INTRODUCTION [1] NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC). (2024). Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults. The Lancet, 403(10431), 1027-1050. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(23)02750-2 [2] GBD 2021 Adolescent BMI Collaborators. (2025). Global, regional, and national prevalence of child and adolescent overweight and obesity, 1990-2021, with forecasts to 2050: a forecasting study for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. The Lancet, 405(10481), 785-812. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(25)00397-6 [3] World Health Organization. (2024). Obesity and overweight [Fact sheet]. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight COVID-19 and Childhood Obesity (paragraph 3) [4] Cena, H., Fiechtner, L., Vincenti, A.(2021). COVID-19 pandemic as risk factors for excessive weight gain in pediatrics: The role of changes in nutrition behavior. A narrative review. Nutrients, 13(12), 4255. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13124255 [5] Woo, S., Yang, H., Kim, Y. (2022). Sedentary time and fast-food consumption associated with weight gain during COVID-19 lockdown in children and adolescents with overweight or obesity. Journal of Korean Medical Science, 37(12), e103. https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2022.37.e103 Health Consequences and Comorbidities (paragraph 4) [6] Hampl, S. E., Hassink, S. G., Skinner, A. C. et al. (2023). Clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and treatment of children and adolescents with obesity. Pediatrics, 151(2), e2022060640. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2022-060640) [7] Styne, D. M., Arslanian, S. A., Connor, (2017). Pediatric obesity - assessment, treatment, and prevention: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 102(3), 709-757. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2016-2573 Anthropometric Assessment Methods (paragraph 5) [8] Hampl, S. E., Hassink, S. G., Skinner, A. C. et al. (2023). Clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and treatment of children and adolescents with obesity. Pediatrics, 151(2), e2022060640. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2022-060640) [9] Sun, J., Yang, R., Zhao, M., Bovet, P., & Xi, B. (2021). Tri-Ponderal Mass Index as a screening tool for identifying body fat and cardiovascular risk factors in children and adolescents: A systematic review. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 12, 694681. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2021.694681 REFERENCE 1.1 [1] World Health Organization. (2024). Obesity and overweight [Fact sheet]. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight [2] Hampl, S. E., Hassink, S. G., Skinner, (2023). Clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and treatment of children and adolescents with obesity. Pediatrics, 151(2), e2022060640. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2022-060640 [3] Styne, D. M., Arslanian, S. A., Connor, (2017). Pediatric obesity - assessment, treatment, and prevention: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 102(3), 709-757. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2016-2573 [4] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022). Defining childhood weight status. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/childhood/defining.html [5] World Health Organization. (2006). WHO child growth standards: Length/height-for-age, weight-for-age, weight-for-length, weight-for-height and body mass index-for-age: Methods and development. WHO Press. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/924154693X [6] Rubino, F., Cummings, D. E., Eckel, & the Lancet Commission on Clinical Obesity. (2025). Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, 13(3), 221-262. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(24)00316- Reference 1.2 1. World Health Organization. WHO guideline: assessing and managing children at primary health-care facilities to prevent overweight and obesity in the context of the double burden of malnutrition. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017. 2. Hampl SE, Hassink SG, Skinner AC, Armstrong SC, Barlow SE, Bolling CF, et al. Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Treatment of Children and Adolescents With Obesity. Pediatrics. 2023;151(2):e2022060640. doi:10.1542/peds.2022-060640. 3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC Extended BMI-for-Age Growth Charts for Children and Adolescents With Severe Obesity. Atlanta (GA): CDC; 2022. 4. Kumar S, Kelly AS. Review of childhood obesity: from epidemiology, etiology, and comorbidities to clinical assessment and treatment. 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Childhood obesity surveillance initiative (COSI): Republic of Moldova country report. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe; 2025. 