterygoid plexus</li>
          <li>Mandibular nerve (V3)</li>
        </ul>
      </li>
      <li><span class="bold">Applied:</span> Local anesthesia, trismus.</li>
    </ul>
  </div>
  <div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Describe infratemporal fossa with its contents &amp; importance.</div>
</div>

<!-- ===================== CARD 51 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-blue">
  <div class="card-header">
    <span class="card-number">51</span>
    <span class="card-title">Cribriform Plate &amp; Olfactory Nerves</span>
  </div>
  <div class="card-body">
    <ul>
      <li><span class="bold">Cribriform plate:</span> Part of ethmoid bone</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Olfactory nerves (I):</span> Pass through foramina to olfactory bulb</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Function:</span> Sense of smell</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Applied:</span> CSF leak, anosmia.</li>
    </ul>
  </div>
  <div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Describe cribriform plate and olfactory nerve.</div>
</div>

<!-- ===================== CARD 52 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-green">
  <div class="card-header">
    <span class="card-number">52</span>
    <span class="card-title">Petrous Part of Temporal Bone</span>
  </div>
  <div class="card-body">
    <div class="section-label cl-blue">Important foramina:</div>
    <ul>
      <li>Internal acoustic meatus (VII, VIII nerves)</li>
      <li>Carotid canal (internal carotid artery)</li>
      <li>Jugular foramen (IX, X, XI nerves)</li>
    </ul>
    <ul><li><span class="bold">Applied:</span> Fractures → nerve deficits.</li></ul>
  </div>
  <div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Enumerate foramina in petrous part of temporal bone and contents.</div>
</div>

<!-- ===================== CARD 53 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-orange">
  <div class="card-header">
    <span class="card-number">53</span>
    <span class="card-title">Meninges of Brain</span>
  </div>
  <div class="card-body">
    <ul>
      <li><span class="bold">Dura mater:</span> Periosteal (endosteal) &amp; meningeal layers</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Arachnoid mater:</span> Avascular, arachnoid trabeculae</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Pia mater:</span> Vascular, closely applied</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Applied:</span> Meningitis, subdural hematoma.</li>
    </ul>
  </div>
  <div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Describe meninges of brain and applied anatomy.</div>
</div>

<!-- ===================== CARD 54 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-purple">
  <div class="card-header">
    <span class="card-number">54</span>
    <span class="card-title">Venous Sinuses of Dura Mater</span>
  </div>
  <div class="card-body">
    <div class="section-label cl-blue">Dural venous sinuses:</div>
    <ul>
      <li>Superior sagittal</li>
      <li>Inferior sagittal</li>
      <li>Straight sinus</li>
      <li>Transverse sinus</li>
      <li>Sigmoid sinus</li>
      <li>Cavernous sinus</li>
    </ul>
    <ul><li><span class="bold">Applied:</span> Thrombosis, infection spread (cavernous sinus), sialadenitis.</li></ul>
  </div>
  <div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Enumerate dural venous sinuses and their clinical importance.</div>
</div>

<!-- ===================== CARD 55 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-red">
  <div class="card-header">
    <span class="card-number">55</span>
    <span class="card-title">Cavernous Sinus</span>
  </div>
  <div class="card-body">
    <ul>
      <li><span class="bold">Location:</span> Either side of sella turcica</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Contents:</span>
        <ul class="sub-list">
          <li>Internal carotid artery</li>
          <li>CN III, IV, V1, V2, VI</li>
          <li>ICA</li>
        </ul>
      </li>
      <li><span class="bold">Applied:</span> Cavernous sinus thrombosis → painful ophthalmoplegia.</li>
    </ul>
  </div>
  <div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Describe cavernous sinus with its contents &amp; applied anatomy.</div>
</div>

