POST MORTEM REPORT - 1

A. Precis of the Case

1. Date of admission: ...............
2. Date and time of death: ...............
3. Date and time of making P.M. examination: (within 4 hours of death)
4. History: Animal presented with nasal discharge, laboured breathing, coughing, pyrexia, and inappetence for 5-7 days. Condition progressively worsened. Animal was found recumbent and died.
5. Clinical diagnosis: Respiratory disease with signs of systemic infection.

B. External Examination

1. Class of animal, sex, age, breed: Bovine, Female, Adult (approximately 4 years), Non-descript/Crossbreed
2. Descriptive marks: Black and white coat; no ear tag
3. Condition of the body: Poor body condition; emaciated; rough and dull haircoat
4. Rigor mortis: Well established in all four limbs and jaw muscles
5. Natural orifices: Mucopurulent discharge from both nostrils; frothy discharge from mouth; no discharge from rectum or vulva
6. Visible mucous membranes: Conjunctival and oral mucous membranes pale and slightly cyanotic; dried exudate around nasal orifice
7. Presence of wounds, if any: Nil
8. Superficial lymph glands: Bilateral prescapular and prefemoral lymph nodes mildly enlarged and firm on palpation
9. Any other abnormalities: Mild subcutaneous edema around submandibular region; intercostal muscles show slight recession

C. Internal Examination

I. Subcutaneous Tissue

II. Abdominal Cavity

1. Peritoneal cavity and peritoneum: Peritoneal surface smooth and glistening; approximately 150 mL of clear, straw-coloured transudate present; no adhesions or fibrin tags
2. Position of organs: All organs in normal anatomical position
3. Any other abnormality: Nil

III. Thoracic Cavity

1. Pleural cavity and pleura: Bilateral fibrinous pleuritis; pleural surfaces show greyish-white fibrinous deposits; approximately 200-300 mL of turbid, yellowish exudate accumulated bilaterally; visceral and parietal pleura are adherent at multiple foci (fibrinous adhesions)
2. Position of organs: Trachea and oesophagus in normal position; lung lobes appear consolidated and do not collapse upon opening of thorax
3. Any other abnormality: Intercostal surfaces show congestion and mild haemorrhagic streaks

IV. Pericardial Sac

V. Heart

1. Gross appearance: Slightly enlarged; epicardial surface shows petechiae and ecchymoses on right ventricular free wall; subepicardial fat shows gelatinous atrophy
2. Chambers: Right ventricle mildly dilated; blood is dark, unclotted and tarry in consistency in all chambers
3. Valves: No gross valvular lesions; tricuspid valve leaflets slightly thickened at free edges
4. Myocardium: Pale, slightly flabby myocardium; no gross infarcts or abscesses
5. Blood vessels: Pulmonary artery and aorta contain dark fluid blood; no thrombosis

VI. Trachea and Bronchi

VII. Larynx

VIII. Lungs

1. Gross appearance, colour, size: Lungs markedly enlarged and fail to collapse; cranioventral lobes (apical, cardiac, and cranial portions of diaphragmatic lobes) are dark red to greyish-red in colour, firm, and airless; the caudodorsal portions are dark purple-red and congested; overall lung weight increased (approximately 2-3x normal)
2. Palpable abnormalities: Cranioventral consolidation - affected areas are firm, rubbery, and liver-like (hepatisation) on palpation; sharp demarcation between consolidated and non-consolidated tissue is present; interlobular septa prominent and widened by oedema; occasional small (0.5-1 cm) grey-yellow foci of suppuration (microabscesses) palpable in consolidated areas
3. Section: On cut section - affected areas (apical and cardiac lobes) show greyish-red to grey, airless, consolidated parenchyma (grey and red hepatisation); cut surface is granular and exudes copious quantities of cloudy, yellowish, mucopurulent fluid upon pressure; interlobular septa filled with oedema fluid and fibrin, giving a marbled appearance; small yellowish suppurative foci visible; unaffected caudal parenchyma is dark red and congested with frothy blood-tinged oedema fluid on section
4. Parasites: Nil
5. Lymph glands: Tracheobronchial and mediastinal lymph nodes markedly enlarged, firm, pale tan; cut surface shows uniform oedema and congestion; no necrosis

IX. Diaphragm

X. Liver

1. Gross appearance, colour, size: Slightly enlarged; dark reddish-brown; rounded borders
2. Surface: Smooth, capsule intact; no fibrin deposits
3. Borders: Rounded and blunt, consistent with mild passive congestion
4. Parenchyma: Cut surface shows centrilobular congestion (dark red foci corresponding to terminal hepatic venules); lobular pattern accentuated; parenchyma moderately friable; no focal necrosis or abscesses
5. Gall bladder (wall and contents): Wall of normal thickness; contains approximately 80 mL of dark green bile; no calculi
6. Parasites: Nil

XI. Spleen

1. Gross appearance, colour, size: Slightly enlarged, dark bluish-red
2. Surface: Smooth; capsule intact and not tense
3. Section: Congested; pulp is dark red and exudes moderate amount of blood on scraping; white pulp not prominent; trabeculae visible; no infarcts
4. Parasites, if any: Nil

XII. Kidneys

1. Gross appearance, colour, size: Bilateral kidneys of normal size; cortex pale tan-grey; capsule intact
2. Capsule: Peels away easily; cortical surface smooth
3. Renal surface: Pale, smooth; occasional petechiae on cortical surface
4. Section: Cortex pale and slightly swollen (cloudy swelling); medulla congested and dark red; corticomedullary junction distinct
5. Renal pelvis: Contains scant amount of clear urine; no calculi; pelvis mucosa smooth
6. Parasites and calculi: Nil

XIII. Adrenal Glands

XIV. Mouth (lips, teeth, gums, palate etc.)

XV. Tongue

XVI. Pharynx

1. Submaxillary lymph glands: Mildly enlarged and oedematous
2. Associated glands - Tonsils: Tonsils mildly enlarged with pale grey colour; retropharyngeal and suprapharyngeal lymph nodes mildly enlarged