14. Ministry of Health of the Republic of Moldova. National Programme for Prevention and Control of Non-Communicable Diseases 2023–2027. Chisinau: Ministry of Health; 2023. 15. World Health Organization. The double burden of malnutrition: policy brief. Geneva: WHO; 2023. 16. Prevalence of obesity among school-going children in India: a systematic review, meta-analysis and spatial analysis. Indian Journal of Community Medicine. 2025. 17. Indian Academy of Pediatrics. Clinical Practice Guidelines for Childhood Obesity: Evaluation and Management. Mumbai: IAP; 2023. References 1.5 3. Kliegman RM, St Geme JW, Blum NJ, Shah SS, Tasker RC, Wilson KM. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 22nd ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2024. 4. World Health Organization. Obesity and overweight [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2025 [cited 2026 Jul 27]. 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Predicting adult obesity from childhood obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev. 2016;17(2):95–107. 11. World Obesity Federation. World Obesity Atlas 2025. London: World Obesity Federation; 2025. References 1.6 1. World Health Organization. Obesity and overweight [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2025 [cited 2026 Jul 22]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight 2. World Health Organization. A primary health care approach to obesity prevention and management in children and adolescents: policy brief. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2023. 3. Styne DM, Arslanian SA, Connor EL, Farooqi IS, Murad MH, Silverstein JH, et al. Pediatric obesity—assessment, treatment, and prevention: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017;102(3):709-757. 4. O'Rahilly S, Farooqi IS. Human obesity: a heritable neurobehavioral disorder that is highly sensitive to environmental conditions. Diabetes. 2020;69(11):2325-2340. 5. Clément K, van den Akker E, Argente J, Bahm A, Beiglböck H, Fernando BM, et al. Efficacy and safety of setmelanotide in individuals with obesity due to POMC, PCSK1, or LEPR deficiency: a 1-year, open-label, multicentre, phase 3 trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020;8(11):960-970. 6. Stiglic N, Viner RM. Effects of screentime on the health and well-being of children and adolescents: a systematic review of reviews. BMJ Open. 2019;9(1):e023191. 7. Loos RJF. The genetics of adiposity. Curr Opin Genet Dev. 2018;50:86-95. 8. Godfrey KM, Reynolds RM, Prescott SL, Nyirenda M, Jaddoe VWV, Eriksson JG, et al. Influence of maternal obesity on the long-term health of offspring. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017;5(1):53-64. 9. Wadhwa PD, Buss C, Entringer S, Swanson JM. Developmental origins of health and disease: brief history of the approach and current focus on epigenetic mechanisms. Semin Reprod Med. 2009;27(5):358-368. 10. Saltiel AR, Olefsky JM. Inflammatory mechanisms linking obesity and metabolic disease. J Clin Invest. 2017;127(1):1-4. 11. Yang Y, et al. Gut microbiota: an important participant in childhood obesity. [Journal article]. 2024. PMID: 39733798. for articles the following things are mentioned: author’s name, title of the article, magazine name, year of appearance, volume, first and last page. Example: 1. Baranețchi I., Prisacari V. Factori de risc în infecțiile septico-purulente nosocomiale de profil traumatologie și ortopedie. Studiu descriptiv transversal. În: Moldovan Journal of Health Sciences. Revista de Științe ale Sănătății din Moldova. 2016, 2 (8), p.15-27. ISSN 2345-1467. 2. Casian D. A. Regarding an alternative treatment for varicose veins: ligation plus foam sclerotherapy. In: Dermatologic Surgery. 2012, 38(1), 146-147. ISSN 1524-4725. doi: 10.1111/j.1524-4725.2011.02212.x (IF: 1,798). 3. Chung DR, Zang WS, Kim SB et al. Treatment of herpetitis B virus associated glomerulonephritis with recombinant human alpha-interferon. In: Am J Nephrol, 1997, 17:112-117. 4. Hotineanu V., Moraru V., Bujor P., Bujor S. Cholelithiasis – epidemiology, risk factors and etiopathogenic aspects: Up-to-Date. In: Jurnal de chirurgie, 2014, X, 2, p. 101-104. NSN 1584-9341. for books the following things are mentioned: authors’ names, title of the book, publishing house, place of appearance, year of appearance, first and last page. Example: 5. Ciobanu Gh. Resuscitarea cardiorespiratorie și cerebrală. Volumul 1. Serghienco-Ciobanu, L. (red. șt.). Chișinău. Nova-Imprim; 2014. 6. Popovici I, Lupuleasa D. Tehnologie farmaceutică, Ed. Polirom, Iasi, 2001. all the bibliographic sources included in the licentiate thesis must be in the final bibliographic list. For the sources downloaded from the internet, web page addresses will be noted. In the final bibliography, they must be at the end of the list: Example: 7. Jones ET, Miles C. Computing networking. 2nd edition. Derby, Bugle Press; 2002. Disponibil la: http:/www.imperial.ac.uk/library/digitallibrary [accesat la 10.06.2007]. like this without changing the number , order and heading