<!-- ===================== CARD 56 ===================== -->
<div class="card theme-teal">
  <div class="card-header">
    <span class="card-number">56</span>
    <span class="card-title">Applied Anatomy Summary</span>
  </div>
  <div class="card-body">
    <ul>
      <li><span class="bold">Parotitis:</span> Parotid gland infection</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Tonsillitis:</span> Infection of tonsils</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Goitre:</span> Enlargement of thyroid</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Hemithyroidectomy:</span> Surgical removal</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Facial nerve palsy:</span> Bell's palsy</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Carotid endarterectomy:</span> Removal of plaque</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Trismus:</span> Inability to open mouth</li>
      <li><span class="bold">Dysphagia:</span> Difficulty in swallowing</li>
      <li><span class="bold">CSF rhinorrhea:</span> Leak through nose</li>
    </ul>
  </div>
  <div class="pyq-box"><span class="pyq-star">★</span> PYQ: Short notes on applied anatomy of head and neck.</div>
</div>

</div><!-- end grid -->

<div class="footer">the_dental_cafe ☕</div>

</body>
</html>
Running Command

ls -lh /home/daytona/workspace/anatomy-cards/

Done! Here's your remade reference sheet:

head neck anatomy

HTML File · HTML

What's included:
  • All 56 cards faithfully recreated with their full content
  • 5-column grid layout matching the original design
  • 10 distinct color themes cycling through cards (blue, green, orange, purple, red, teal, indigo, pink, brown, cyan)
  • Color-coded section labels within cards (Origins in orange, Sensory in blue, etc.)
  • Numbered headers with matching border colors
  • ★ PYQ boxes at the bottom of each card with colored backgrounds
  • Print-friendly CSS included - just open in a browser and use Ctrl+P / Cmd+P to print or save as PDF
  • "the_dental_cafe ☕" footer
All content from cards 1-56 is present, including TMJ, Muscles of Mastication, Facial/Trigeminal nerves, all arteries/veins, salivary glands, larynx, tongue, pharynx, triangles of the neck, fascial spaces, cranial nerves, and the applied anatomy summary.

Convert above hdml file into PDF form

Reading File
Running Command

which weasyprint && python3 -c "import weasyprint; print('weasyprint OK')" 2>&1; which wkhtmltopdf 2>&1; python3 -c "import pdfkit; print('pdfkit OK')" 2>&1

Running Command

which chromium-browser || which chromium || which google-chrome || which google-chrome-stable 2>&1; which puppeteer 2>&1; which libreoffice 2>&1; which pandoc 2>&1

Running Command

chromium --headless --disable-gpu --no-sandbox --print-to-pdf=/home/daytona/workspace/anatomy-cards/head-neck-anatomy.pdf --print-to-pdf-no-header --no-pdf-header-footer "file:///home/daytona/workspace/anatomy-cards/head-neck-anatomy.html" 2>&1

Running Command

python3 -c "from pypdf import PdfReader; r = PdfReader('/home/daytona/workspace/anatomy-cards/head-neck-anatomy.pdf'); print(f'Pages: {len(r.pages)}'); print(f'Size: OK')"

Done! Your PDF is ready:

head neck anatomy

PDF Document · PDF

  • 5 pages, 639 KB
  • Full color with all 56 cards, colored headers, bullet points, and PYQ boxes - rendered by Chromium so the CSS is faithfully preserved
  • Ready to print or share

Sunrise important points of lower limb in one page

Reading File
Finding Sources
Reading File
Reading File
Finding Sources
Reading File
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Writing File

~/anatomy-cards/lower-limb-summary.html

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Lower Limb – Important Points Summary</title>
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    filter: drop-shadow(0 0 6px #ffe082);
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  /* ── MAIN LAYOUT ── */
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    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: repeat(4, 1fr);
    gap: 7px;
  }

  /* ── CARD ── */
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    border-radius: 8px;
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    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
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<body>