XVII. Oesophagus

1. Parasites: Nil; mucosa intact and smooth

XVIII. Stomach (Rumen, Reticulum, Omasum, Abomasum)

1. Outer surface: Normal
2. Interior and contents: Rumen contains partially fermented fibrous ingesta; mucosa intact; abomasal mucosa mildly congested and shows focal petechiae; moderate amount of mucus on abomasal surface
3. Parasites: Nil

XIX. Intestines

1. Mesentery, mesenteric blood vessels and parasites: Mesenteric vessels congested; no parasites
2. Wall and its surfaces: Small intestinal mucosa mildly congested; large intestinal mucosa normal; no fibrinous deposits
3. Ileocaecal valve: Normal
4. Contents: Semisolid ingesta in large intestine; normal
5. Parasites: Nil
6. Lymphatic glands: Mesenteric lymph nodes mildly enlarged and oedematous

XX. Pancreas

XXI. Pelvic Cavity

1. Urinary bladder: Contains approximately 200 mL of amber-coloured, turbid urine; mucosa mildly congested
2. Generative organs: Uterus and ovaries - no gross abnormality; cervix closed
3. Lymphatic glands: Iliac and inguinal lymph nodes unremarkable

XXII. Brain and Spinal Cord

XXIII. Skeleton

XXIV. Musculature

XXV. Clinical Laboratory Examinations

• Lung (consolidated lobe) in 10% NBF - Histopathology
• Fresh lung, bronchial LN - Bacteriological culture
• Nasal swab - Culture and sensitivity
• Blood smear - Haematology

• Jubb KVF, Kennedy PC, Palmer N (2016). Pathology of Domestic Animals, 6th ed., Vol. 2, pp. 562-580. Elsevier Saunders.
• McGavin MD, Zachary JF (2012). Pathologic Basis of Veterinary Disease, 5th ed., pp. 476-502. Elsevier Mosby.
• Thomson RG (1984). Special Veterinary Pathology, pp. 141-165. B.C. Decker Inc.

POST MORTEM REPORT - 2

A. Precis of the Case

1. Date of admission: ...............
2. Date and time of death: ...............
3. Date and time of making P.M. examination: (within 3 hours of death)
4. History: Animal was found acutely recumbent following a road accident / fall from height / attack by predator. Presented with marked weakness, rapid weak pulse, pale mucous membranes, and laboured breathing. Died within a few hours of the incident despite supportive treatment.
5. Clinical diagnosis: Acute traumatic injury with rapid cardiovascular collapse.

B. External Examination

1. Class of animal, sex, age, breed: Caprine, Male, Adult (approximately 2 years), Non-descript
2. Descriptive marks: Brown with white patches; curved horns
3. Condition of the body: Fair body condition; hair coat normal
4. Rigor mortis: Incomplete at time of P.M. examination (early post-mortem change)
5. Natural orifices: Dried blood around nostrils and mouth; rectum shows relaxation with a small amount of expelled faeces
6. Visible mucous membranes: Oral and conjunctival mucous membranes markedly pale (almost white) and dry; no cyanosis
7. Presence of wounds, if any: Lacerations and abrasions on the right thoracic wall and forelimb; multiple contusions and areas of ecchymosis over right flank and hip; skin is intact over abdomen but subcutaneous haematoma present over right thoracic region
8. Superficial lymph glands: Prescapular and prefemoral lymph nodes appear small and pale due to exsanguination
9. Any other abnormalities: Marked pallor of the skin and exposed tissues; ocular mucosa pale and dry

C. Internal Examination

I. Subcutaneous Tissue

II. Abdominal Cavity

1. Peritoneal cavity and peritoneum: Peritoneal cavity contains approximately 400-500 mL of free, dark red, unclotted blood (haemoperitoneum); peritoneal surface stained red; no fibrin or inflammatory exudate
2. Position of organs: All organs in normal anatomical position; appear uniformly pale and anaemic
3. Any other abnormality: Mesenteric vessels are thin-walled and nearly empty; mesenteric fat is pale and scanty

III. Thoracic Cavity

1. Pleural cavity and pleura: Right pleural cavity contains approximately 200-300 mL of free, dark red blood (haemothorax); left side contains approximately 50 mL; pleural surfaces smooth and glistening; no fibrin; no adhesions
2. Position of organs: Trachea and oesophagus in normal position; right lung lobe partially compressed by haemothorax
3. Any other abnormality: Rib fractures (4th and 5th ribs on right side) with sharp fragment ends causing laceration of overlying intercostal muscle and pleura

IV. Pericardial Sac

V. Heart

1. Gross appearance: Markedly small and contracted ("empty heart"); pale pink; epicardial surface dry; subepicardial petechiae and ecchymoses distributed over right ventricular wall and interventricular groove (petechiae consistent with terminal hypoxia and circulatory failure)
2. Chambers: All four chambers nearly empty of blood; walls appear thin and flaccid; right and left ventricles contain minimal, very dark, tarry blood clots
3. Valves: No valvular lesions; leaflets thin and normal
4. Myocardium: Pale, slightly softened myocardium; no gross infarcts; right ventricle wall thin
5. Blood vessels: Aorta and major vessels contain minimal dark blood; vessel walls thin and collapsed

VI. Trachea and Bronchi

VII. Larynx

VIII. Lungs

1. Gross appearance, colour, size: Both lungs are diffusely pale (anaemic) and do not fully collapse; cranioventral aspects show small atelectatic foci; caudal lobes are pale pink to grey; right lung lobe shows a 3x3 cm area of parenchymal contusion on the lateral surface (dark red, firm, airless)
2. Palpable abnormalities: Pulmonary contusion on right lobe is firm and non-crepitant; remaining parenchyma is soft; interstitial emphysema noted in dorsal lung margins (small gas-filled blebs)
3. Section: Cut surface of normal parenchyma shows pale, dry, minimally bleeding tissue (anaemic lung); contused area exudes dark blood on section; no purulent exudate; interlobular septa normal
4. Parasites: Nil
5. Lymph glands: Tracheobronchial and mediastinal lymph nodes are small, pale, and nearly bloodless

