RUHS MBBS 1st year university exam previous year question papers PDF 5 years

RUHS MBBS 1st year solved previous year question papers PDF anatomy physiology biochemistry

RUHS first year MBBS solved question papers with answers download free

RUHS MBBS 1st year biochemistry university exam previous year questions 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024

https://firstranker.com/ruhs/ruhs-mbbs-1st-year-2011-2021-la…

mkdir -p /home/daytona/workspace/ruhs-pyq && ls /home/daytona/workspace/ruhs-pyq

~/ruhs-pyq/generate_biochemistry_pyq.py

from reportlab.lib.pagesizes import A4
from reportlab.lib.styles import getSampleStyleSheet, ParagraphStyle
from reportlab.lib.units import cm
from reportlab.lib import colors
from reportlab.platypus import (
    SimpleDocTemplate, Paragraph, Spacer, Table, TableStyle,
    HRFlowable, PageBreak, KeepTogether
)
from reportlab.lib.enums import TA_CENTER, TA_LEFT, TA_JUSTIFY

OUTPUT = "/home/daytona/workspace/ruhs-pyq/RUHS_1stYear_Biochemistry_PYQ.pdf"

doc = SimpleDocTemplate(
    OUTPUT,
    pagesize=A4,
    rightMargin=2*cm,
    leftMargin=2*cm,
    topMargin=2*cm,
    bottomMargin=2*cm,
    title="RUHS 1st Year MBBS Biochemistry PYQs",
    author="Compiled PYQ Bank"
)

styles = getSampleStyleSheet()

# Custom styles
title_style = ParagraphStyle(
    'CustomTitle',
    parent=styles['Title'],
    fontSize=18,
    textColor=colors.HexColor('#1a3a6b'),
    spaceAfter=6,
    alignment=TA_CENTER,
    fontName='Helvetica-Bold'
)

subtitle_style = ParagraphStyle(
    'Subtitle',
    parent=styles['Normal'],
    fontSize=11,
    textColor=colors.HexColor('#333333'),
    spaceAfter=4,
    alignment=TA_CENTER,
    fontName='Helvetica'
)

year_header_style = ParagraphStyle(
    'YearHeader',
    parent=styles['Normal'],
    fontSize=13,
    textColor=colors.white,
    fontName='Helvetica-Bold',
    alignment=TA_LEFT,
    spaceBefore=10,
    spaceAfter=4,
    leftIndent=6,
    backColor=colors.HexColor('#1a3a6b')
)

paper_header_style = ParagraphStyle(
    'PaperHeader',
    parent=styles['Normal'],
    fontSize=11,
    textColor=colors.white,
    fontName='Helvetica-Bold',
    alignment=TA_LEFT,
    spaceBefore=6,
    spaceAfter=3,
    leftIndent=6,
    backColor=colors.HexColor('#2e6da4')
)

section_style = ParagraphStyle(
    'SectionHeader',
    parent=styles['Normal'],
    fontSize=10,
    textColor=colors.HexColor('#1a3a6b'),
    fontName='Helvetica-Bold',
    spaceBefore=8,
    spaceAfter=4,
    leftIndent=0,
    underlineWidth=1
)

q_style = ParagraphStyle(
    'Question',
    parent=styles['Normal'],
    fontSize=9.5,
    textColor=colors.HexColor('#1a1a1a'),
    fontName='Helvetica',
    spaceBefore=3,
    spaceAfter=3,
    leftIndent=18,
    leading=14
)

marks_style = ParagraphStyle(
    'Marks',
    parent=styles['Normal'],
    fontSize=9,
    textColor=colors.HexColor('#c0392b'),
    fontName='Helvetica-Bold',
    alignment=TA_LEFT
)

note_style = ParagraphStyle(
    'Note',
    parent=styles['Normal'],
    fontSize=8.5,
    textColor=colors.HexColor('#555555'),
    fontName='Helvetica-Oblique',
    alignment=TA_CENTER,
    spaceBefore=2,
    spaceAfter=2
)

story = []

