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Page 110 - ASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS

Key characteristics:

Found in soil, decaying organic matter, indoor environments
Produces airborne conidia (asexual spores) - inhaled, causes infections in immunocompromised
Morphology: Septate hyphae, unbranched conidiophores, small single-celled conidia dispersed by air currents

Page 109 - ASPERGILLUS NIGER

Morphology: Septate hyphae, unbranched conidiophores, dark-colored conidia Growth: 15-40°C, pH 1.5-9.8 Habitat: Soil, decaying vegetation, compost, manure, stored food Industrial uses: Citric acid production, enzyme production (amylase, proteases, cellulases), bioactive metabolites Pathogenicity: Causes aspergillosis (invasive pulmonary, ABPA) in immunocompromised - cough, chest pain, fever, dyspnea, wheezing Diagnosis: Microscopy, culture, serology, PCR Treatment: Voriconazole or Amphotericin B ± surgery

Page 91 - H. NANA

Smallest intestinal cestode; adult 5-45mm
Egg: spherical/ovoid, 30-40µm, hexacanth oncosphere, 4-8 polar filaments
No intermediate host; infection by ingesting contaminated food/water
Scolex: retractable rostellum with 20-30 hooks, 4 suckers

Life Cycle: Adult in small intestine → eggs in feces → ingested → oncospheres hatch → penetrate gut wall → develop into cysticerci

Human Infection: Ingestion of eggs; cysticerci in brain → neurocysticercosis (seizures, headaches)

Page 78 - RHABDO VIRUS (Rabies)

Q1. Lab tests for post-mortem diagnosis of rabies:

Seller's staining (Negri bodies in brain tissue - hippocampus/Ammon's horn)
Immunofluorescence (FAT - Fluorescent Antibody Test) - gold standard
Mouse inoculation test
RT-PCR

Q2. What is Negri body? Eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies found in neurons (especially Purkinje cells and hippocampal neurons) of rabies-infected animals/humans. Pathognomonic of rabies.

Q3. Cell culture rabies vaccines for post-exposure prophylaxis:

HDCV (Human Diploid Cell Vaccine)
PCECV (Purified Chick Embryo Cell Vaccine)
PVRV (Purified Vero Cell Rabies Vaccine)

Q4. Shape of rabies virus: Bullet-shaped (rhabdoid) - 75×180nm

Page 77 - CNS INFECTION (POLIOMYELITIS) - PicornaVirus

Q1. Presumptive diagnosis: Poliomyelitis (Acute Flaccid Paralysis)

Q2. Most likely causative agent: Poliovirus (Picornaviridae family, Enterovirus genus)

Q3. Mode of infection: Feco-oral route (ingestion of contaminated food/water)

Q4. Vaccines:

OPV (Oral Polio Vaccine - Sabin) - live attenuated
IPV (Inactivated Polio Vaccine - Salk) - killed

Pages 68-69 - UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION (Proteus)

Q1. Provisional diagnosis: HAI (Hospital Acquired Infection) / Nosocomial UTI caused by Proteus mirabilis

Q2. Possible bacterial causes:

Proteus mirabilis (most likely - swarming on BA)
Klebsiella, E. coli, Pseudomonas

Q3. Most likely causative organism: Proteus mirabilis (Gram-negative, urease-positive, swarming on blood agar)

Q4. Methods of collecting sample: Midstream clean catch urine, catheter specimen, suprapubic aspiration

Q5. Instructions for OPD sample collection:

Male: retract foreskin, clean glans, collect midstream urine
Female: clean labia, collect midstream urine in sterile container

Q6. Mechanism of swarming on Blood agar: Coordinated movement of hyperflagellated elongated "swarmer cells" due to surface sensing, producing concentric rings/waves on blood agar

Q7. Other confirmatory tests: Urine culture, antibiotic sensitivity, urease test, indole test (negative for P. mirabilis), biochemical identification, Widal/CBNAAT if needed

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