<!-- TITLE BANNER -->
<div class="banner">
  <div>
    <div class="sun">🌅</div>
  </div>
  <div style="flex:1">
    <h1>Lower Limb – Sunrise Important Points</h1>
    <div class="sub">Bones · Joints · Muscles · Nerves · Vessels · Clinical Pearls &nbsp;|&nbsp; Gray's Anatomy for Students</div>
  </div>
  <div style="text-align:right; font-size:9px; opacity:.75; line-height:1.7">
    <b>Regions:</b> Gluteal · Thigh · Leg · Foot<br>
    <b>Plexus:</b> Lumbar (L1–L4) · Sacral (L4–S3)
  </div>
</div>

<!-- MAIN GRID -->
<div class="main-grid">

<!-- 1. BONES & REGIONS -->
<div class="card c1">
  <div class="card-head"><span class="icon">🦴</span> Bones &amp; Regions</div>
  <div class="card-body">
    <ul>
      <li><span class="lbl">Regions:</span> Gluteal · Thigh · Leg · Foot</li>
      <li><span class="lbl">Femur:</span> Head, neck, greater &amp; lesser trochanter, shaft, condyles</li>
      <li><span class="lbl">Tibia:</span> Medial bone of leg; bears body weight; tibial plateau, tibial tuberosity, medial malleolus</li>
      <li><span class="lbl">Fibula:</span> Lateral, non-weight-bearing; lateral malleolus</li>
      <li><span class="lbl">Patella:</span> Largest sesamoid bone; in quadriceps tendon</li>
      <li><span class="lbl">Foot bones:</span> 7 tarsals, 5 metatarsals, 14 phalanges</li>
      <li><span class="lbl">Key tarsals:</span> Talus (on calcaneus), Calcaneus (heel), Navicular, Cuboid, 3 Cuneiforms</li>
    </ul>
    <div class="clinical">Neck of femur fractures common in elderly (Garden classification)</div>
    <div class="memory">"Tom Can Never Do Nothing For Glasgow" = Tarsals: Talus, Calcaneus, Navicular, Cuboid, 3 Cuneiforms</div>
  </div>
</div>

<!-- 2. HIP JOINT -->
<div class="card c2">
  <div class="card-head"><span class="icon">🔵</span> Hip Joint</div>
  <div class="card-body">
    <ul>
      <li><span class="lbl">Type:</span> Ball-and-socket synovial joint</li>
      <li><span class="lbl">Articulation:</span> Head of femur + acetabulum (ilium, ischium, pubis)</li>
      <li><span class="lbl">Stabilising ligaments:</span>
        <ul class="sub-ul">
          <li>Iliofemoral (Y-lig of Bigelow) – strongest</li>
          <li>Pubofemoral (inferior)</li>
          <li>Ischiofemoral (posterior)</li>
          <li>Ligament of head of femur (carries artery)</li>
        </ul>
      </li>
      <li><span class="lbl">Movements:</span> Flexion, Extension, Abduction, Adduction, Medial/Lateral rotation, Circumduction</li>
      <li><span class="lbl">Blood supply to femoral head:</span> Medial circumflex femoral a. (main), obturator a. (lig of head)</li>
      <li><span class="lbl">Nerve supply:</span> Femoral, obturator, sciatic (L2–S1)</li>
    </ul>
    <div class="clinical">AVN of femoral head after intracapsular fracture (medial circumflex artery torn)</div>
  </div>
</div>

<!-- 3. KNEE JOINT -->
<div class="card c3">
  <div class="card-head"><span class="icon">🔷</span> Knee Joint</div>
  <div class="card-body">
    <ul>
      <li><span class="lbl">Type:</span> Modified hinge (condylar) synovial joint</li>
      <li><span class="lbl">Bones:</span> Femur + Tibia (mainly) + Patella</li>
      <li><span class="lbl">Menisci:</span> Medial (C-shaped, fixed) &amp; Lateral (O-shaped, mobile)</li>
      <li><span class="lbl">Cruciate ligaments:</span>
        <ul class="sub-ul">
          <li>ACL – prevents anterior tibial displacement</li>
          <li>PCL – prevents posterior tibial displacement</li>
        </ul>
      </li>
      <li><span class="lbl">Collateral lig:</span> Medial (MCL) + Lateral (LCL)</li>
      <li><span class="lbl">Locking mechanism:</span> Terminal lateral rotation of femur (screw-home), unlocked by popliteus</li>
      <li><span class="lbl">Blood supply:</span> Genicular anastomosis (6 genicular arteries)</li>
    </ul>
    <div class="clinical">ACL tear → anterior drawer +ve; MCL + medial meniscus + ACL = "Unhappy triad"</div>
    <div class="memory">Popliteus = key to house (unlocks knee)</div>
  </div>
</div>