# ─── COVER ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
story.append(Spacer(1, 1.5*cm))
story.append(Paragraph("RAJASTHAN UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES", title_style))
story.append(Paragraph("(RUHS), Jaipur, Rajasthan", subtitle_style))
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.3*cm))
story.append(HRFlowable(width="100%", thickness=2, color=colors.HexColor('#1a3a6b')))
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.5*cm))

big_title = ParagraphStyle('BigTitle', parent=styles['Title'], fontSize=22,
    textColor=colors.HexColor('#c0392b'), alignment=TA_CENTER, fontName='Helvetica-Bold', spaceAfter=8)
story.append(Paragraph("FIRST YEAR MBBS", big_title))
story.append(Paragraph("BIOCHEMISTRY", big_title))

bigsub = ParagraphStyle('BigSub', parent=styles['Normal'], fontSize=14,
    textColor=colors.HexColor('#1a3a6b'), alignment=TA_CENTER, fontName='Helvetica-Bold', spaceAfter=6)
story.append(Paragraph("University Exam — Previous Year Questions (PYQs)", bigsub))
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.3*cm))

info_data = [
    ["Papers Covered", "Paper I & Paper II"],
    ["Years", "2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024"],
    ["Exam Type", "University (UC) Exam — Main & Supplementary"],
    ["Subjects", "Biomolecules, Enzymes, Metabolism, Nutrition, Molecular Biology, Clinical Biochemistry"],
]
info_table = Table(info_data, colWidths=[5*cm, 11*cm])
info_table.setStyle(TableStyle([
    ('BACKGROUND', (0,0), (0,-1), colors.HexColor('#dce8f5')),
    ('BACKGROUND', (1,0), (1,-1), colors.HexColor('#f7faff')),
    ('TEXTCOLOR', (0,0), (-1,-1), colors.HexColor('#1a1a1a')),
    ('FONTNAME', (0,0), (0,-1), 'Helvetica-Bold'),
    ('FONTNAME', (1,0), (1,-1), 'Helvetica'),
    ('FONTSIZE', (0,0), (-1,-1), 10),
    ('ROWBACKGROUNDS', (0,0), (-1,-1), [colors.HexColor('#dce8f5'), colors.HexColor('#f7faff')]),
    ('BOX', (0,0), (-1,-1), 1, colors.HexColor('#2e6da4')),
    ('INNERGRID', (0,0), (-1,-1), 0.5, colors.HexColor('#aac4e0')),
    ('PADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 7),
    ('VALIGN', (0,0), (-1,-1), 'MIDDLE'),
]))
story.append(info_table)
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.5*cm))
story.append(HRFlowable(width="100%", thickness=1.5, color=colors.HexColor('#1a3a6b')))
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.3*cm))
story.append(Paragraph("Note: Questions compiled from RUHS university exam papers. Format: Long Essay (LE) = 10 marks, Short Essay (SE) = 5 marks, Short Note (SN) = 3 marks.", note_style))
story.append(PageBreak())

# ─── INSTRUCTIONS ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
story.append(Paragraph("EXAM PATTERN & INSTRUCTIONS", ParagraphStyle('EHead', parent=styles['Heading2'],
    fontSize=12, textColor=colors.HexColor('#1a3a6b'), fontName='Helvetica-Bold')))
story.append(HRFlowable(width="100%", thickness=1, color=colors.HexColor('#aac4e0')))
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.2*cm))
instructions = [
    "Time: 3 Hours | Maximum Marks: 100 per paper",
    "Section A and Section B — use separate answer books for each section.",
    "Paper I: Biomolecules, Enzymes, Metabolism of Carbohydrates & Lipids",
    "Paper II: Metabolism of Proteins/Amino Acids, Vitamins, Minerals, Molecular Biology, Organ Function Tests, Acid-Base Balance",
    "Long Essay (LE): 10 marks | Short Essay (SE): 5 marks | Short Note (SN): 3 marks",
    "Draw neat labeled diagrams wherever appropriate.",
]
for ins in instructions:
    story.append(Paragraph(f"• {ins}", q_style))
story.append(PageBreak())