IX. Diaphragm

X. Liver

1. Gross appearance, colour, size: Markedly pale, yellow-tan; reduced in apparent volume; sharp borders
2. Surface: Smooth; capsule intact; pale yellow-tan with complete loss of the normal dark-red congested appearance
3. Borders: Sharp and thin (hypovolaemic liver)
4. Parenchyma: Cut surface very pale; sinusoids appear empty; no centrilobular congestion; parenchyma moist but bloodless; scattered pale-yellow hepatocytes indicating early ischaemic change; no necrosis or haemorrhage
5. Gall bladder: Contracted; contains a small amount of thick, dark-green bile; wall normal
6. Parasites: Nil

XI. Spleen

1. Gross appearance, colour, size: Markedly contracted and small (approximately 1/3 normal size); dark reddish-brown; firm
2. Surface: Capsule wrinkled and thrown into irregular folds (splenic contraction); pale greyish-red
3. Section: Pulp dark reddish-brown; white pulp indistinct; minimal blood expressed on scraping (depleted blood reserve); trabeculae prominent
4. Parasites, if any: Nil

XII. Kidneys

1. Gross appearance, colour, size: Pale, slightly reduced in size; cortex whitish-grey
2. Capsule: Peels freely; cortical surface smooth and pale
3. Renal surface: Uniformly pale; petechiae absent
4. Section: Cortex pale and dry; medulla slightly darker; corticomedullary junction distinct; glomeruli appear pale and empty of blood (ischaemic change)
5. Renal pelvis: Contains minimal clear urine; no calculi or haemorrhage
6. Parasites and calculi: Nil

XIII. Adrenal Glands

XIV. Mouth (lips, teeth, gums, palate etc.)

XV. Tongue

XVI. Pharynx

1. Submaxillary lymph glands: Pale, small
2. Associated glands - Tonsils: Normal; pale; retropharyngeal and suprapharyngeal lymph nodes pale

XVII. Oesophagus

1. Parasites: Nil; mucosa intact

XVIII. Stomach (Rumen, Reticulum, Omasum, Abomasum)

1. Outer surface: Pale
2. Interior and contents: Rumen contains partially digested ingesta; mucosa pale; no haemorrhage; abomasal mucosa pale; no ulcers
3. Parasites: Nil

XIX. Intestines

1. Mesentery, mesenteric blood vessels and parasites: Mesenteric blood vessels thin and collapsed (exsanguinated); mesenteric lymph nodes pale and small; no parasites
2. Wall and its surfaces: Small and large intestinal mucosa markedly pale; no haemorrhage; serosal surface pallid
3. Ileocaecal valve: Normal
4. Contents: Ingesta normal in consistency and colour
5. Parasites: Nil
6. Lymphatic glands: Pale and small

XX. Pancreas

XXI. Pelvic Cavity

1. Urinary bladder: Empty; mucosa pale; no haemorrhage
2. Generative organs: Testes and accessory organs normal; pale
3. Lymphatic glands: Iliac lymph nodes small and pale

XXII. Brain and Spinal Cord

XXIII. Skeleton

XXIV. Musculature

XXV. Clinical Laboratory Examinations

• Haemorrhagic fluid (abdominal and pleural) - Analysis
• Liver, kidney, adrenal, myocardium sections in 10% NBF - Histopathology
• Blood smear - Haematology

• Jubb KVF, Kennedy PC, Palmer N (2016). Pathology of Domestic Animals, 6th ed., Vol. 1, pp. 46-68 (Disturbances of blood flow and fluid balance). Elsevier Saunders.
• McGavin MD, Zachary JF (2012). Pathologic Basis of Veterinary Disease, 5th ed., pp. 93-117 (Hemodynamic Disorders). Elsevier Mosby.
• Sprayberry KA, Robinson NE (2015). Robinson's Current Therapy in Equine Medicine, reference to circulatory failure; also Thomson RG (1984). Special Veterinary Pathology, pp. 30-45.

POST MORTEM REPORT - 3

A. Precis of the Case

1. Date of admission: ...............
2. Date and time of death: ...............
3. Date and time of making P.M. examination: (within 6 hours of death)
4. History: Intact female dog, approximately 8-10 years old; presented with a multi-nodular mass in the right inguinal mammary glands (glands 4 and 5) noticed 4-6 months ago and progressively increasing in size; recent history of decreased appetite and respiratory distress for 2 weeks; mass ulcerated in places with serosanguinous discharge.
5. Clinical diagnosis: Mammary gland neoplasia with suspected systemic involvement.

B. External Examination

1. Class of animal, sex, age, breed: Canine, Female (intact), Adult (8-10 years), Labrador/Non-descript
2. Descriptive marks: Yellow-fawn coat; no collar
3. Condition of the body: Moderate body condition; weight loss noted; unkempt coat
4. Rigor mortis: Well established
5. Natural orifices: No significant discharge from any orifice; mild vulval serosanguineous discharge
6. Visible mucous membranes: Oral and conjunctival mucous membranes pale pink; no icteric discolouration
7. Presence of wounds, if any: Right inguinal mammary mass (glands M4 and M5 region): multi-lobulated, firm, irregular, approximately 12x10x8 cm; surface shows partial ulceration with dried serosanguineous crust; mass is partly fixed to underlying tissue; skin overlying is thinned and hairless; adjacent mammary glands (M3 right) show a 3x3 cm firm nodule; left mammary chain: M4 and M5 show a 2x2 cm firm, well-circumscribed nodule
8. Superficial lymph glands: Right superficial inguinal lymph node markedly enlarged (approximately 4x3 cm), firm, irregular; left superficial inguinal lymph node mildly enlarged and firm; right axillary lymph node mildly enlarged
9. Any other abnormalities: Multiple small (0.5-1 cm), firm subcutaneous nodules along the right thoracic mammary chain; skin overlying ulcerated mass shows neovascularisation

C. Internal Examination

I. Subcutaneous Tissue

II. Abdominal Cavity

1. Peritoneal cavity and peritoneum: Peritoneal cavity contains approximately 100-150 mL of straw-coloured to slightly turbid fluid (modified transudate); peritoneal surface shows multiple small (0.3-1 cm) white to grey, firm nodular implants scattered over the omentum, mesentery, and parietal peritoneum (peritoneal carcinomatosis pattern); greater omentum thickened and shows diffuse firm white nodularity
2. Position of organs: All organs in normal anatomical position; liver appears mottled
3. Any other abnormality: Mesenteric lymph nodes enlarged and firm; omental implants confirmed on palpation

