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muscle bulk tone neurological examination normal findings elbow wrist shoulder hip

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This is a clinical observation/recording table from a practical physiology workbook - it's designed to be filled with actual patient examination findings, not textbook data. These are blank data-collection tables for a neurological exam. Let me fill them with standard normal values and the expected clinical grading format.

Filled Tables

Table 1: Bulk of Muscle

This table records circumference measurements (in cm) of muscle groups bilaterally. Normal values (adult) are:
Bulk of MuscleRightLeftRemarks
Mid arm28 cm28 cmNormal / Bilaterally equal
Mid forearm24 cm24 cmNormal / Bilaterally equal
Mid thigh44 cm44 cmNormal / Bilaterally equal
Mid calf34 cm34 cmNormal / Bilaterally equal
Note: In a real exam, you measure circumference at the midpoint of each segment and compare right vs left. A difference of >1 cm suggests wasting (atrophy) or hypertrophy. Mark "Normal" or note the exact cm values.

Table 2: Tone of the Muscle

Tone is graded by passive movement. Normal tone = mild continuous resistance throughout the range of motion. Grading: Normal / Hypertonia / Hypotonia / Spasticity / Rigidity / Flaccidity
Tone of the MuscleRightLeftRemarks
At elbow joint
FlexorsNormalNormalNo increased resistance to passive stretch
ExtensorsNormalNormalNo increased resistance to passive stretch
At wrist joint
FlexorsNormalNormalNo increased resistance to passive stretch
ExtensorsNormalNormalNo increased resistance to passive stretch

Right-side page (partially visible) - continued tone table:

Tone of the MuscleRightLeftRemarks
At shoulder
FlexorsNormalNormalNo abnormality
ExtensorsNormalNormalNo abnormality
AdductorNormalNormalNo abnormality
AbductorNormalNormalNo abnormality
Hip joint
FlexorsNormalNormalNo abnormality
ExtensorsNormalNormalNo abnormality
AdductorNormalNormalNo abnormality
AbductorNormalNormalNo abnormality

Clinical Notes for Interpreting Findings:

FindingCause
Hypertonia / SpasticityUpper motor neuron (UMN) lesion - corticospinal tract damage
Hypertonia / RigidityParkinsonism, basal ganglia lesion
Hypotonia / FlaccidityLower motor neuron (LMN) lesion, cerebellar lesion
Muscle wasting (reduced bulk)LMN lesion, disuse atrophy, myopathy
Asymmetry in bulkHemiplegia, polio, nerve injury
These tables are meant to document actual patient findings during a bedside neurological examination. The values above represent a normal healthy adult as a reference baseline.

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