type 2 diabetes mellitus
Reading File
Reading File
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic disorder in which the body becomes resistant to insulin and, over time, the pancreas cannot produce enough insulin to maintain normal blood glucose. It is strongly associated with excess body weight, inactivity, family history, increasing age, prior gestational diabetes, and some ethnic backgrounds.
Key areas include:
- Causes and pathophysiology - insulin resistance and progressive beta-cell dysfunction
- Symptoms and diagnosis - thirst, frequent urination, fatigue, unexplained weight loss, and glucose/HbA1c criteria
- Complications - eye, kidney, nerve, cardiovascular, and foot disease
- Management - nutrition, activity, weight reduction, glucose monitoring, and medicines
- Drug treatment - metformin, GLP-1 receptor agonists, SGLT2 inhibitors, insulin, and others
- Prevention and screening - identifying prediabetes and reducing future risk
T2DM may cause no symptoms initially, so screening is important in at-risk people. Treatment aims not only to lower glucose but also to protect the heart and kidneys, prevent complications, and support sustainable weight and lifestyle changes.
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