III. Thoracic Cavity

1. Pleural cavity and pleura: Bilateral moderate pleural effusion: approximately 250 mL right and 150 mL left of milky-white to serosanguineous fluid; pleural surface shows multiple small (0.2-0.8 cm) white-grey firm nodular deposits scattered over visceral and parietal pleura (pleural carcinomatosis); pleural surfaces otherwise smooth
2. Position of organs: Lungs fail to fully expand; trachea midline; mild mediastinal widening
3. Any other abnormality: Mediastinal lymph nodes enlarged (sternal and cranial mediastinal)

IV. Pericardial Sac

V. Heart

1. Gross appearance: Normal size and shape; epicardial surface shows small firm white nodules as noted; subepicardial fat reduced
2. Chambers: Normal chamber volume; blood dark and fluid
3. Valves: No significant valvular lesions
4. Myocardium: Pale myocardium; no gross nodules within myocardium
5. Blood vessels: Aorta and pulmonary vessels normal; no thrombi

VI. Trachea and Bronchi

VII. Larynx

VIII. Lungs

1. Gross appearance, colour, size: Both lungs fail to fully collapse due to pleural effusion compression; lung parenchyma shows multifocal, randomly distributed, firm, white to grey nodules of varying size (0.3-3 cm) scattered throughout all lobes; background parenchyma is pale and atelectatic in ventral regions; dorsal regions dark red and congested
2. Palpable abnormalities: Multiple firm, non-crepitant white-grey nodules throughout all lung lobes (right caudal lobe most severely affected); lesions vary from 0.3 to 3.0 cm in diameter; central areas of largest nodules are firm and gritty on palpation (consistent with mineralisation/cartilaginous matrix); smaller nodules are uniformly firm and white
3. Section: Cut surface reveals the nodules to be solid, white to light grey, with a glistening cut surface; the largest nodules show central areas of firm off-white material with a chalky, gritty consistency (mineralisation) surrounded by a rim of white-grey soft tissue; smaller nodules are uniformly white-grey and solid; intervening parenchyma shows congestion and mild oedema; no cavitation; no purulent material
4. Parasites: Nil
5. Lymph glands: Tracheobronchial and pulmonary lymph nodes markedly enlarged, firm, white; cut surface replaced by white-grey firm tissue

IX. Diaphragm

X. Liver

1. Gross appearance, colour, size: Mildly enlarged; mottled tan-red; rounded borders
2. Surface: Multiple small (0.3-1.5 cm) white-grey firm nodules on capsular surface and throughout parenchyma
3. Borders: Rounded, blunt
4. Parenchyma: Cut surface shows multiple white-grey firm nodules scattered throughout hepatic parenchyma; nodules are well-defined, lack haemorrhage, and have a glistening white-grey cut surface; background hepatic parenchyma shows mild centrilobular pallor; no necrosis
5. Gall bladder: Wall normal; contains moderate bile; no calculi
6. Parasites: Nil

XI. Spleen

1. Gross appearance, colour, size: Normal size; dark reddish-brown; no mass lesions
2. Surface: Smooth; one small (5 mm) firm white subcapsular nodule noted
3. Section: One white-grey firm nodule on cut surface; remaining splenic pulp congested and dark red; white pulp visible; no infarcts
4. Parasites, if any: Nil

XII. Kidneys

1. Gross appearance, colour, size: Normal size and colour; cortex pale tan
2. Capsule: Peels freely; surface shows one small (4 mm) white subcortical nodule in left kidney
3. Renal surface: Smooth; one white nodule noted
4. Section: Small white nodule on cut section of left kidney; cortex otherwise normal; medulla congested; no other lesions
5. Renal pelvis: Contains scant clear urine; no calculi
6. Parasites and calculi: Nil

XIII. Adrenal Glands

XIV. Mouth (lips, teeth, gums, palate etc.)

XV. Tongue

XVI. Pharynx

1. Submaxillary lymph glands: Bilaterally enlarged and firm, particularly right side; cut surface white-grey and firm
2. Associated glands - Tonsils: Tonsils appear normal; retropharyngeal lymph nodes mildly enlarged

XVII. Oesophagus

1. Parasites: Nil; mucosa intact

XVIII. Stomach

1. Outer surface: Normal; no nodular implants
2. Interior and contents: Mucosa intact; no ulcers; minimal ingesta
3. Parasites: Nil

XIX. Intestines

1. Mesentery, mesenteric blood vessels and parasites: Mesentery thickened; multiple (>10) small white-grey firm nodular deposits on mesenteric surface and within mesenteric lymph nodes
2. Wall and its surfaces: Small intestinal serosal surface shows rare small (3-5 mm) firm white nodules; mucosa intact; no haemorrhage
3. Ileocaecal valve: Normal
4. Contents: Normal
5. Parasites: Nil
6. Lymphatic glands: Mesenteric lymph nodes markedly enlarged, firm, pale; cut surface shows diffuse white-grey tissue

XX. Pancreas

XXI. Pelvic Cavity

1. Urinary bladder: Contains small amount of amber urine; mucosa normal
2. Generative organs: Uterus mildly enlarged; uterine horns show a few small (3-5 mm) serosal white nodules; no obvious pyometra; ovaries small and quiescent (no active follicles or corpora lutea)
3. Lymphatic glands: Iliac lymph nodes markedly enlarged, firm, and white; cut surface shows dense white-grey firm tissue replacing normal architecture bilaterally

XXII. Brain and Spinal Cord

XXIII. Skeleton

XXIV. Musculature

XXV. Clinical Laboratory Examinations

• Primary mammary mass sections in 10% NBF - Histopathology
• Right inguinal lymph node - Histopathology + cytology impression smear
• Lung nodule (largest) - Histopathology
• Liver nodule - Histopathology
• Pleural fluid - Cytology
• Mesenteric lymph node - Histopathology

• Jubb KVF, Kennedy PC, Palmer N (2016). Pathology of Domestic Animals, 6th ed., Vol. 1, pp. 732-742 (Mammary gland neoplasia). Elsevier Saunders.
• McGavin MD, Zachary JF (2012). Pathologic Basis of Veterinary Disease, 5th ed., pp. 1175-1182 (Neoplasms of the mammary gland). Elsevier Mosby.
• Misdorp W, Else RW, Hellmen E, Lipscomb TP (1999). Histological Classification of Mammary Tumors of the Dog and Cat. WHO International Histological Classification of Tumors of Domestic Animals, 2nd series, Vol. VII. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington D.C.
• Thomson RG (1984). Special Veterinary Pathology, pp. 405-410. B.C. Decker Inc.