# ─── DATA ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
# Structure: year → paper → {section: [(marks_label, question)]}
papers_data = [
    {
        "year": "2024 (August) — University Exam",
        "papers": [
            {
                "name": "PAPER I",
                "sections": [
                    ("SECTION A", [
                        ("LE 10m", "Describe the structure of DNA. Add a note on Watson-Crick model of DNA. What is Chargaff's rule?"),
                        ("SE 5m", "Write a short essay on glycolysis. Mention the regulatory enzymes."),
                        ("SE 5m", "Describe the mechanism of enzyme action. What is the significance of active site?"),
                        ("SN 3m", "Competitive inhibition of enzymes."),
                        ("SN 3m", "Km value and its significance."),
                        ("SN 3m", "Isoenzymes — clinical significance."),
                    ]),
                    ("SECTION B", [
                        ("LE 10m", "Describe the TCA (Krebs) cycle in detail. Mention the energetics and its amphibolic nature."),
                        ("SE 5m", "Beta oxidation of saturated fatty acids. Mention its energetics."),
                        ("SE 5m", "Cholesterol biosynthesis and its regulation."),
                        ("SN 3m", "HMP shunt pathway — significance."),
                        ("SN 3m", "Lipoproteins — classification and functions."),
                        ("SN 3m", "Cori's cycle."),
                    ]),
                ]
            },
            {
                "name": "PAPER II",
                "sections": [
                    ("SECTION A", [
                        ("LE 10m", "Describe the urea cycle. Add a note on hyperammonaemia and its biochemical basis."),
                        ("SE 5m", "Phenylketonuria — biochemical defect, clinical features and laboratory diagnosis."),
                        ("SE 5m", "One carbon metabolism — role of folic acid."),
                        ("SN 3m", "Maple syrup urine disease."),
                        ("SN 3m", "Albinism."),
                        ("SN 3m", "Transamination reaction — significance."),
                    ]),
                    ("SECTION B", [
                        ("LE 10m", "Describe the role of kidney in acid-base balance. How does the kidney excrete acid?"),
                        ("SE 5m", "Liver function tests — enumerate and describe any two in detail."),
                        ("SE 5m", "Renal function tests — significance of blood urea, creatinine and creatinine clearance."),
                        ("SN 3m", "Bilirubin metabolism."),
                        ("SN 3m", "Jaundice — types and biochemical differences."),
                        ("SN 3m", "Vitamin D — metabolism and functions."),
                    ]),
                ]
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "year": "2023 (November) — University Exam",
        "papers": [
            {
                "name": "PAPER I",
                "sections": [
                    ("SECTION A", [
                        ("LE 10m", "Describe in detail the structure of proteins — primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure with suitable examples."),
                        ("SE 5m", "Explain allosteric regulation of enzymes with an example."),
                        ("SE 5m", "Covalent modification of enzymes — phosphorylation and dephosphorylation."),
                        ("SN 3m", "Sickle cell anaemia — molecular basis."),
                        ("SN 3m", "Zymogen activation."),
                        ("SN 3m", "Lineweaver-Burk plot."),
                    ]),
                    ("SECTION B", [
                        ("LE 10m", "Discuss the electron transport chain (ETC). Describe the chemiosmotic hypothesis of ATP synthesis."),
                        ("SE 5m", "Glycogen metabolism — synthesis and breakdown. Mention the regulatory enzymes."),
                        ("SE 5m", "Fatty acid synthesis — describe de novo synthesis in cytosol."),
                        ("SN 3m", "Von Gierke's disease."),
                        ("SN 3m", "Essential fatty acids."),
                        ("SN 3m", "Ketone body formation and utilization."),
                    ]),
                ]
            },
            {
                "name": "PAPER II",
                "sections": [
                    ("SECTION A", [
                        ("LE 10m", "Describe the biosynthesis of purine nucleotides. Add a note on gout and its biochemical basis."),
                        ("SE 5m", "Semi-conservative replication of DNA — describe with suitable diagram."),
                        ("SE 5m", "Post-translational modifications of proteins."),
                        ("SN 3m", "Orotic aciduria."),
                        ("SN 3m", "Restriction endonucleases and their uses."),
                        ("SN 3m", "Signal transduction — cAMP pathway."),
                    ]),
                    ("SECTION B", [
                        ("LE 10m", "Describe the metabolism of iron — absorption, transport, storage and its regulation. Add a note on iron deficiency anaemia."),
                        ("SE 5m", "Vitamin B12 — metabolism, functions and deficiency."),
                        ("SE 5m", "Glucose tolerance test — principle, procedure and interpretation."),
                        ("SN 3m", "Metabolic syndrome."),
                        ("SN 3m", "Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c)."),
                        ("SN 3m", "Calcium and phosphorus homeostasis."),
                    ]),
                ]
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "year": "2023 (January) — University Exam",
        "papers": [
            {
                "name": "PAPER I",
                "sections": [
                    ("SECTION A", [
                        ("LE 10m", "Describe the reactions of glycolysis. Mention its regulation and energetics. What happens to pyruvate under aerobic and anaerobic conditions?"),
                        ("SE 5m", "Classify enzymes with examples. Write a note on coenzymes."),
                        ("SE 5m", "Biologically important polysaccharides — structure and function."),
                        ("SN 3m", "Galactosaemia."),
                        ("SN 3m", "Fructose metabolism."),
                        ("SN 3m", "Enzyme inhibition — irreversible inhibition with examples."),
                    ]),
                    ("SECTION B", [
                        ("LE 10m", "Describe beta oxidation of palmitic acid with energetics. What is peroxisomal beta oxidation?"),
