important topics of forensic medicine in relation to neet pg and the topics with hightest numberofpyqs
forensic medicine NEET PG important topics highest PYQs 2024 2025
https://www.pw.live/neet-pg/exams/neet-pg-2025-high-yield-to…
| Topic | Key Points to Know |
|---|---|
| Rigor mortis | Onset (2-6 hrs), complete (12 hrs), passes off (36-48 hrs); Nysten's law; cadaveric spasm |
| Livor mortis (hypostasis) | Onset (1-2 hrs), fixed (6-12 hrs); colour changes with poisons (cherry red = CO, brown = met-Hb) |
| Algor mortis | Rate of cooling, Henssge nomogram |
| Putrefaction | First sign - greenish discolouration of right iliac fossa; marbling; skin slippage |
| Mummification & Adipocere | Conditions favouring each, time frame |
| Postmortem eye changes | Tache noire, Sommer's spot, potassium in vitreous humour |
| Brain death criteria | Harvard criteria, confirmatory tests |
| Time since death estimation | All methods combined |
| Topic | Key Points |
|---|---|
| Abrasion | Graze vs pressure; direction of force; earliest sign of wound healing |
| Contusion | Shifting of bruise; age of bruise; internal vs external |
| Laceration vs incised wound | Distinguishing features - edges, margins, foreign bodies |
| Chop wound | Features, weapon used |
| Gunshot wounds | Entry vs exit wound; range of firing (contact, near, intermediate, distant); GSR |
| Skull fractures | Pond, fissured, comminuted, depressed; contre-coup injury |
| Intracranial hemorrhages | Extradural (lucid interval), subdural, subarachnoid - differentiation |
| Topic | Key Points |
|---|---|
| Hanging | Typical vs atypical; ligature mark - direction, PM suspension vs antemortem; fracture of hyoid (rare in hanging, common in strangulation) |
| Strangulation (manual vs ligature) | Hyoid fracture; moon-shaped bruises (manual); petechiae |
| Throttling | Bruising pattern by fingers and thumbs |
| Drowning | Fresh vs salt water pathophysiology; washerwoman hands; diatom test; Gettler test |
| Traumatic asphyxia | Petechiae distribution |
| Cafe coronary | Food bolus asphyxia |
| Poison | Key PYQ Points |
|---|---|
| Organophosphorus | Mechanism (AChE inhibition); SLUDGE symptoms; treatment (atropine + pralidoxime); miosis |
| Alcohol (ethanol) | Widmark formula; blood level at various stages; methanol poisoning (optic nerve damage); treatment of methanol - fomepizole/ethanol/hemodialysis |
| Carbon monoxide | Cherry red discolouration; COHb levels; treatment |
| Snake venom | Types (neurotoxic vs haemotoxic); neuroparalytic vs vasculotoxic snakes; treatment |
| Arsenic | Mees lines; Aldrich-Mees lines; rain drop pigmentation; Marsh's test |
| Dhatura (Atropine group) | Anticholinergic signs; "dry as a bone, red as a beet, mad as a hatter" |
| Opium/Morphine | Pin-point pupils; Naloxone antidote; pulmonary oedema |
| Cyanide | Bitter almond smell; hydroxocobalamin antidote; histotoxic hypoxia |
| Lead | Burton's line; wrist drop/foot drop; basophilic stippling; EDTA treatment |
| Strychnine | Opisthotonos; "risus sardonicus" |
| Corrosives (acid vs alkali) | Acid - brown leathery eschar; alkali - saponification; specific antidotes |
| Topic | Key Facts |
|---|---|
| Age estimation | Teeth (Gustafson's method, eruption chart primary + permanent); ossification centres - wrist (Tanner), sternum, sacrum; Suchey-Brooks method for pubic symphysis |
| Sex determination | Skull differences; pelvis (most reliable) - subpubic angle, greater sciatic notch, obturator foramen; DNA sexing |
| Stature estimation | Pearson's formula; regression formulae from long bones |
| Race determination | Skull morphology - Caucasoid, Negroid, Mongoloid |
| Fingerprints | Henry's system; Galton's characteristics; loops most common pattern; arches rarest |
| DNA fingerprinting | RFLP, PCR-STR; paternity testing |
| Topic | Key IPC Sections |
|---|---|
| Homicide | IPC 299-304; culpable vs non-culpable; murder vs culpable homicide |
| Hurt | IPC 319-326; simple hurt vs grievous hurt (8 categories) |
| Sexual offences | IPC 375-376 (rape); IPC 354 (outraging modesty); POCSO Act |