• The condition name does not appear anywhere in any of the three reports - only the gross and microscopic lesions are described.
• The "Tentative Diagnosis" line uses purely descriptive pathological terminology (nature, location, character of lesions) as required for a proper PM report.
• All findings reference Jubb Kennedy & Palmer's Pathology of Domestic Animals (the gold standard veterinary pathology text), McGavin & Zachary's Pathologic Basis of Veterinary Disease, Thomson's Special Veterinary Pathology, and the WHO classification for mammary tumours.
• Histopathological confirmation is recommended in all three cases for definitive diagnosis.

POST MORTEM REPORT - 1

A. Precis of the Case

1. Date of admission: ...
2. Date and time of death: ...
3. Date and time of P.M. examination: ...
4. History: Respiratory distress, nasal discharge, coughing, pyrexia for 5-7 days. Died after progressive deterioration.
5. Clinical diagnosis: Respiratory disease

B. External Examination

1. Class of animal, sex, age, breed: Bovine, Female, Adult, Non-descript
2. Descriptive marks: Black and white coat
3. Condition of body: Poor; emaciated; rough coat
4. Rigor mortis: Well established
5. Natural orifices: Mucopurulent discharge from both nostrils
6. Visible mucous membranes: Pale and slightly cyanotic
7. Presence of wounds: Nil
8. Superficial lymph glands: Prescapular and prefemoral lymph nodes mildly enlarged
9. Any other abnormalities: Nil

C. Internal Examination

1. Peritoneal cavity and peritoneum: No abnormality detected
2. Position of organs: Normal
3. Any other abnormality: Nil

1. Pleural cavity and pleura: Bilateral fibrinous deposits on pleural surface; 200-300 mL turbid yellowish exudate present; visceral and parietal pleura adherent at multiple foci
2. Position of organs: Lung lobes consolidated and do not collapse on opening
3. Any other abnormality: Nil

1. Gross appearance: No abnormality detected
2. Chambers: No abnormality detected
3. Valves: No abnormality detected
4. Myocardium: No abnormality detected
5. Blood vessels: No abnormality detected

1. Gross appearance: Markedly enlarged; fail to collapse; cranioventral lobes dark red to greyish-red; firm and airless
2. Palpable abnormalities: Cranioventral consolidation - firm, rubbery, hepatised texture; interlobular septa widened; small grey-yellow suppurative foci palpable
3. Section: Greyish-red airless consolidated parenchyma (grey and red hepatisation); exudes mucopurulent fluid on pressure; interlobular septa filled with oedema and fibrin (marbled appearance); small yellowish suppurative foci visible
4. Parasites: Nil
5. Lymph glands: Tracheobronchial and mediastinal lymph nodes markedly enlarged; firm; pale tan on cut section

1. Submaxillary lymph glands: Mildly enlarged and oedematous
2. Associated glands - Tonsils: No abnormality detected

• Jubb KVF, Kennedy PC, Palmer N (2016). Pathology of Domestic Animals, 6th ed., Vol. 2, pp. 562-580.
• McGavin MD, Zachary JF (2012). Pathologic Basis of Veterinary Disease, 5th ed., pp. 476-502.

POST MORTEM REPORT - 2

A. Precis of the Case

1. Date of admission: ...
2. Date and time of death: ...
3. Date and time of P.M. examination: ...
4. History: Found acutely recumbent after road accident. Presented with rapid weak pulse, pale mucous membranes, laboured breathing. Died within hours despite treatment.
5. Clinical diagnosis: Acute traumatic injury with cardiovascular collapse

B. External Examination

1. Class of animal, sex, age, breed: Caprine, Male, Adult (~2 years), Non-descript
2. Descriptive marks: Brown with white patches
3. Condition of body: Fair; acute presentation
4. Rigor mortis: Incomplete (early post-mortem)
5. Natural orifices: Dried blood around nostrils and mouth
6. Visible mucous membranes: Markedly pale; almost white; dry
7. Presence of wounds: Lacerations and abrasions on right thoracic wall and forelimb; subcutaneous haematoma over right thorax
8. Superficial lymph glands: Small and pale due to exsanguination
9. Any other abnormalities: Marked pallor of all exposed tissues

C. Internal Examination

1. Peritoneal cavity and peritoneum: ~400-500 mL of free dark red unclotted blood (haemoperitoneum); peritoneal surface stained red
2. Position of organs: All organs uniformly pale and anaemic
3. Any other abnormality: Mesenteric vessels thin and nearly empty

1. Pleural cavity and pleura: Right pleural cavity ~200-300 mL free dark red blood (haemothorax); left ~50 mL; pleural surfaces smooth
2. Position of organs: Right lung partially compressed by haemothorax
3. Any other abnormality: Fracture of right 4th and 5th ribs; sharp fragment ends lacerate overlying intercostal muscle and pleura

1. Gross appearance: Markedly contracted and small ("empty heart"); epicardial petechiae and ecchymoses on right ventricular wall
2. Chambers: All chambers nearly empty; walls thin and flaccid
3. Valves: No abnormality detected
4. Myocardium: Pale and slightly softened
5. Blood vessels: Aorta and major vessels collapsed; contain minimal dark blood

1. Gross appearance: Diffusely pale; do not fully collapse; right lobe - 3x3 cm area of dark red firm parenchymal contusion
2. Palpable abnormalities: Contused area firm and non-crepitant; small interstitial emphysematous blebs at dorsal margins
3. Section: Pale dry cut surface (anaemic); contused area exudes dark blood; no purulent exudate
4. Parasites: Nil
5. Lymph glands: Small and bloodless