<!-- 4. ANKLE & FOOT JOINTS -->
<div class="card c4">
  <div class="card-head"><span class="icon">🦶</span> Ankle &amp; Foot Joints</div>
  <div class="card-body">
    <ul>
      <li><span class="lbl">Ankle (Talocrural):</span> Hinge joint; tibia + fibula + talus</li>
      <li><span class="lbl">Movements:</span> Dorsiflexion &amp; Plantarflexion</li>
      <li><span class="lbl">Lateral ligaments:</span> ATFL · CFL · PTFL (ATFL most commonly sprained)</li>
      <li><span class="lbl">Medial ligament:</span> Deltoid (very strong; 4 parts)</li>
      <li><span class="lbl">Subtalar joint:</span> Inversion &amp; Eversion of foot</li>
      <li><span class="lbl">Arches of foot:</span>
        <ul class="sub-ul">
          <li>Medial longitudinal (highest; talus is keystone)</li>
          <li>Lateral longitudinal (lower)</li>
          <li>Transverse arch</li>
        </ul>
      </li>
      <li><span class="lbl">Tarsal tunnel:</span> Posteromedial ankle; contains Tom, Dick AN Harry (Tibialis post., FDL, posterior tibial vessels &amp; nerve, FHL)</li>
    </ul>
    <div class="clinical">Pes planus (flat foot) = fallen medial arch; Eversion injury → ATFL sprain</div>
  </div>
</div>

<!-- 5. FEMORAL TRIANGLE & ADDUCTOR CANAL -->
<div class="card c5">
  <div class="card-head"><span class="icon">📐</span> Femoral Triangle &amp; Adductor Canal</div>
  <div class="card-body">
    <div class="lbl" style="margin-bottom:2px">Femoral Triangle:</div>
    <ul>
      <li><span class="lbl">Boundaries:</span> Inguinal lig (sup), Sartorius (lat), Adductor longus (med)</li>
      <li><span class="lbl">Floor:</span> Iliopsoas + Pectineus</li>
      <li><span class="lbl">Contents (lateral → medial):</span>
        <ul class="sub-ul">
          <li><span class="bl">N</span>erve (Femoral)</li>
          <li><span class="bl">A</span>rtery (Femoral)</li>
          <li><span class="bl">V</span>ein (Femoral)</li>
          <li><span class="bl">E</span>mpty space</li>
          <li><span class="bl">L</span>ymphatics</li>
        </ul>
      </li>
    </ul>
    <hr class="dv">
    <div class="lbl" style="margin-bottom:2px">Adductor (Hunter's) Canal:</div>
    <ul>
      <li>Sartorius covers it; runs from apex of femoral triangle to adductor hiatus</li>
      <li>Contains: Femoral a. &amp; v., saphenous nerve, nerve to VMO</li>
    </ul>
    <div class="clinical">Femoral hernia: through femoral ring (medial to femoral vein); commoner in females</div>
    <div class="memory">NAVEL (Nerve-Artery-Vein-Empty-Lymphatics) lateral to medial under inguinal lig</div>
  </div>
</div>