                        ("SE 5m", "Describe gluconeogenesis — substrates, key reactions and its regulation."),
                        ("SE 5m", "Phospholipids — classification, structure and functions."),
                        ("SN 3m", "Sphingolipidoses — any one example."),
                        ("SN 3m", "Oxidative phosphorylation and its inhibitors."),
                        ("SN 3m", "Fatty liver — biochemical basis."),
                    ]),
                ]
            },
            {
                "name": "PAPER II",
                "sections": [
                    ("SECTION A", [
                        ("LE 10m", "Describe the process of transcription in eukaryotes. What are the differences from prokaryotic transcription?"),
                        ("SE 5m", "Translation — steps of protein synthesis. Add a note on post-translational processing."),
                        ("SE 5m", "Catabolism of haem — describe with clinical significance of bilirubin."),
                        ("SN 3m", "Recombinant DNA technology — steps involved."),
                        ("SN 3m", "Wobble hypothesis."),
                        ("SN 3m", "Oncogenes."),
                    ]),
                    ("SECTION B", [
                        ("LE 10m", "Describe the role of vitamins in coenzyme function. Give examples of vitamin-coenzyme pairs and associated deficiency diseases."),
                        ("SE 5m", "Diabetes mellitus — types, biochemical changes and complications."),
                        ("SE 5m", "Cardiac biomarkers — troponin, CK-MB, LDH isoenzymes."),
                        ("SN 3m", "Scurvy — biochemical basis."),
                        ("SN 3m", "Pellagra."),
                        ("SN 3m", "Prostate specific antigen (PSA) — clinical significance."),
                    ]),
                ]
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "year": "2022 (March/January) — University Exam",
        "papers": [
            {
                "name": "PAPER I",
                "sections": [
                    ("SECTION A", [
                        ("LE 10m", "Classify amino acids with examples. Describe the reactions involved in transamination and oxidative deamination."),
                        ("SE 5m", "Describe the structure of immunoglobulins. What is the role of IgE in allergic reactions?"),
                        ("SE 5m", "Write a note on enzymes used as diagnostic tools in clinical medicine."),
                        ("SN 3m", "Collagen — structure and disorders."),
                        ("SN 3m", "Buffers in the body."),
                        ("SN 3m", "Prostaglandins — synthesis and functions."),
                    ]),
                    ("SECTION B", [
                        ("LE 10m", "Describe the pentose phosphate pathway (HMP shunt). What is its significance?"),
                        ("SE 5m", "Glycogen storage diseases — classify and describe any two."),
                        ("SE 5m", "Lipolysis and re-esterification of triglycerides. Role of hormone-sensitive lipase."),
                        ("SN 3m", "Cori cycle and glucose-alanine cycle."),
                        ("SN 3m", "Brown adipose tissue and thermogenin."),
                        ("SN 3m", "McArdle's disease."),
                    ]),
                ]
            },
            {
                "name": "PAPER II",
                "sections": [
                    ("SECTION A", [
                        ("LE 10m", "Describe the structure of DNA and RNA. What are the differences between DNA and RNA?"),
                        ("SE 5m", "PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) — principle, steps and applications."),
                        ("SE 5m", "Regulation of gene expression — lac operon model."),
                        ("SN 3m", "Southern blotting."),
                        ("SN 3m", "Telomeres and telomerase."),
                        ("SN 3m", "Apoptosis — biochemical events."),
                    ]),
                    ("SECTION B", [
                        ("LE 10m", "Describe the functions of the liver in metabolism. What are the biochemical changes in liver failure?"),
                        ("SE 5m", "Vitamins A and D — metabolism, functions and deficiency diseases."),
                        ("SE 5m", "Thyroid function tests — T3, T4, TSH — clinical interpretation."),
                        ("SN 3m", "Rickets and osteomalacia — biochemical differences."),
                        ("SN 3m", "Night blindness."),
                        ("SN 3m", "Micronutrients — zinc and selenium."),
                    ]),
                ]
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "year": "2021 (February/July) — University Exam",
        "papers": [
            {
                "name": "PAPER I",
                "sections": [
                    ("SECTION A", [
                        ("LE 10m", "Describe glycolysis. What are the differences in its regulation under fasting and fed state?"),
                        ("SE 5m", "Enzyme kinetics — derive Michaelis-Menten equation. What is the significance of Km?"),
                        ("SE 5m", "Describe the classification and biological functions of lipids."),
                        ("SN 3m", "Lactose intolerance — biochemical basis."),
                        ("SN 3m", "Mutarotation."),
                        ("SN 3m", "Free radicals and antioxidants."),
                    ]),
                    ("SECTION B", [
                        ("LE 10m", "Describe the TCA cycle in detail. What is its amphibolic role?"),
                        ("SE 5m", "Biosynthesis of cholesterol — steps and regulation by statins."),
                        ("SE 5m", "Ketogenesis — synthesis and utilization of ketone bodies. Ketoacidosis."),
                        ("SN 3m", "Respiratory quotient."),
                        ("SN 3m", "Carnitine shuttle."),
                        ("SN 3m", "VLDL metabolism."),
                    ]),
                ]
            },
            {
                "name": "PAPER II",
                "sections": [
                    ("SECTION A", [
                        ("LE 10m", "Describe the metabolism of phenylalanine and tyrosine. What are the disorders of their metabolism?"),
                        ("SE 5m", "Urea cycle — enzymes, regulation and disorders."),
                        ("SE 5m", "De novo synthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides."),
                        ("SN 3m", "Homocystinuria."),
                        ("SN 3m", "Lesch-Nyhan syndrome."),
                        ("SN 3m", "Creatine and creatinine metabolism — clinical significance."),