| Criminal abortion | IPC 312-316; MTP Act provisions |
| Consent | Age of consent; types; valid consent criteria; exceptions |
| Negligence | IPC 304A; Bolam test; res ipsa loquitur; vicarious liability |
| Inquest | Magistrate inquest vs police inquest; coroner's inquest |
| Topic | PYQ Frequency | Priority |
|---|---|---|
| Thanatology & PM changes | 15-20% of FMT Qs | MUST DO |
| Mechanical injuries | 15-20% | MUST DO |
| Toxicology | 20-25% | MUST DO |
| Asphyxial deaths | 10-15% | MUST DO |
| Identification | 10-12% | HIGH |
| Medical jurisprudence / Legal sections | 8-10% | HIGH |
| Sexual offences + Infanticide | 8-10% | HIGH |
| Medical ethics | 5-8% | HIGH |
| Forensic psychiatry | 3-5% | MODERATE |
| Ballistics | 3-5% | MODERATE |
important topics of pediatric in relation to neet pg and the topics with hightest numberofpyqs
pediatrics NEET PG important topics highest PYQs weightage 2025 2026
https://getoncourse.ai/blog/how-to-study-pediatrics-neet-pg-…
| Subspecialty | Weightage | Expected Qs | Priority |
|---|---|---|---|
| Neonatology | 20-22% | 7-9 | ULTRA HIGH |
| Growth & Development | 18-20% | 6-8 | ULTRA HIGH |
| Infectious Diseases | 14-16% | 5-6 | HIGH |
| Pediatric Nutrition | 10-12% | 4-5 | HIGH |
| Respiratory Diseases | 8% | 3 | MEDIUM |
| Pediatric Cardiology | 8% | 3 | MEDIUM |
| Gastroenterology | 7% | 2-3 | MEDIUM |
| Nephrology | 5% | 2 | LOW-MEDIUM |
| Hematology/Oncology | 5% | 2 | LOW-MEDIUM |
| Neurology | 4% | 1-2 | LOW |
| Endocrinology | 3% | 1 | LOW |
Top 4 areas (Neonatology + Growth + Infections + Nutrition) = 72% of all pediatrics questions. Master these first.
| Topic | Key PYQ Points |
|---|---|
| APGAR score | Components (A-P-G-A-R), timing (1 & 5 min), normal vs abnormal interpretation |
| Birth weight classification | LBW (<2.5 kg), VLBW (<1.5 kg), ELBW (<1 kg); SGA vs AGA vs LGA |
| Gestational age assessment | New Ballard score (NBS) - neuromuscular + physical criteria; Dubowitz score |
| Neonatal jaundice | Physiological vs pathological; causes of unconjugated vs conjugated; Kramer's rule; exchange transfusion threshold; phototherapy |
| Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS) | Surfactant deficiency; ground glass appearance; antenatal steroids; surfactant therapy |
| Transient Tachypnea of Newborn (TTN) | Wet lung; Caesarean section link; figure-8/sunburst X-ray |
| Meconium Aspiration Syndrome | Post-term; hyperinflation + atelectasis; barrel-shaped chest |
| Neonatal sepsis | Early (<72 hrs) vs late onset; organisms (GBS, Listeria = early; Staph, Gram -ve = late); CBC criteria |
| Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) | Grade I-IV (Papile classification); prematurity; germinal matrix |
| Neonatal hypoglycemia | Definition (<45 mg/dL in neonate); causes (IDM, SGA); treatment |
| Necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) | Bell's staging; pneumatosis intestinalis; premature infants |
| Birth asphyxia & HIE | Sarnat-Sarnat staging; therapeutic hypothermia (golden 6 hrs) |
| Congenital infections (TORCH) | Each organism's characteristic findings; "blueberry muffin" rash |
| Normal vitals in neonate | HR, RR, BP by age |
| Umbilical cord | Wharton's jelly; vessels (2 arteries, 1 vein); single umbilical artery association |
| Topic | Key PYQ Points |
|---|---|
| Developmental milestones | Gross motor, fine motor, language, social/personal - exact ages for each milestone |
| Key milestones to memorize | Social smile (6 wks), neck holding (3-4 mos), sits without support (6 mos), stands alone (12 mos), walks (12-15 mos), runs (18 mos), climbs stairs (2 yrs), draws circle (3 yrs) |
| Language milestones | Cooing (2 mos), babbling (6 mos), mama-dada specific (10-12 mos), 2-word sentences (2 yrs), 3-word sentences (3 yrs) |
| Growth parameters | Birth weight doubles (5 mos), triples (1 yr), quadruples (2 yrs); length at birth 50 cm, adds 25 cm yr-1, 12.5 cm yr-2; head circumference = chest circumference at 1 yr |
| WHO growth charts | Z-score interpretation; SAM vs MAM definitions |