<!-- 6. POPLITEAL FOSSA -->
<div class="card c6">
  <div class="card-head"><span class="icon">🔺</span> Popliteal Fossa &amp; Gluteal Region</div>
  <div class="card-body">
    <div class="lbl" style="margin-bottom:2px">Popliteal Fossa:</div>
    <ul>
      <li><span class="lbl">Shape:</span> Diamond; posterior to knee</li>
      <li><span class="lbl">Boundaries:</span> Biceps femoris (superlat), Semimembranosus + Semitendinosus (superomed), Gastrocnemius heads (inf)</li>
      <li><span class="lbl">Contents (deep to superficial):</span> Popliteal a. → Popliteal v. → Tibial n. → Common fibular n.</li>
      <li><span class="lbl">Popliteal artery:</span> 5 genicular branches; continuation of femoral a.</li>
    </ul>
    <hr class="dv">
    <div class="lbl" style="margin-bottom:2px">Gluteal Region:</div>
    <ul>
      <li>Piriformis = key landmark (divides greater sciatic foramen)</li>
      <li>Above piriformis: Superior gluteal vessels &amp; nerve</li>
      <li>Below piriformis: Sciatic n., inferior gluteal n. &amp; a., pudendal n.</li>
    </ul>
    <div class="clinical">Baker's cyst (popliteal cyst): synovial fluid accumulation posterior to knee</div>
  </div>
</div>

<!-- 7. NERVES OF LOWER LIMB -->
<div class="card c7">
  <div class="card-head"><span class="icon">⚡</span> Nerves of Lower Limb</div>
  <div class="card-body">
    <ul>
      <li><span class="lbl">Femoral n. (L2–L4):</span> Ant. thigh muscles + skin; medial leg (saphenous branch)</li>
      <li><span class="lbl">Obturator n. (L2–L4):</span> Medial compartment (adductors); medial thigh skin</li>
      <li><span class="lbl">Sciatic n. (L4–S3):</span> Largest nerve in body; all posterior thigh + all leg &amp; foot muscles</li>
      <li><span class="lbl">Common fibular n.:</span> Divides at fibular neck → Superficial (lat compartment) &amp; Deep (ant compartment, dorsum foot)</li>
      <li><span class="lbl">Tibial n.:</span> Posterior leg, sole of foot</li>
      <li><span class="lbl">Superior gluteal n. (L4–S1):</span> Gluteus medius, minimus, TFL</li>
      <li><span class="lbl">Inferior gluteal n. (L5–S2):</span> Gluteus maximus only</li>
    </ul>
    <hr class="dv">
    <div class="lbl" style="color:#c62828">Key Nerve Injuries:</div>
    <ul>
      <li><span class="rd">Common fibular:</span> Foot drop (neck of fibula fracture)</li>
      <li><span class="rd">Femoral:</span> Loss of knee extension (quadriceps)</li>
      <li><span class="rd">Obturator:</span> Loss of adduction (medial thigh)</li>
      <li><span class="rd">Sciatic:</span> Loss of knee flexion + all below knee</li>
    </ul>
  </div>
</div>

<!-- 8. ARTERIES OF LOWER LIMB -->
<div class="card c8">
  <div class="card-head"><span class="icon">🩸</span> Arteries of Lower Limb</div>
  <div class="card-body">
    <ul>
      <li><span class="lbl">Femoral a.:</span> Continuation of external iliac a. (under inguinal lig)</li>
      <li><span class="lbl">Profunda femoris a.:</span> Main supply of thigh; gives medial &amp; lateral circumflex femoral aa.</li>
      <li><span class="lbl">Popliteal a.:</span> Continuation of femoral a. through adductor hiatus; gives 5 genicular branches</li>
      <li><span class="lbl">Anterior tibial a.:</span> → Dorsalis pedis a. (dorsum of foot); crosses interosseous membrane</li>
      <li><span class="lbl">Posterior tibial a.:</span> Posterior leg → passes through tarsal tunnel → medial &amp; lateral plantar aa.</li>
      <li><span class="lbl">Fibular (peroneal) a.:</span> Lateral compartment of leg</li>
      <li><span class="lbl">Anastomoses:</span> Cruciate anastomosis (gluteal region); genicular anastomosis (knee)</li>
    </ul>
    <div class="clinical">Dorsalis pedis pulse: dorsum of foot (lateral to EHL); posterior tibial pulse: behind medial malleolus</div>
  </div>
</div>

