1st for heart 2nd [ara for skin 3ed for diabetes 4th for respiratort,,,5th for hapititis,,,,,,,,, Constituents: -These contain cardiac glycosides (digoxin, digitoxin, cardenolides). -Other compounds present in both plants are: glucoevatromoside; glucodigifucoside; glucogitoroside; digitalinum verum; glucolanadoxin; glucoverodoin; tigogenin; gitogenin; digitogenin; apigenin; anthraquinones; digitollytein; 3-methylalizarin; caffeic acid; ferrulic acid; P-coumaric acid and chlorgenic acid. -Digitalis purpurea L. has also digitalin and gitalin. -This plant also possesses glycogitaloxin, flavonoids, saponosides and triterpenes. Uses: -Used in cardiac insufficiency. Being cardiotonic in action, these increase the cardiac contractility and decrease of excitability, conductivity and rhythm, decrease the requirement of oxygen for cardiac work. -It also has diuretic action by flavonoids and minerals salts. -It is also used in tachyarrhythmia & systolic dysfunction. -D. lanata has acetyldigoxin, deslanoside & lanatosides A, B, C, D, E. -Digoxin is a common medication for heart failure. -It has positive inotropic effect on cardiac output & tissue perfusion; blocks adrenergic action (vasodilatation); decrease preload & afterload; increase of blood flow; decrease of peripheral resistance, central venous pressure & cardiac frequency. 2.Convallaria majalis Family: Liliaceae Common Names: Lilly of the valley Description: It is herbaceous perennial plant that forms extensive colonies by spreading underground stems called rhizomes. The stems grow to 15–30 cm tall. Chemical constituents: -These have cardenolide glycosides in rhizomes. -The principal substance with cardiotonic action is convallatoxin (a cardiotonic heteroside). -The others substances present in this plant are convallasaponin A, free flavonoids, 3-methylquercetin and mineral salts. Uses: -The principal medical use is in cardiac insufficiency, arrhythmias and edema. 3.Allium sativum Family: Lilliaceae Constituents: -Allicin (allyl 2-propenethiosulfinate or diallyl thiosulfinate) is the principal bioactive compound present in garlic and responsible for the beneficial effect on cardiovascular system. When garlic is chopped or crushed, allinase enzyme present in garlic, is activated and acts on alliin (present in intact garlic) to produce allicin. Allinase is inactivated by heat. So, garlic in raw form is effective in imparting the therapeutic benefits. -Others compounds are 1-propenyl allyl thiosulfonate, allyl methyl thiosulfonate, ajoene and L-glutamyl-S-alkyl-cisteine. -It also possesses fructosans, reducing sugars, mineral salts, saponin and vitamin A, B and C. -Fructosans primarily act as diuretics. Uses: -Garlic has been widely recognized for prevention & treatment of cardiovascular & other metabolic diseases, atherosclerosis, hyperlipidemia, thrombosis, hypertension & diabetes. Garlic has various effects in reducing CVDs, including anti-atherosclerotic and anti-hyperlipidemic actions, inhibition of platelet aggregation, blood pressure reduction, antiarrhythmic effects, and protection against oxidative stress and structural damage caused by myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury............1.Aloe vera Common name: Barbados aloe, medicinal aloe, burn plant. In India, it is believed to help in sustaining youth, due to its positive effects on the skin. Hence it is called ghee kunvar or ghee kumaari in Hindi. Family: Asphodelaceae Chemical constituents: Vitamins, enzymes, minerals, sugars, anthraquinones, hormones, amino acids, lignins, salicylic acid, & saponins. Uses: This plant has been used for centuries for its skin care properties. It has shown very good results in skin diseases and it is often taken as health drink. It is effective in treating wrinkles, stretch marks and pigmentations. It also promotes wound healing by improving blood circulation through the area and preventing cell death around a wound. It also provides relief in spontaneous atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions due to reduction of interleukin-5 and interleukin-10 levels. The gel has antibacterial and antifungal properties. A cream containing 0.5% aloe for 4 weeks reduced the skin plaques associated with psoriasis. Application of gel helps in the improvement of partial thickness burns. When applied to the skin, the gel helps the skin to survive frostbite injury. It might delay the appearance of skin damage during and after radiation treatment. 