| Fontanelle | Anterior closes (12-18 mos); posterior (6-8 wks); bulging vs sunken |
| Dentition | Primary (20 teeth); permanent (32 teeth); first tooth eruption (6 mos); formula for primary teeth |
| Developmental assessment tools | Denver II (DDST-II), Gesell, Bayley; red flags for developmental delay |
| Puberty (Tanner staging) | Sequence in girls (thelarche-pubarche-menarche) vs boys; precocious (<8 yrs girls, <9 yrs boys); delayed |
| Short stature | Constitutional delay vs familial; bone age; GH deficiency; hypothyroidism |
| Head circumference | Microcephaly (<-2 SD); macrocephaly; craniosynostosis |
| Disease | Key NEET PG Points |
|---|---|
| Measles | Koplik spots; maculopapular rash (head to toe); complications (encephalitis, SSPE); vitamin A treatment |
| Mumps | Parotitis; orchitis; pancreatitis; sensorineural deafness |
| Rubella | Congenital rubella syndrome (PDA, cataract, deafness) |
| Chickenpox (Varicella) | Polymorphic rash; centripetal distribution; Tzanck smear; acyclovir |
| Whooping cough (Pertussis) | Bordetella pertussis; three stages (catarrhal, paroxysmal, convalescent); "whoop" sound; lymphocytosis |
| Diphtheria | Pseudomembrane; bull neck; myocarditis; ADP-ribosylation of EF-2 |
| Meningococcal meningitis | Non-blanching purpuric rash; Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome |
| Typhoid in children | Rose spots; Widal test; complications |
| Malaria | Cerebral malaria; severe malaria criteria; artesunate treatment |
| Dengue | Warning signs; NS1 antigen; plasma leakage |
| Tuberculosis in children | Ghon complex; primary complex; mantoux interpretation (>10 mm standard, >5 mm immunocompromised); treatment regimens |
| HIV in children | Vertical transmission; diagnosis (<18 mos = PCR); HAART initiation |
| Vaccine-preventable diseases | Cold chain; VVM; EPI schedule; AEFI |
| Immunisation schedule | India NIS 2024 schedule - BCG, OPV, DPT, Hep B, Rotavirus, PCV, Measles, MR, JE, HPV |
| Topic | Key Points |
|---|---|
| Breastfeeding | Exclusive breastfeeding till 6 mos; colostrum (IgA, beta-carotene); contraindications; kangaroo mother care |
| Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM) | Marasmus (severe wasting, no oedema) vs Kwashiorkor (oedema, fatty liver, flaky paint dermatosis, moon face); Marasmic-kwashiorkor; Gomez classification |
| SAM Management (RUTF protocol) | F-75 (stabilisation) → F-100 (rehabilitation); 10 steps of WHO SAM management |
| Vitamin A deficiency | Night blindness, Bitot's spots, keratomalacia; Vitamin A supplementation schedule |
| Vitamin D deficiency/Rickets | Rachitic rosary, Harrison's sulcus, craniotabes, genu varum; X-ray (cupping, fraying); treatment |
| Vitamin C (Scurvy) | Perifollicular haemorrhages, Frankel's line, "pencil-in-cup" deformity; Trummerfeld zone |
| Iron deficiency anaemia | Most common nutritional deficiency; hypochromic microcytic; Plummer-Vinson; treatment (3-6 mg/kg/day) |
| Zinc deficiency | Acrodermatitis enteropathica; growth retardation; impaired immunity |
| Iodine deficiency | Cretinism; goitre; screening by TSH |
| Failure to thrive | Organic vs non-organic; definition (<3rd or <5th percentile) |
| Topic | Key Points |
|---|---|
| Asthma | GINA classification; stepwise treatment; SABA vs ICS; spacer device |
| Bronchiolitis | RSV most common; age <2 yrs; hyperinflation; supportive treatment |
| Pneumonia | WHO classification (fast breathing thresholds by age); organisms by age group; treatment |
| Cystic Fibrosis | CFTR mutation (chromosome 7); sweat chloride >60 mEq/L; pancreatic insufficiency; Pseudomonas infection |
| Foreign body aspiration | Right bronchus more common; obstructive emphysema; rigid bronchoscopy |
| Epiglottitis | H. influenzae type b; "thumbprint sign"; tripod position; do NOT examine throat |
| Croup (Laryngotracheobronchitis) | Parainfluenza; "steeple sign" on X-ray; stridor; nebulised epinephrine + dexamethasone |
| Topic | Key Points |
|---|---|
| Acyanotic CHD | VSD (most common CHD overall), ASD, PDA, AVSD; eisenmenger syndrome |