<!-- 9. VEINS & LYMPHATICS -->
<div class="card c9">
  <div class="card-head"><span class="icon">💙</span> Veins &amp; Lymphatics</div>
  <div class="card-body">
    <div class="lbl" style="margin-bottom:2px">Superficial veins:</div>
    <ul>
      <li><span class="lbl">Great saphenous v.:</span> Medial side; from medial dorsal arch → medial leg → medial thigh → femoral v. (at saphenofemoral junction, 4 cm below pubic tubercle)</li>
      <li><span class="lbl">Small saphenous v.:</span> Posterior leg; dorsal arch lateral → popliteal v.</li>
    </ul>
    <hr class="dv">
    <div class="lbl" style="margin-bottom:2px">Deep veins:</div>
    <ul>
      <li>Follow arteries; femoral v. → external iliac v.</li>
      <li>Perforators connect superficial to deep (valved)</li>
    </ul>
    <hr class="dv">
    <div class="lbl" style="margin-bottom:2px">Lymphatics:</div>
    <ul>
      <li>Superficial → superficial inguinal nodes</li>
      <li>Deep → deep inguinal nodes → external iliac nodes</li>
    </ul>
    <div class="clinical">Varicose veins (great saphenous); DVT (deep veins); Great saphenous used for coronary bypass graft</div>
  </div>
</div>

<!-- 10. MUSCLES – THIGH -->
<div class="card c10">
  <div class="card-head"><span class="icon">💪</span> Muscles of Thigh</div>
  <div class="card-body">
    <div class="lbl" style="color:#0277bd; margin-bottom:2px">Anterior Compartment (Femoral n.):</div>
    <ul>
      <li>Quadriceps femoris: Rectus femoris, Vastus lateralis, medialis, intermedius → knee extension</li>
      <li>Iliopsoas: Hip flexion (L1–L3)</li>
      <li>Sartorius: Longest muscle; FABER at hip + knee flexion</li>
      <li>Pectineus: Adduction + flexion (femoral n.)</li>
    </ul>
    <div class="lbl" style="color:#1b5e20; margin-bottom:2px">Medial Compartment (Obturator n.):</div>
    <ul>
      <li>Adductors: Longus, Brevis, Magnus (also ischio-part by tibial n.)</li>
      <li>Gracilis: Adduction + medial rotation + knee flexion</li>
    </ul>
    <div class="lbl" style="color:#b71c1c; margin-bottom:2px">Posterior Compartment (Tibial n.):</div>
    <ul>
      <li>Hamstrings: Biceps femoris, Semimembranosus, Semitendinosus → knee flexion + hip extension</li>
      <li>Short head biceps femoris: common fibular n.</li>
    </ul>
  </div>
</div>

<!-- 11. MUSCLES – LEG & FOOT -->
<div class="card c11">
  <div class="card-head"><span class="icon">🦵</span> Muscles of Leg &amp; Foot</div>
  <div class="card-body">
    <div class="lbl" style="color:#0277bd; margin-bottom:2px">Anterior compartment (Deep fibular n.):</div>
    <ul>
      <li>Tibialis anterior (dorsiflexion + inversion)</li>
      <li>EHL (extends great toe)</li>
      <li>EDL + Fibularis tertius (toe extension + eversion)</li>
    </ul>
    <div class="lbl" style="color:#6a1b9a; margin-bottom:2px">Lateral compartment (Superficial fibular n.):</div>
    <ul>
      <li>Fibularis (peroneus) longus &amp; brevis → eversion, plantarflexion</li>
    </ul>
    <div class="lbl" style="color:#b71c1c; margin-bottom:2px">Posterior compartment (Tibial n.):</div>
    <ul>
      <li>Superficial: Gastrocnemius + Soleus (= Triceps surae) + Plantaris → plantarflexion via Achilles tendon</li>
      <li>Deep: Tibialis posterior (inversion), FHL, FDL, Popliteus</li>
    </ul>
    <div class="clinical">Achilles tendon rupture: Thompson test +ve; compartment syndrome → fasciотomy</div>
  </div>
</div>