1. Gross appearance: Markedly pale, yellow-tan; sharp borders
2. Surface: No abnormality detected
3. Borders: Sharp and thin (hypovolaemic)
4. Parenchyma: Very pale; sinusoids empty; early ischaemic change in hepatocytes
5. Gall bladder: Contracted; small amount of thick bile; no calculi
6. Parasites: Nil

1. Gross appearance: Markedly contracted; approximately 1/3 normal size; firm
2. Surface: Capsule wrinkled and folded
3. Section: Minimal blood on scraping; depleted blood reserve
4. Parasites: Nil

1. Gross appearance: Pale; slightly reduced size
2. Capsule: No abnormality detected
3. Renal surface: Uniformly pale
4. Section: Cortex pale and dry; glomeruli appear empty (ischaemic change)
5. Renal pelvis: Minimal urine; no calculi
6. Parasites and calculi: Nil

1. Submaxillary lymph glands: Pale and small
2. Associated glands: No abnormality detected

1. Mesentery/blood vessels: Vessels collapsed and exsanguinated
2. Wall: Mucosa markedly pale 3-6: No abnormality detected

1. Urinary bladder: Empty; mucosa pale
2. Generative organs: Pale; no other abnormality
3. Lymphatic glands: Iliac nodes small and pale

• Jubb KVF, Kennedy PC, Palmer N (2016). Pathology of Domestic Animals, 6th ed., Vol. 1, pp. 46-68.
• McGavin MD, Zachary JF (2012). Pathologic Basis of Veterinary Disease, 5th ed., pp. 93-117.

POST MORTEM REPORT - 3

A. Precis of the Case

1. Date of admission: ...
2. Date and time of death: ...
3. Date and time of P.M. examination: ...
4. History: Intact female, ~8-10 years; multi-nodular mammary mass growing for 4-6 months; recent respiratory distress and weight loss; mass ulcerated with serosanguineous discharge.
5. Clinical diagnosis: Mammary gland neoplasia with suspected systemic spread

B. External Examination

1. Class of animal, sex, age, breed: Canine, Female (intact), Adult (~9 years), Labrador/Non-descript
2. Descriptive marks: Yellow-fawn coat
3. Condition of body: Moderate; weight loss; unkempt coat
4. Rigor mortis: Well established
5. Natural orifices: Mild vulval serosanguineous discharge; no other discharge
6. Visible mucous membranes: Pale pink; no icterus
7. Presence of wounds: Right inguinal mammary mass (glands M4-M5) - multi-lobulated, firm, irregular, ~12x10x8 cm; surface partially ulcerated with dried serosanguineous crust; partly fixed to underlying tissue; right M3 - firm nodule ~3x3 cm; left M4-M5 - firm well-circumscribed nodule ~2x2 cm
8. Superficial lymph glands: Right superficial inguinal lymph node markedly enlarged (~4x3 cm), firm, irregular; left inguinal and right axillary lymph nodes mildly enlarged
9. Any other abnormalities: Multiple small firm subcutaneous nodules along right mammary chain

C. Internal Examination

1. Peritoneal cavity and peritoneum: ~100-150 mL straw-coloured modified transudate; multiple small (0.3-1 cm) white-grey firm nodular implants on omentum, mesentery, and parietal peritoneum; omentum thickened with diffuse white nodularity
2. Position of organs: Normal; liver appears mottled
3. Any other abnormality: Mesenteric lymph nodes enlarged and firm

1. Pleural cavity and pleura: Bilateral pleural effusion (~250 mL right, ~150 mL left), milky-white to serosanguineous; multiple small (0.2-0.8 cm) white-grey firm nodular deposits on visceral and parietal pleura
2. Position of organs: Lungs fail to fully expand; mild mediastinal widening
3. Any other abnormality: Mediastinal and sternal lymph nodes enlarged

1. Gross appearance: Fail to collapse; multifocal randomly distributed firm white-grey nodules (0.3-3 cm) in all lobes; largest nodules in right caudal lobe
2. Palpable abnormalities: Nodules firm and non-crepitant; central areas of largest nodules gritty and chalky (mineralisation/cartilaginous matrix)
3. Section: Nodules solid, white to light grey, glistening; largest nodules show central chalky-white gritty material surrounded by white-grey soft tissue; no cavitation; no purulent material
4. Parasites: Nil
5. Lymph glands: Tracheobronchial and pulmonary lymph nodes markedly enlarged; cut surface replaced by white-grey firm tissue

1. Gross appearance: Mildly enlarged; mottled tan-red
2. Surface: Multiple small (0.3-1.5 cm) white-grey firm nodules on capsule and parenchyma
3. Borders: Rounded, blunt
4. Parenchyma: Multiple white-grey firm well-defined nodules on cut surface; no necrosis
5. Gall bladder: No abnormality detected
6. Parasites: Nil

1. Gross appearance: Normal size
2. Surface: One small (5 mm) firm white subcapsular nodule
3. Section: One white-grey firm nodule; remaining parenchyma normal
4. Parasites: Nil

1. Gross appearance: Normal size and colour
2. Capsule: One small (4 mm) white subcortical nodule in left kidney 3-6: No other abnormality detected

1. Submaxillary lymph glands: Bilaterally enlarged and firm; cut surface white-grey and firm (right more than left)
2. Associated glands: No abnormality detected

1. Mesentery: Thickened; multiple small white-grey firm nodular deposits on mesenteric surface
2. Wall: Rare small (3-5 mm) firm white serosal nodules on small intestine 3-6: No abnormality detected

1. Urinary bladder: No abnormality detected
2. Generative organs: Small white nodules on uterine serosal surface; ovaries small and quiescent
3. Lymphatic glands: Iliac lymph nodes markedly enlarged; dense white-grey firm tissue on cut section bilaterally

• Jubb KVF, Kennedy PC, Palmer N (2016). Pathology of Domestic Animals, 6th ed., Vol. 1, pp. 732-742.
• McGavin MD, Zachary JF (2012). Pathologic Basis of Veterinary Disease, 5th ed., pp. 1175-1182.
• Misdorp W et al. (1999). WHO Histological Classification of Mammary Tumors of the Dog and Cat, 2nd series, Vol. VII. AFIP, Washington D.C.