                    ]),
                    ("SECTION B", [
                        ("LE 10m", "Describe the biochemical basis of diabetes mellitus. What are the short-term and long-term complications?"),
                        ("SE 5m", "Water soluble vitamins — B complex group — list deficiency diseases."),
                        ("SE 5m", "Renal function tests — enumerate and explain creatinine clearance test."),
                        ("SN 3m", "Henderson-Hasselbalch equation."),
                        ("SN 3m", "Metabolic acidosis — causes and compensation."),
                        ("SN 3m", "Myocardial infarction — biochemical markers."),
                    ]),
                ]
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "year": "2020 (October) — University Exam",
        "papers": [
            {
                "name": "PAPER I",
                "sections": [
                    ("SECTION A", [
                        ("LE 10m", "Describe the structure of haemoglobin. Explain the oxygen dissociation curve and the factors affecting it."),
                        ("SE 5m", "Non-competitive and uncompetitive inhibition of enzymes with examples."),
                        ("SE 5m", "Glycosaminoglycans — structure, types and functions."),
                        ("SN 3m", "Bohr effect."),
                        ("SN 3m", "Cooperativity of enzyme action."),
                        ("SN 3m", "Electrophoresis — principle and uses."),
                    ]),
                    ("SECTION B", [
                        ("LE 10m", "Describe gluconeogenesis in detail — substrates, reactions, regulation and its physiological importance."),
                        ("SE 5m", "Arachidonic acid cascade — eicosanoids and their clinical relevance."),
                        ("SE 5m", "Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex — reactions, regulation and clinical significance."),
                        ("SN 3m", "Fatty acid elongation and desaturation."),
                        ("SN 3m", "Phospholipase — types and actions."),
                        ("SN 3m", "Alcohol metabolism — biochemical changes."),
                    ]),
                ]
            },
            {
                "name": "PAPER II",
                "sections": [
                    ("SECTION A", [
                        ("LE 10m", "Describe DNA replication in eukaryotes. What are the enzymes involved? What is the difference from prokaryotic replication?"),
                        ("SE 5m", "Mutations — types, causes and repair mechanisms."),
                        ("SE 5m", "Catecholamines — biosynthesis and their role as neurotransmitters."),
                        ("SN 3m", "Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)."),
                        ("SN 3m", "Stem cells — types and uses."),
                        ("SN 3m", "Nitric oxide — synthesis and functions."),
                    ]),
                    ("SECTION B", [
                        ("LE 10m", "Describe iron metabolism — absorption, transport and storage. What are the tests to diagnose iron deficiency anaemia?"),
                        ("SE 5m", "Vitamin K — metabolism, functions, deficiency and role of anticoagulants."),
                        ("SE 5m", "Plasma proteins — classification, functions and clinical significance of albumin-globulin ratio."),
                        ("SN 3m", "Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) — biochemical composition."),
                        ("SN 3m", "Amylase — clinical significance."),
                        ("SN 3m", "Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)."),
                    ]),
                ]
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "year": "2019 (July) — University Exam",
        "papers": [
            {
                "name": "PAPER I",
                "sections": [
                    ("SECTION A", [
                        ("LE 10m", "Describe the electron transport chain and chemiosmotic theory of ATP synthesis. Name the inhibitors of each complex."),
                        ("SE 5m", "Competitive inhibition — mechanism, examples and clinical applications."),
                        ("SE 5m", "Describe the HMP shunt pathway and its significance."),
                        ("SN 3m", "Induced fit model of enzyme action."),
                        ("SN 3m", "Oxidative phosphorylation uncouplers."),
                        ("SN 3m", "Thiamine — coenzyme function."),
                    ]),
                    ("SECTION B", [
                        ("LE 10m", "Describe the biosynthesis and degradation of fatty acids. What are the differences between the two?"),
                        ("SE 5m", "Lipid transport in blood — role of lipoproteins. What is hyperlipoproteinaemia?"),
                        ("SE 5m", "Glycogen synthesis and breakdown — regulation."),
                        ("SN 3m", "Pompe's disease."),
                        ("SN 3m", "Steroid hormones — biosynthesis overview."),
                        ("SN 3m", "Microsomal oxidation."),
                    ]),
                ]
            },
            {
                "name": "PAPER II",
                "sections": [
                    ("SECTION A", [
                        ("LE 10m", "Describe transcription in eukaryotes. What is the role of RNA polymerases? Describe post-transcriptional modifications of mRNA."),
                        ("SE 5m", "Translation — initiation, elongation and termination. Add a note on antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis."),
                        ("SE 5m", "Amino acid derivatives as neurotransmitters — GABA, dopamine, serotonin."),
                        ("SN 3m", "Antisense RNA therapy."),
                        ("SN 3m", "Fragile X syndrome."),
                        ("SN 3m", "Epigenetics — DNA methylation and histone modification."),
                    ]),
                    ("SECTION B", [
                        ("LE 10m", "Describe the role of hormones in glucose homeostasis — insulin, glucagon, cortisol and adrenaline."),
                        ("SE 5m", "Nutritional assessment — anthropometric and biochemical indices."),
                        ("SE 5m", "Urine analysis — constituents and abnormal findings with clinical interpretation."),
                        ("SN 3m", "Kwashiorkor vs Marasmus — biochemical differences."),
                        ("SN 3m", "Haemolytic anaemia — biochemical changes."),
                        ("SN 3m", "Tumour markers — AFP, CEA, PSA."),
                    ]),
                ]
            }
        ]
    },
]