2.Commiphora mukul Family: Burseraceae Common names: Muqil (Shihappu) (Urdu), guggul tree (English) Geographical distribution: It is found India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan. Description: It is a small, bushy tree with thorny branches. Chemical constituents: It contains essential oils, flavonoids, ellagic acid, camphorene, cembrene, diterpene hydrocarbon, diterpene alcohol, Z-Guggulsterone, E-Guggulsterone, Guggulsterol-I, II & III, & cholesterol. Uses: It is used for the treatment of skin disease and acne. It is also used to clear redness and swelling caused due to acne. Administration of gugulipid has been reported to be effective in the treatment of nodulocystic acne. Patients with oily faces responded better to gugulipid treatment. 3.Angelica archangelica Family: Umbelliferae Common names: Holy Ghost, Wild Celery, Norwegian angelica (English), Choraka bheda, Dudhachoraa (Hindi) Description: Biennial and perennial herbal plant. Distribution: This plant is native to Syria from where it has spread to many cool European climates, where it has become naturalized. Chemical constituents: The major constituents are volatile oil, valeric acid, angelic acid, sugar, a bitter principle, and a resin called Angelicin. Uses: Angelicin present in this plant is used to cure different skin diseases, e.g. psoriasis, vitiligo and T−cell lymphoma (cancer). Today, treatment of PUVA photochemotherapy (psoralen plus UVA) is used to treat some of the above-mentioned skin diseases. Psoralen is a furocoumarin but it is mutagenic and carcinogenic together with UV−light. Psoralen interferes with DNA and cause cancer. Angelicin is an isostere of the psoralen, which is found in this plant suggested to be taking the role of psoralen, and thus giving a safer treatment for patients with skin diseases. Biggest advantage of using angelicin is that it is unable to crosslink with DNA, and therefore decrease severe toxic side effects in PUVA treatments............./Herbs and herbal medicine for treatment of diabetes 1.Gymnema sylvestre Common Name: Gurmar (sugar destroyer) Family: Asclepiadaceae Geographical distribution: Grows in the tropical forests of southern and central India, southern China, Vietnam, Australia, and African countries Description: Woody climbing plant Main constituents: Gymnemic acids, gurmarin (a polypeptide of 35 amino acids), Saponins Antidiabetic activity: –Commonly used for the treatment of diabetes since ages –Gymnema leaves contain gymnemic acids, which have similar structure to glucose molecules. When chewed or applied to the tongue, these acids bind to the taste receptors and thus block their ability to detect sweetness for up to 90 minutes of sucrose, glucose and other sugars and also of artificial sweeteners like saccharin and aspartame. This helps in reducing sugar cravings and the desire for sweet foods thus leading to natural selection of lower glycemic index. –Stimulates secretion of insulin from pancreatic β cells and also helps in regeneration of β cells. –Also increases glucose uptake by peripheral tissues thus reducing plasma sugar level. 2.Momordica charantia Common Name: Bitter melon, Bitter guard, Karela, Plant insulin Family: Cucurbitaceae Geographical distribution: China, South America, India, West Indies, East Africa Description: Tendril-bearing vine Main constituents: –Seeds contain eleostearic acid and stearic acid –Several glycosides such as charantin (a mixture of steroidal compounds) and vicine –Polypeptide-P (plant insulin), lipids, triterpenoids and alkaloids –Polypeptide-P is a chain of amino acids, which is structurally similar to bovine insulin Antidiabetic activity: –Widely used in folk therapy for the treatment of diabetes. –Polypeptide-P (plant insulin) lowers the blood glucose level especially in Type I diabetes. It inhibits the gluconeogenesis. It also improves glucose tolerance in Type II diabetes. –Charantin is a hypoglycemic agent and is more potent than the drug tolubutamide, which is commonly used for the treatment of diabetes. –Vicine also possesses hypoglycemic activities. –The plant may have a role in the regeneration of pancreatic β cells. 3.Melia azadirachta Also known as Azadirachta indica Common Name: Neempan Family: Meliaceae Geographical distribution: Commonly found in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Burma, and Nepal Description: It is a fast-growing 20–23 m tall tree Main constituents: –The most important active constituent is azadirachtin –Others include nimbolinin, nimbin, nimbidin, nimbidol, sodium nimbinate, gedunin, salannin, and quercetin Antidiabetic activity: –Neem has long been used in traditional medicine to treat various ailments, including diabetes. –Its leaves, stem, bark and seeds possess hypoglycemic activity via increasing insulin secretion from the β cells of the pancreas. –Its leaves are characterized by the presence of high fiber content that is potent in diabetes management