POST MORTEM REPORT – 1

A. Precis of the Case

1. Date of admission: ...
2. Date and time of death: ...
3. Date and time of P.M. examination: ...
4. History: Coughing, nasal discharge, fever, difficulty breathing for 5–7 days. Progressive deterioration. Found dead.
5. Clinical diagnosis: Respiratory disease

B. External Examination

1. Class/sex/age/breed: Bovine, Female, Adult, Non-descript
2. Descriptive marks: Black and white coat
3. Condition of body: Poor; emaciated
4. Rigor mortis: Well established
5. Natural orifices: Mucopurulent discharge from both nostrils
6. Visible mucous membranes: Pale and cyanotic
7. Wounds: Nil
8. Superficial lymph nodes: Prescapular and prefemoral – mildly enlarged
9. Other abnormalities: Nil

C. Internal Examination

1. Peritoneal cavity: NAD
2. Position of organs: Normal
3. Other abnormality: Nil

1. Pleura: Fibrinous deposits on both pleural surfaces; 200–300 mL turbid yellowish fluid present; adhesions between visceral and parietal pleura
2. Position of organs: Lungs consolidated; do not collapse on opening
3. Other: Nil

1. Gross appearance: NAD
2. Chambers: NAD
3. Valves: NAD
4. Myocardium: NAD
5. Blood vessels: NAD

1. Gross appearance: Enlarged; fail to collapse; cranioventral lobes dark red to grey; firm and airless
2. Palpable abnormalities: Cranioventral lobes firm and rubbery (hepatised); small yellowish pus foci palpable
3. Section: Airless, grey-red consolidated tissue; mucopurulent fluid oozes on pressure; interlobular septa widened and oedematous (marbled appearance)
4. Parasites: Nil
5. Lymph nodes: Tracheobronchial and mediastinal lymph nodes – enlarged, firm, pale

1. Submaxillary lymph nodes: Mildly enlarged
2. Tonsils: NAD

• Jubb, Kennedy & Palmer – Pathology of Domestic Animals, 6th ed., Vol. 2, pp. 562–580
• McGavin & Zachary – Pathologic Basis of Veterinary Disease, 5th ed., pp. 476–502

POST MORTEM REPORT – 2

A. Precis of the Case

1. Date of admission: ...
2. Date and time of death: ...
3. Date and time of P.M. examination: ...
4. History: Found recumbent after road accident. Weak rapid pulse, very pale mucous membranes, laboured breathing. Died within hours.
5. Clinical diagnosis: Acute traumatic injury with rapid blood loss

B. External Examination

1. Class/sex/age/breed: Caprine, Male, Adult (~2 yrs), Non-descript
2. Descriptive marks: Brown with white patches
3. Condition of body: Fair; acute presentation
4. Rigor mortis: Incomplete (early)
5. Natural orifices: Dried blood around nostrils and mouth
6. Visible mucous membranes: Markedly pale; white; dry
7. Wounds: Lacerations and abrasions on right thoracic wall and forelimb; subcutaneous haematoma over right thorax
8. Superficial lymph nodes: Small and pale
9. Other: Marked pallor of all exposed tissues

C. Internal Examination

1. Peritoneal cavity: ~400–500 mL free dark red unclotted blood (haemoperitoneum)
2. Position of organs: All organs pale and anaemic
3. Other: Mesenteric vessels thin and empty

1. Pleura: Right side ~200–300 mL free dark red blood (haemothorax); left ~50 mL; pleural surface smooth
2. Position of organs: Right lung compressed by haemothorax
3. Other: Fracture of right 4th and 5th ribs; sharp ends lacerate intercostal muscle and pleura

1. Gross appearance: Contracted; small ("empty heart"); petechiae and ecchymoses on right ventricular wall
2. Chambers: All chambers nearly empty; walls thin and flaccid
3. Valves: NAD
4. Myocardium: Pale; slightly soft
5. Blood vessels: Collapsed; contain minimal dark blood

1. Gross appearance: Diffusely pale; right lobe – 3×3 cm dark red firm contusion
2. Palpable abnormalities: Contused area firm and non-crepitant
3. Section: Pale dry cut surface; contused area bleeds dark blood on cut
4. Parasites: Nil
5. Lymph nodes: Small and bloodless

1. Gross appearance: Markedly pale; yellow-tan; sharp borders
2. Surface: NAD
3. Borders: Sharp and thin
4. Parenchyma: Very pale; sinusoids empty; early ischaemic changes
5. Gall bladder: Contracted; small amount of thick bile
6. Parasites: Nil

1. Gross appearance: Contracted; about 1/3 normal size; firm
2. Surface: Capsule wrinkled
3. Section: Minimal blood on scraping
4. Parasites: Nil

1. Gross appearance: Pale; slightly reduced size
2. Capsule: NAD
3. Renal surface: Uniformly pale
4. Section: Cortex pale and dry; glomeruli empty (ischaemia)
5. Renal pelvis: Minimal urine; no calculi
6. Parasites: Nil

1. Submaxillary lymph nodes: Small and pale
2. Tonsils: NAD

1. Mesenteric vessels: Collapsed and bloodless
2. Wall: Mucosa markedly pale 3–6: NAD

1. Urinary bladder: Empty; pale mucosa
2. Generative organs: Pale; NAD
3. Lymph nodes: Iliac nodes small and pale

• Jubb, Kennedy & Palmer – Pathology of Domestic Animals, 6th ed., Vol. 1, pp. 46–68
• McGavin & Zachary – Pathologic Basis of Veterinary Disease, 5th ed., pp. 93–117

POST MORTEM REPORT – 3

A. Precis of the Case

1. Date of admission: ...
2. Date and time of death: ...
3. Date and time of P.M. examination: ...
4. History: Intact female, ~9 years; growing mammary mass for 4–6 months; recent weight loss and breathing difficulty; mass ulcerated with bloody discharge.
5. Clinical diagnosis: Mammary gland neoplasia with suspected systemic spread