<!-- 12. DERMATOMES, MYOTOMES & REFLEXES -->
<div class="card c12">
  <div class="card-head"><span class="icon">🗺️</span> Dermatomes · Myotomes · Reflexes</div>
  <div class="card-body">
    <div class="lbl" style="margin-bottom:2px">Dermatomes (autonomous zones):</div>
    <ul>
      <li><span class="or">L1</span> – Inguinal ligament region</li>
      <li><span class="or">L2</span> – Lateral thigh</li>
      <li><span class="or">L3</span> – Lower medial thigh / knee</li>
      <li><span class="or">L4</span> – Medial side of great toe</li>
      <li><span class="or">L5</span> – Medial side of digit II (dorsum)</li>
      <li><span class="or">S1</span> – Little toe / lateral foot</li>
      <li><span class="or">S2</span> – Back of thigh</li>
      <li><span class="or">S3</span> – Gluteal fold</li>
    </ul>
    <hr class="dv">
    <div class="lbl" style="margin-bottom:2px">Myotomes &amp; Reflexes:</div>
    <ul>
      <li>Hip flexion: <span class="bl">L1, L2</span></li>
      <li>Knee extension: <span class="bl">L3, L4</span></li>
      <li>Knee flexion: <span class="bl">L5–S2</span></li>
      <li>Plantarflexion: <span class="bl">S1, S2</span></li>
      <li>Patellar reflex: <span class="rd">L3–L4</span></li>
      <li>Achilles reflex: <span class="rd">S1–S2</span></li>
    </ul>
    <div class="clinical">Herniated L4/L5 disc → foot drop; L5/S1 disc → loss of ankle reflex</div>
  </div>
</div>

</div><!-- end grid -->

<div class="footer">☀️ Sunrise Summary – Lower Limb Anatomy &nbsp;|&nbsp; Source: Gray's Anatomy for Students &nbsp;|&nbsp; the_dental_cafe ☕</div>

</body>
</html>
Running Command

chromium --headless --disable-gpu --no-sandbox --print-to-pdf=/home/daytona/workspace/anatomy-cards/lower-limb-summary.pdf --print-to-pdf-no-header --no-pdf-header-footer --virtual-time-budget=5000 "file:///home/daytona/workspace/anatomy-cards/lower-limb-summary.html" 2>&1 | tail -5

Running Command

python3 -c "from pypdf import PdfReader; r = PdfReader('/home/daytona/workspace/anatomy-cards/lower-limb-summary.pdf'); print(f'Pages: {len(r.pages)}, Size: OK')"

Running Command

chromium --headless --disable-gpu --no-sandbox \ --print-to-pdf=/home/daytona/workspace/anatomy-cards/lower-limb-summary.pdf \ --print-to-pdf-no-header \ --no-pdf-header-footer \ --virtual-time-budget=5000 \ "file:///home/daytona/workspace/anatomy-cards/lower-limb-summary.html?print" 2>&1 | tail -3

Editing File

~/anatomy-cards/lower-limb-summary.html

Successfully replaced 1 instance(s) of the string in '/home/daytona/workspace/anatomy-cards/lower-limb-summary.html'
Running Command

chromium --headless --disable-gpu --no-sandbox \ --print-to-pdf=/home/daytona/workspace/anatomy-cards/lower-limb-summary.pdf \ --print-to-pdf-no-header \ --no-pdf-header-footer \ --virtual-time-budget=5000 \ "file:///home/daytona/workspace/anatomy-cards/lower-limb-summary.html" 2>&1 | tail -3 && \ python3 -c "from pypdf import PdfReader; r = PdfReader('/home/daytona/workspace/anatomy-cards/lower-limb-summary.pdf'); print(f'Pages: {len(r.pages)}')"