and controlling of post-prandial hyperglycemia through delaying gastric emptying, increasing viscosity of GIT content thus, suppressing digestion and absorption of carbohydrate with no risk of hypoglycemia, hyperinsulinemia and undesirable weight gain. 4.Syzygium jambolanum It is also known as Eugenia jambolana and Syzygium cumini Common Name: Jamun or black plum Family: Myrtaceae Geographical distribution: Grown in Indian subcontinent and in other regions of South Asia such as Nepal, Burma, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Pakistan, and Bangladesh Description: It is an evergreen tropical tree of 8-15 m height Main constituents: –This plant contains anthocyanins, glucoside, ellagic acid, isoquercetin, kaempferol, myricetin, and hydrolysable tannins. –The seeds also contain alkaloid jambosine and glycoside jamboline, which slows down the diastatic conversion of starch into sugar. Antidiabetic activity: –It is one of the widely used medicinal plants in the treatment of diabetes and other diseases. –Before the discovery of insulin, it was frontline antidiabetic medication even in Europe. –The blood glucose-lowering effect of this plant may be due to increased secretion of insulin from the pancreas or by inhibition of insulin degradation. –Seeds have shown significant reduction in blood sugar level and improvement in histopathology of pancreatic islets. ......./pulmonary vascular disease and others. 1.Adhatoda vasica Nees Family: Acanthaceae Common name: Vasaka, Adosa Description: It is a dense shrub growing to a height of 1 to 3 m. Distribution: Found in many regions of India & throughout world Chemical constituents: The major alkaloid found in leaves is the quinazoline alkaloid - vasicine. Leaves and roots also contain alkaloids l-vasicinone, deoxyvasicine, maiontone, vasicinolone and vasicinol. Uses: It is most well-known for its effectiveness in treating respiratory conditions. The leaves show stimulant effect on the respiratory system. It has an antispasmodic and expectorant effect, and has been used for centuries with much success to treat asthma, chronic bronchitis, and other respiratory conditions. It has anti-asthmatic and bronchodilator activity. Adhatoda has been used in traditional medicine to treat respiratory disorders. Both vasicine and vasicinone are therapeutically well-established respiratory agents. Extracts of Adhatoda’s leaves and roots are useful in treating bronchitis, and other lung and bronchiole disorders, as well as common coughs and colds. A decoction of the leaves has a soothing effect on irritation in the throat, and acts as an expectorant to loosen phlegm in the respiratory passages. It has a good antitussive activity. 2.Ficus religiosa Family: Moraceae Common names: Peepal Distribution: Found throughout the plains of India upto 170 m altitude in the Himalayas Description: Big and old tree is 30 m tall. Chemical constituents: F. religiosa fruits contain a large amount of various flavonoids, including kaempferol, quercetin, and myricetin, along with other phenolic compounds. Asparagine and tyrosine are the most abundant amino acids in the fruit pulp. The seeds contain phytosterolin, β-sitosterol, its glycoside, albuminoids, carbohydrates, fatty substances, and pigments. Phytosterols such as lanosterol, β-sitosteryl D-glucoside, bergapten, bergaptol, and stigmasterol have been reported in the bark. Uses: It is used to treat asthma, cough, and other respiratory disorders. The leaf juice has been traditionally employed for managing asthma and cough. For asthmatic patients, the dried fruit powder is administered with water. Any type of cough can be relieved by taking it with honey. ...............Herbs and herbal medicine for the treatment of Hepatitis 1.Picrorhiza kurroa Family: Scrophulariaceae Common names: Hellebore root, Kutki Distribution: In Himalayas at elevation of 3000-5000 m. Description: It is a low, hairy herb with perennial woody rhizome. Chemical Constituents: Picroside and kutkoside are active constituents of roots and rhizomes. Uses: Used traditionally for centuries as a general liver tonic and for liver cleansing and hepatitis. In patients with acute viral hepatitis, hellebore root (375 mg, 3 times daily for 14 days) led to rapid fall in serum bilirubin levels toward normal range and quicker clinical recovery with no side effects. Hellebore root also protects against alcohol induced hepatotoxicity. A bitter extract obtained from the rhizomes has been widely used in traditional medicine for the treatment of liver diseases. ‘‘Picroliv,’’ a combined formulation has been. i want u to creat a man sketch on page which describe all syestems 5 given here and chemical constiyuents used also