B. External Examination

1. Class/sex/age/breed: Canine, Female (intact), Adult (~9 yrs), Non-descript
2. Descriptive marks: Yellow-fawn coat
3. Condition of body: Moderate; weight loss
4. Rigor mortis: Well established
5. Natural orifices: Mild serosanguineous vulval discharge
6. Visible mucous membranes: Pale pink; no icterus
7. Wounds: Right inguinal mammary glands (M4–M5) – multi-lobulated firm irregular mass ~12×10×8 cm; surface ulcerated; partially fixed to underlying tissue; right M3 – firm nodule ~3×3 cm; left M4–M5 – firm nodule ~2×2 cm
8. Superficial lymph nodes: Right superficial inguinal LN – markedly enlarged (~4×3 cm), firm; left inguinal and right axillary – mildly enlarged
9. Other: Multiple small firm nodules along right mammary chain subcutaneously

C. Internal Examination

1. Peritoneal cavity: ~100–150 mL straw-coloured fluid; multiple small white-grey firm nodules on omentum, mesentery, and peritoneum
2. Position of organs: Normal; liver mottled
3. Other: Mesenteric lymph nodes enlarged and firm

1. Pleura: Bilateral pleural effusion (~250 mL right, ~150 mL left), milky-white to serosanguineous; multiple small white-grey firm nodules on pleural surfaces
2. Position of organs: Lungs fail to expand; mild mediastinal widening
3. Other: Mediastinal and sternal lymph nodes enlarged

1. Gross appearance: Multiple white-grey firm nodules (0.3–3 cm) scattered in all lobes; fail to collapse
2. Palpable abnormalities: Nodules firm; largest nodules gritty/chalky in centre (mineralisation)
3. Section: Nodules solid, white-grey, glistening; central chalky-white gritty material in largest nodules; no pus; no cavitation
4. Parasites: Nil
5. Lymph nodes: Markedly enlarged; white-grey firm tissue on cut surface

1. Gross appearance: Mildly enlarged; mottled tan-red
2. Surface: Multiple small white-grey firm nodules on capsule
3. Borders: Rounded
4. Parenchyma: Multiple firm white-grey nodules on cut surface; no necrosis
5. Gall bladder: NAD
6. Parasites: Nil

1. Gross appearance: Normal size
2. Surface: One small white subcapsular nodule (5 mm)
3. Section: One white-grey nodule; rest normal
4. Parasites: Nil

1. Gross appearance: Normal
2. Capsule: One small white nodule (4 mm) in left kidney 3–6: NAD

1. Submaxillary lymph nodes: Bilaterally enlarged; white-grey firm cut surface
2. Tonsils: NAD

1. Mesentery: Multiple small white-grey firm nodules on mesenteric surface
2. Wall: Rare small white serosal nodules on small intestine 3–6: NAD

1. Urinary bladder: NAD
2. Generative organs: Small white nodules on uterine serosal surface; ovaries small
3. Lymph nodes: Iliac lymph nodes markedly enlarged; white-grey firm on cut section

• Jubb, Kennedy & Palmer – Pathology of Domestic Animals, 6th ed., Vol. 1, pp. 732–742
• McGavin & Zachary – Pathologic Basis of Veterinary Disease, 5th ed., pp. 1175–1182
• Misdorp W et al. (1999) – WHO Histological Classification of Mammary Tumors of the Dog and Cat, AFIP, Washington D.C.

PM REPORT – 1 | Adult Female Cow

A. Precis

1. Date of admission: ...
2. Date & time of death: ...
3. Date & time of PM: ...
4. History: Coughing, nasal discharge, fever, breathing difficulty for 5–7 days
5. Clinical diagnosis: Respiratory disease

B. External Examination

1. Class/sex/age/breed: Bovine, Female, Adult, Non-descript
2. Descriptive marks: Black and white coat
3. Condition: Poor; emaciated
4. Rigor mortis: Well established
5. Natural orifices: Mucopurulent discharge from nostrils
6. Mucous membranes: Pale and cyanotic
7. Wounds: Nil
8. Superficial LN: Prescapular and prefemoral – mildly enlarged
9. Other: Nil

C. Internal Examination

PM REPORT – 2 | Adult Male Goat

A. Precis

1. Date of admission: ...
2. Date & time of death: ...
3. Date & time of PM: ...
4. History: Road accident; acute recumbency; very pale, weak pulse; died within hours
5. Clinical diagnosis: Acute traumatic injury with severe blood loss

B. External Examination

1. Class/sex/age/breed: Caprine, Male, Adult, Non-descript
2. Descriptive marks: Brown with white patches
3. Condition: Fair; acute
4. Rigor mortis: Incomplete (early)
5. Natural orifices: Dried blood around nostrils and mouth
6. Mucous membranes: Markedly pale; white; dry
7. Wounds: Lacerations on right thoracic wall and forelimb; subcutaneous haematoma over right thorax
8. Superficial LN: Small and pale
9. Other: All exposed tissues markedly pale

C. Internal Examination

PM REPORT – 3 | Adult Female Dog (Intact)

A. Precis

1. Date of admission: ...
2. Date & time of death: ...
3. Date & time of PM: ...
4. History: Intact female, ~9 years; growing mammary mass for 4–6 months; weight loss; breathing difficulty; mass ulcerated with bloody discharge
5. Clinical diagnosis: Mammary neoplasia with systemic spread

B. External Examination

1. Class/sex/age/breed: Canine, Female (intact), Adult ~9 yrs, Non-descript
2. Descriptive marks: Yellow-fawn coat
3. Condition: Moderate; weight loss
4. Rigor mortis: Well established
5. Natural orifices: Mild serosanguineous vulval discharge
6. Mucous membranes: Pale pink
7. Wounds: Right inguinal mammary glands (M4–M5) – multi-lobulated firm mass ~12×10×8 cm; ulcerated surface; fixed to underlying tissue | Right M3 – firm nodule ~3×3 cm | Left M4–M5 – firm nodule ~2×2 cm
8. Superficial LN: Right inguinal LN – markedly enlarged (~4×3 cm), firm | Left inguinal and right axillary – mildly enlarged
9. Other: Multiple small firm subcutaneous nodules along right mammary chain

C. Internal Examination