Diabetes mellitus tell me a what kind of disease is this and what's the treatment and symptom
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Diabetes mellitus is a long-term disease in which the level of glucose (sugar) in the blood is too high. This happens when the body does not make enough insulin, or cannot use insulin properly. Insulin is a hormone made by the pancreas that helps glucose move from the blood into cells for energy.
Main types
- Type 1 diabetes: The immune system destroys the insulin-making cells of the pancreas. The person needs insulin every day. It can begin at any age.
- Type 2 diabetes: The most common type. The body becomes resistant to insulin and gradually may not make enough. It is associated with family history, excess body weight, inactivity, and increasing age, though it can occur in anyone.
- Gestational diabetes: Diabetes first recognized during pregnancy.
- There are also less common forms caused by certain medicines, pancreatic diseases, or genetic conditions.
Common symptoms
Some people with type 2 diabetes have no symptoms for years. Possible symptoms include:
- Frequent urination, especially at night
- Excessive thirst and hunger
- Unexplained weight loss
- Tiredness or weakness
- Blurred vision
- Slow-healing cuts or repeated infections
- Tingling or numbness in hands or feet
Type 1 symptoms may begin quickly and can be severe. The CDC symptom guide explains that type 1 and type 2 often share these symptoms, while type 2 may develop very gradually.
Treatment
Treatment depends on the type and the individual, but the goals are to control glucose and prevent complications involving the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart, and blood vessels.
For everyone
- Healthy, balanced meals with attention to carbohydrate portions
- Regular physical activity
- Weight reduction if recommended
- Monitoring blood glucose, with a finger-stick meter or continuous glucose monitor when advised
- Regular checks of blood pressure, cholesterol, feet, eyes, kidneys, and HbA1c
Type 1 diabetes
- Insulin is essential, given by injections or an insulin pump
- Meal planning and glucose monitoring are also needed
Type 2 diabetes
- Lifestyle changes may be sufficient early on for some people.
- Medicines may be needed, such as metformin and other glucose-lowering drugs. Some people require insulin.
- The choice depends on glucose level, body weight, kidney/heart disease, cost, side effects, and personal circumstances. The CDC overview of type 2 diabetes notes that healthy eating and activity remain important even when medicine or insulin is used.
When to seek urgent care
Get urgent medical help if there is vomiting, abdominal pain, deep or fast breathing, confusion, severe drowsiness, or a fruity-smelling breath, especially with very high blood sugar. These can indicate diabetic ketoacidosis, a potentially life-threatening emergency.
A clinician can diagnose diabetes using blood tests such as fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, or an oral glucose-tolerance test. Do not start diabetes medication without medical assessment.
Thyrotoxicosis
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Quick answer
Thyrotoxicosis means there is too much thyroid hormone in the bloodstream, causing the body to work too fast. It is the clinical state produced by excess T3/T4 thyroid hormone.
It is often, but not always, due to hyperthyroidism. Hyperthyroidism means the thyroid gland is actively overproducing hormones. In thyroiditis, for example, stored hormone leaks out from an inflamed gland, producing thyrotoxicosis without true overproduction.
Common causes
- Graves' disease: autoimmune overactive thyroid, often with diffuse goitre and sometimes eye symptoms
- Toxic multinodular goitre or a toxic thyroid nodule
- Thyroiditis: inflammation of the thyroid, including after pregnancy or a viral illness
- Too much thyroid-hormone medication
- Certain medicines, especially amiodarone
Symptoms and signs
- Fast or irregular heartbeat, palpitations
- Anxiety, irritability, tremor, poor sleep
- Weight loss despite increased appetite
- Heat intolerance and excessive sweating
- Tiredness and muscle weakness
- Frequent bowel movements or diarrhoea
- Menstrual or fertility changes
- Enlarged thyroid gland in the neck
- In Graves' disease: eye redness, grittiness, prominence, or visual problems
Diagnosis
Doctors usually check:
- TSH: usually low
- Free T4 and/or T3: elevated
- Thyroid antibodies, particularly for suspected Graves' disease
- Sometimes thyroid ultrasound or a radioactive-iodine uptake scan to identify the cause
Treatment
Treatment depends on the cause:
- Beta-blocker medicines can quickly reduce tremor, anxiety, and fast heart rate.
- Antithyroid medicines such as methimazole/carbimazole or propylthiouracil reduce hormone production in Graves' disease or toxic nodules.
- Radioactive iodine can be a definitive option for some causes.
- Thyroid surgery may be considered for a large goitre, suspicious nodules, recurrent disease, or when other options are unsuitable.
- In thyroiditis, antithyroid medicines generally do not help because the gland is not overproducing hormone. Treatment is often symptom control while the inflammation settles.
Seek urgent care for severe palpitations, chest pain, breathlessness, high fever, confusion, agitation, vomiting, or collapse. Rarely, severe untreated thyrotoxicosis can progress to thyroid storm, a medical emergency.
What is graves disease just quick answer
Graves' disease is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly stimulates the thyroid gland to make too much thyroid hormone. It is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism and thyrotoxicosis.
It may cause weight loss, fast heartbeat, sweating, shaking, anxiety, heat intolerance, goitre, and sometimes eye problems such as prominent or irritated eyes. Treatment may include beta-blockers for symptoms, antithyroid medication, radioactive iodine, or thyroid surgery.
What is goitre quick answer
A goitre is an enlargement or swelling of the thyroid gland in the front of the neck.
It can occur when the thyroid is underactive, overactive, normal, or has nodules. Common causes include iodine deficiency, Graves' disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and thyroid nodules.
What is termo quick answer
Tremor means an involuntary shaking or trembling of a part of the body, usually the hands. It can occur with anxiety, too much caffeine, some medicines, or an overactive thyroid such as Graves' disease.
Panhypopituitarism definition causes symptoms and treatment give me a quick answer
Panhypopituitarism is a condition in which the pituitary gland does not produce enough of several or all of its hormones. The pituitary is a small gland at the base of the brain that controls the thyroid, adrenal glands, ovaries/testes, growth, and water balance.
Causes
- Pituitary tumor or treatment for it, such as surgery or radiotherapy
- Head injury, brain infection, stroke, or bleeding into the pituitary
- Severe bleeding during childbirth causing pituitary damage, called Sheehan syndrome
- Autoimmune or inflammatory diseases
- Congenital pituitary disorders
Symptoms
They depend on the hormones affected and may include:
- Tiredness, weakness, weight loss
- Low blood pressure, dizziness, low blood sugar
- Feeling cold, constipation
- Loss of body hair
- Reduced sex drive, erectile dysfunction, irregular or absent periods, infertility
- Poor growth in children
- Excess thirst and passing large amounts of urine if water-balance hormone is affected
Treatment
Treatment is lifelong replacement of the missing hormones, tailored by an endocrinologist. It may include:
- Hydrocortisone or similar steroid for adrenal hormone deficiency
- Levothyroxine for thyroid hormone deficiency
- Testosterone or estrogen/progesterone for sex-hormone deficiency
- Growth hormone for selected people
- Desmopressin if diabetes insipidus is present
- Treating the underlying cause, for example pituitary surgery for a tumor
Important: If adrenal hormone deficiency is present, steroid replacement must be started before thyroid hormone, because starting thyroid hormone first can trigger a dangerous adrenal crisis.
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