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physiology excitable tissues resting membrane potential sodium potassium channels physiology overview
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NCBI Bookshelf membrane potential active transport excitable tissue depolarization repolarization
Answer Key: Physiology of Excitable Tissues, Variant 1
| Q. | Correct option | Answer |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1 | Primary active transport moves substances against their concentration gradient via ion pumps, using ATP directly. |
| 2 | 4 | Secondary active transport moves a substance against its gradient using energy stored in ion gradients created by primary pumps. |
| 3 | 1 | Excitation is conducted through a neuromuscular synapse in one direction. |
| 4 | 4 | Excitable tissues include nervous, muscular, and glandular epithelium. |
| 5 | 1 | Resting membrane potential is the potential difference between the outer and inner surfaces of the cell membrane at rest. |
| 6 | 4 | A positive shift, meaning the membrane becomes less negative, is depolarization. |
| 7 | 3 | A negative shift, meaning the membrane becomes more negative, is hyperpolarization. |
| 8 | 4 | Repolarization is associated with increased membrane permeability to potassium (K⁺). |
| 9 | 2 | Increased potassium current produces repolarization of the membrane. |
| 10 | 3 | Complete blockade of fast sodium channels produces absolute refractoriness. |
Primary active transport directly couples ATP hydrolysis to transport, while secondary transport uses a pre-existing ion gradient. Depolarization is mainly due to Na⁺ entry, and repolarization mainly reflects K⁺ efflux, consistent with Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology and the NCBI action-potential overview.
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