Create a pdf , give detailed notes (10m) for the above sented topic with reference from AK kuran, kanski and refraction through optics, primary care of optometry and any optometric optics related material. The notes should be meaningfull give all the important points in exam and clinical point of view. Mention and highlight the importance questions. Write Notes (5 marks) 1. Difference between spherical and cylindrical lenses [Mar 2021] 2. Forms of Ophthalmic lenses [Nov 2023] 3. Explain the Sag formula with an example [Nov 2023] Short Answers (3 marks) 1. Draw a diagram of different forms of convex lens [Mar 2021] 2. Toric transposition: -1.00DS/-2.00DCx90 BC:+6.00D [Mar 2021] 3. Simple transposition: plano/-1.00DC x120 [Feb 2022] 4. Spherocylindrical Lenses [Apr 2023] 5. Define Base curve in a spectacle lens with an example [Nov 2023] 6. Advantages and disadvantages of PAL [Apr 2024] 7. Vertex power [Apr 2024] 8. Difference between Spherical and Cylindrical lens [Apr 2024] 9. Simple transposition: +2.00DS/-1.00DC x70° [Nov 2025] 10. Astigmatic lenses [Nov 2025] 11. Miscellaneous spectacle lenses [Nov 2025] 16. Prisms in Ophthalmic Lens Write Notes (5 marks) 1. Uses of Fresnel prism [Feb 2022] 2. Fresnel prism [Sept 2022] 3. Describe Fresnel Prisms [Apr 2023] Short Answers (3 marks) 1. Calculate the prismatic effect for RE -3.00 DS with 3 mm inward decentration [Mar 2021] 2. Give three uses of prism in ophthalmology [Feb 2022] 3. What is Prentice's rule? [Nov 2023] 4. Lens decentration [Apr 2024] 5. Notation of prisms [Apr 2024] 6. Uses of prisms in ophthalmology [Nov 2025] These are my pervious year questions. Give answer for this also .

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