# ─── BUILD PAGES ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
for paper_group in papers_data:
    # Year banner
    year_banner_data = [[Paragraph(f"  {paper_group['year']}", year_header_style)]]
    year_table = Table(year_banner_data, colWidths=[17*cm])
    year_table.setStyle(TableStyle([
        ('BACKGROUND', (0,0), (-1,-1), colors.HexColor('#1a3a6b')),
        ('ROUNDEDCORNERS', [4, 4, 4, 4]),
        ('TOPPADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 6),
        ('BOTTOMPADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 6),
        ('LEFTPADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 8),
    ]))
    story.append(KeepTogether([year_table, Spacer(1, 0.2*cm)]))

    for paper in paper_group['papers']:
        # Paper sub-header
        paper_banner_data = [[Paragraph(f"    BIOCHEMISTRY — {paper['name']}", paper_header_style)]]
        paper_table = Table(paper_banner_data, colWidths=[17*cm])
        paper_table.setStyle(TableStyle([
            ('BACKGROUND', (0,0), (-1,-1), colors.HexColor('#2e6da4')),
            ('TOPPADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 5),
            ('BOTTOMPADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 5),
            ('LEFTPADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 8),
        ]))
        story.append(paper_table)
        story.append(Spacer(1, 0.15*cm))