1 page, done! Here are your files:

lower limb summary

PDF Document · PDF

(1 page, A3 landscape, 549 KB)

lower limb summary

HTML File · HTML

(source)

What's on the sheet (12 colour-coded cards):
#CardKey Contents
🦴Bones & RegionsFemur, tibia, fibula, patella, 7 tarsals mnemonic
🔵Hip JointBall-socket, 3 ligaments, blood supply to femoral head, AVN warning
🔷Knee JointACL/PCL, menisci, locking mechanism, unhappy triad
🦶Ankle & FootTalocrural joint, ATFL sprain, 3 arches, tarsal tunnel (Tom Dick AN Harry)
📐Femoral TriangleNAVEL mnemonic, adductor canal, femoral hernia
🔺Popliteal Fossa & GlutealContents, piriformis landmark, Baker's cyst
NervesFemoral, Obturator, Sciatic, Common fibular, Tibial + injury patterns
🩸ArteriesFemoral → Popliteal → Anterior/Posterior tibial + pulses
💙Veins & LymphaticsGreat/small saphenous, varicose veins, bypass graft uses
💪Thigh MusclesAnterior (femoral n.), Medial (obturator n.), Posterior (tibial n.)
🦵Leg & Foot Muscles3 compartments, Achilles tendon, compartment syndrome
🗺️Dermatomes / ReflexesL1–S3 autonomous zones, patellar (L3–L4), Achilles (S1–S2)
Every card has a clinical ⚡ applied box and key mnemonics 🧠.

For any online video for lower limb

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best YouTube videos lower limb anatomy medical students 2024

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lower limb anatomy online video lectures playlist Acland Netter

Here are the best online video resources for Lower Limb Anatomy:

🎬 Best Online Video Resources – Lower Limb Anatomy


🥇 Free YouTube Channels

ChannelWhat to WatchLink
Ninja NerdMuscles of the Lower Limb (full lecture series with diagrams)youtube.com – Ninja Nerd Lower Limb
Osmosis (Elsevier)Bones, nerves, vessels of lower limb – animated, high qualityyoutube.com – Osmosis Lower Limb
AnatomyZoneDetailed 3D model walkthrough of lower limb regionsyoutube.com/AnatomyZone
KenhubMuscles, nerves, arteries – short focused videos + quizzesyoutube.com/Kenhub
Armando HasudunganHand-drawn illustrated lower limb nerve/artery lecturesyoutube.com/ArmandoHasudungan

🏆 Premium / Institutional (Best Quality)

PlatformWhat It OffersLink
Acland's Video Atlas~330 real cadaver dissection videos; Volume 2 is entirely Lower Extremity - bones, muscles, vessels, nervesaclandanatomy.com
Kenhub (Pro)20-min Lower Limb region videos, interactive atlas, quizzeskenhub.com/lower-limb
Osmosis PrimeFull lower limb library, USMLE-style videososmosis.org

📺 Recommended YouTube Playlist Order (Free)

For a structured study session, watch in this order:
  1. Bones of Lower Limb - Osmosis → Bones video
  2. Hip Joint - Kenhub (search "Hip joint Kenhub")
  3. Muscles of Thigh - Ninja Nerd → Muscles video
  4. Knee Joint & Menisci - AnatomyZone
  5. Nerves (Femoral, Sciatic, Fibular) - Ninja Nerd
  6. Arteries & Veins - Kenhub
  7. Ankle & Foot - Osmosis or Kenhub

💡 Quick Tips

  • Acland's is the gold standard for cadaveric dissection - check if your university provides free access
  • Ninja Nerd is best for exam-focused note-taking alongside videos
  • Kenhub combines short videos + immediate quizzes - great for active recall
  • Osmosis has the best animations for understanding 3D spatial relationships
  • Search "lower limb anatomy playlist" on YouTube and filter by upload date for the most current content
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