| Cyanotic CHD | TOF (most common cyanotic - boot-shaped heart, RVOT obstruction); TGA (egg-on-side); Tricuspid atresia; Ebstein anomaly; Total APVD |
| TOF | 4 components; tet spells (squatting relieves); hypercyanotic spells management (knee-chest, morphine, propranolol) |
| Rheumatic fever | Jones criteria (major: carditis, polyarthritis, chorea, erythema marginatum, subcutaneous nodules); ASO titre; penicillin prophylaxis |
| Kawasaki disease | Fever >5 days + 4/5 criteria (bilateral conjunctivitis, oral changes, rash, cervical LN, extremity changes); IVIG + aspirin; coronary aneurysm |
| Infective endocarditis | Duke criteria; viridans streptococcus most common; prophylaxis |
| Coarctation of aorta | Turner syndrome association; radio-femoral delay; rib notching |
| Topic | Key Points |
|---|---|
| Diarrhoea management | ORS (WHO low osmolarity); zinc supplementation; plan A/B/C; IMNCI |
| Intussusception | Peak age 6-18 mos; colicky pain; currant jelly stool; sausage-shaped mass; air enema reduction |
| Pyloric stenosis | 4-6 wks male; projectile vomiting; hypochloraemic hypokalaemic alkalosis; olive-shaped mass; Ramstedt's pyloromyotomy |
| Hirschsprung disease | Aganglionic segment (always includes rectum); delayed passage meconium; barium enema (transition zone); full-thickness rectal biopsy |
| Celiac disease | Anti-tTG antibody; HLA DQ2/DQ8; villous atrophy; gluten-free diet |
| Acute hepatitis | Hep A (most common in children); HAV IgM; supportive treatment |
| Topic | Key Points |
|---|---|
| Nephrotic syndrome | Minimal change disease (most common in children); massive proteinuria, oedema, hypoalbuminaemia; steroids; lipoid nephrosis |
| Nephritic syndrome | Post-streptococcal GN; haematuria, hypertension, oliguria; low C3; spontaneous resolution |
| UTI in children | E. coli most common; VCUG for VUR; DMSA scan; prophylaxis |
| Haemolytic Uraemic Syndrome (HUS) | EHEC (E. coli O157:H7); microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia + thrombocytopaenia + renal failure; do NOT use antibiotics |
| Wilms tumour (Nephroblastoma) | Most common renal tumour in children; WAGR syndrome; smooth flank mass; WT1 gene |
| Topic | Key Points |
|---|---|
| Iron deficiency anaemia | Most common anaemia in children; hypochromic microcytic; RDW high |
| Thalassaemia | Alpha thal (HbH, Hb Barts); Beta thal major (transfusion-dependent, Erlenmeyer flask, "hair on end" skull); HbS in sickle cell |
| Sickle cell disease | HbSS; dactylitis (first manifestation); splenic sequestration; vaso-occlusive crisis; hydroxyurea |
| Haemophilia | X-linked; A (Factor VIII) vs B (Factor IX); PTT prolonged, PT normal |
| ITP | Most common bleeding disorder in children; post-viral; platelets <20,000; IVIG |
| ALL | Most common childhood cancer; B-cell ALL most common; Philadelphia chromosome (t9;22) = poor prognosis |
| Image Type | What to Recognize |
|---|---|
| Growth charts | Z-score; SAM vs MAM; stunting vs wasting |
| Milestone charts | Age-appropriate milestones |
| X-ray chest in RDS | Ground glass, air bronchogram |
| X-ray in croup | Steeple sign |
| X-ray in TOF | Boot-shaped heart |
| Bitot's spots | Triangular foamy conjunctival patches |
| Rickets X-ray | Cupping, fraying, widening of epiphysis |
| Kwashiorkor face | Moon face, skin changes |
| Koplik spots | White spots on buccal mucosa |
| Intussusception barium | Coiled spring sign, crescent sign |
| Pyloric stenosis USG | "Donut sign" / target sign |
| Topic | PYQ Frequency | Must Do? |
|---|---|---|
| Neonatology (RDS, jaundice, APGAR, sepsis) | 20-22% | YES |
| Growth & development milestones | 18-20% | YES |
| Infectious diseases (measles, TB, vaccines) | 14-16% | YES |
| Nutrition (PEM, vitamins, IDA) | 10-12% | YES |
| Respiratory (asthma, bronchiolitis, croup) | 8% | HIGH |
| Cardiology (TOF, Kawasaki, RF) | 8% | HIGH |
| Gastroenterology (intussusception, HPS, diarrhoea) | 7% | HIGH |
| Nephrology (NS, GN, HUS, Wilms) | 5% | MODERATE |
| Hematology (thal, IDA, ALL, ITP) | 5% | MODERATE |
| Neurology (febrile seizures, CP, meningitis) | 4% | MODERATE |