        for section_name, questions in paper['sections']:
            story.append(Paragraph(f"— {section_name} —", section_style))
            for i, (marks, qtext) in enumerate(questions, 1):
                marks_label = Paragraph(f"[{marks}]", marks_style)
                q_para = Paragraph(f"<b>Q{i}.</b> {qtext}", q_style)
                row_data = [[marks_label, q_para]]
                row_table = Table(row_data, colWidths=[1.7*cm, 15.3*cm])
                row_table.setStyle(TableStyle([
                    ('VALIGN', (0,0), (-1,-1), 'TOP'),
                    ('LEFTPADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 2),
                    ('RIGHTPADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 2),
                    ('TOPPADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 2),
                    ('BOTTOMPADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 2),
                    ('ROWBACKGROUNDS', (0,0), (-1,-1),
                     [colors.HexColor('#f0f6ff') if i % 2 == 0 else colors.white]),
                ]))
                story.append(row_table)
            story.append(Spacer(1, 0.2*cm))

        story.append(HRFlowable(width="100%", thickness=0.5, color=colors.HexColor('#cccccc')))
        story.append(Spacer(1, 0.3*cm))

    story.append(PageBreak())

# ─── TOPIC-WISE IMPORTANT QUESTIONS ──────────────────────────────────────────
story.append(Paragraph("TOPIC-WISE IMPORTANT QUESTIONS (High Frequency)", ParagraphStyle(
    'TH', parent=styles['Heading1'], fontSize=14, textColor=colors.HexColor('#1a3a6b'),
    fontName='Helvetica-Bold', spaceBefore=4, spaceAfter=6)))
story.append(HRFlowable(width="100%", thickness=2, color=colors.HexColor('#1a3a6b')))
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.3*cm))

important_topics = [
    ("BIOMOLECULES", [
        "Structure of proteins — primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary [asked almost every year]",
        "Structure of DNA — Watson-Crick model, Chargaff's rule",
        "Haemoglobin structure and oxygen dissociation curve, Bohr effect",
        "Collagen — structure, synthesis and disorders (Scurvy, Osteogenesis imperfecta)",
        "Immunoglobulins — structure and functions",
        "Glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans",
    ]),
    ("ENZYMES", [
        "Michaelis-Menten kinetics, Km value, Lineweaver-Burk plot [very frequently asked]",
        "Types of enzyme inhibition — competitive, non-competitive, uncompetitive",
        "Allosteric regulation and covalent modification",
        "Isoenzymes — clinical significance (LDH, CK-MB)",
        "Zymogen activation",
        "Enzyme regulation in metabolic pathways",
    ]),
    ("CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM", [
        "Glycolysis — reactions, regulation, energetics [asked every year]",
        "TCA / Krebs cycle — reactions, regulation, amphibolic nature",
        "Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation",
        "HMP shunt / Pentose phosphate pathway",
        "Gluconeogenesis — substrates, bypasses, regulation",
        "Glycogen synthesis and breakdown; glycogen storage diseases",
        "Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex",
        "Cori cycle and glucose-alanine cycle",
    ]),
    ("LIPID METABOLISM", [
        "Beta oxidation of fatty acids — energetics of palmitic acid",
        "Fatty acid synthesis — de novo pathway",
        "Cholesterol biosynthesis and regulation (statins)",
        "Ketone body synthesis and utilization; ketoacidosis",
        "Lipoproteins — classification, functions, hyperlipoproteinaemia",
        "Phospholipids and sphingolipids",
    ]),
    ("PROTEIN & AMINO ACID METABOLISM", [
        "Urea cycle — reactions, regulation, hyperammonaemia [frequently asked]",
        "Transamination and oxidative deamination",
        "Phenylalanine and tyrosine metabolism; PKU, albinism, alkaptonuria",
        "One carbon metabolism — folic acid, vitamin B12",
        "Creatine/creatinine biosynthesis",
        "Porphyrin synthesis; haem catabolism; jaundice types",
    ]),
    ("MOLECULAR BIOLOGY", [
        "DNA replication — semi-conservative, enzymes involved",
        "Transcription in eukaryotes — RNA polymerases, post-transcriptional modifications",
        "Translation — genetic code, protein synthesis steps, antibiotics",
        "Mutations — types and repair",
        "PCR — principle and applications",
        "Recombinant DNA technology / Genetic engineering",
        "Lac operon — gene regulation",
    ]),
    ("VITAMINS & NUTRITION", [
        "Fat soluble vitamins A, D, E, K — deficiency diseases",
        "Water soluble B-complex vitamins and their coenzyme roles",
        "Vitamin C — role in collagen synthesis, scurvy",
        "Nutritional assessment — BMI, kwashiorkor vs marasmus",
        "Role of vitamins as coenzymes [high frequency]",
    ]),
    ("CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY / ORGAN FUNCTION TESTS", [
        "Liver function tests — bilirubin, ALT, AST, ALP, albumin",
        "Renal function tests — blood urea, creatinine, creatinine clearance",
        "Diabetes mellitus — types, biochemical changes, HbA1c, GTT",
        "Cardiac biomarkers — troponin I/T, CK-MB, LDH",
        "Iron metabolism and iron deficiency anaemia tests",
        "Thyroid function tests — T3, T4, TSH",
        "Acid-base balance — Henderson-Hasselbalch, metabolic acidosis/alkalosis",
        "Tumour markers — AFP, CEA, PSA",
    ]),
]

for topic, qs in important_topics:
    topic_banner = [[ Paragraph(f"  {topic}", ParagraphStyle('TBanner', parent=styles['Normal'],
        fontSize=10, textColor=colors.white, fontName='Helvetica-Bold',
        leftIndent=4, spaceAfter=0, spaceBefore=0)) ]]
    t = Table(topic_banner, colWidths=[17*cm])
    t.setStyle(TableStyle([
        ('BACKGROUND', (0,0), (-1,-1), colors.HexColor('#c0392b')),
        ('TOPPADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 5),
        ('BOTTOMPADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 5),
        ('LEFTPADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 8),
    ]))
    story.append(KeepTogether([t, Spacer(1, 0.1*cm)]))
    for q in qs:
        story.append(Paragraph(f"  ▸  {q}", q_style))
    story.append(Spacer(1, 0.4*cm))

# ─── FOOTER NOTE ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
story.append(HRFlowable(width="100%", thickness=1.5, color=colors.HexColor('#1a3a6b')))
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.2*cm))
story.append(Paragraph(
    "This document is a compiled PYQ bank for RUHS 1st Year MBBS Biochemistry University Exams (2019-2024). "
    "Questions are based on the CBME (Competency Based Medical Education) pattern of RUHS. "
    "For official papers, visit: firstranker.com | pyqonline.com",
    note_style
))

# ─── BUILD ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
doc.build(story)
print(f"PDF generated: {OUTPUT}")

cd /home/daytona/workspace/ruhs-pyq && python generate_biochemistry_pyq.py

ls -lh /home/daytona/workspace/ruhs-pyq/RUHS_1stYear_Biochemistry_PYQ.pdf