mkdir -p /home/daytona/workspace/lower-limb-muscles && cat > /home/daytona/workspace/lower-limb-muscles/generate_pdf.py << 'PYEOF' from reportlab.lib.pagesizes import A4, landscape from reportlab.lib import colors from reportlab.lib.styles import getSampleStyleSheet, ParagraphStyle from reportlab.platypus import SimpleDocTemplate, Table, TableStyle, Paragraph, Spacer, PageBreak from reportlab.lib.units import cm, mm from reportlab.lib.enums import TA_CENTER, TA_LEFT # Page setup doc = SimpleDocTemplate( "/home/daytona/workspace/lower-limb-muscles/Lower_Limb_Muscles.pdf", pagesize=landscape(A4), leftMargin=1.0*cm, rightMargin=1.0*cm, topMargin=1.5*cm, bottomMargin=1.5*cm ) styles = getSampleStyleSheet() def cell(text, bold=False, size=7, color=colors.black): style = ParagraphStyle( 'custom', fontName='Helvetica-Bold' if bold else 'Helvetica', fontSize=size, leading=9, textColor=color, spaceAfter=1, wordWrap='CJK' ) return Paragraph(text, style) def header(text): return cell(text, bold=True, size=8, color=colors.white) # Header color HDR_BG = colors.HexColor('#1a3a5c') ALT1 = colors.HexColor('#dce8f5') ALT2 = colors.white SEC_BG = colors.HexColor('#2e6da4') # ----------------------------------------------------------------------- # DATA: [Muscle, Origin, Insertion, Nerve/Innervation, Action] # ----------------------------------------------------------------------- muscles = [ # ======================== GLUTEAL / HIP MUSCLES ===================== ["SECTION: GLUTEAL & HIP MUSCLES", "", "", "", ""], ["Gluteus Maximus", "Posterior gluteal line of ilium, dorsal sacrum & coccyx, sacrotuberous ligament", "Iliotibial tract (IT band); gluteal tuberosity of femur", "Inferior gluteal nerve (L5, S1, S2)", "Extension & lateral rotation of hip; upper fibres – abduction; lower fibres – adduction"], ["Gluteus Medius", "External surface of ilium between anterior & posterior gluteal lines", "Lateral surface of greater trochanter", "Superior gluteal nerve (L4, L5, S1)", "Abduction of hip; anterior fibres – medial rotation; posterior fibres – lateral rotation; stabilises pelvis during walking"], ["Gluteus Minimus", "External surface of ilium between anterior & inferior gluteal lines", "Anterior surface of greater trochanter", "Superior gluteal nerve (L4, L5, S1)", "Abduction & medial rotation of hip; stabilises pelvis"], ["Tensor Fasciae Latae (TFL)", "Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) & anterior iliac crest", "Iliotibial tract (which attaches to lateral tibial condyle – Gerdy's tubercle)", "Superior gluteal nerve (L4, L5, S1)", "Flexion, medial rotation & abduction of hip; tenses IT band; assists knee extension"], ["Piriformis", "Anterior surface of sacrum (S2–S4); sacrotuberous ligament", "Superior border of greater trochanter", "Nerve to piriformis (S1, S2)", "Lateral rotation of hip when extended; abduction when hip flexed; stabilises hip joint"], ["Obturator Internus", "Internal surface of obturator membrane & surrounding bones", "Medial surface of greater trochanter (trochanteric fossa)", "Nerve to obturator internus (L5, S1)", "Lateral rotation of extended hip; abduction of flexed hip"], ["Superior Gemellus", "Ischial spine", "Medial surface of greater trochanter (with obturator internus tendon)", "Nerve to obturator internus (L5, S1)", "Lateral rotation of hip"], ["Inferior Gemellus", "Ischial tuberosity", "Medial surface of greater trochanter (with obturator internus tendon)", "Nerve to quadratus femoris (L4, L5, S1)", "Lateral rotation of hip"], ["Quadratus Femoris", "Lateral border of ischial tuberosity", "Quadrate tubercle on intertrochanteric crest of femur", "Nerve to quadratus femoris (L4, L5, S1)", "Lateral rotation of hip; adduction of thigh"], ["Obturator Externus", "External surface of obturator membrane & surrounding bones (pubis, ischium)", "Trochanteric fossa of femur", "Obturator nerve (L3, L4)", "Lateral rotation of hip; stabilises hip"], # ======================== INNER HIP / ILIOPSOAS ===================== ["SECTION: INNER HIP (ILIOPSOAS) MUSCLES", "", "", "", ""], ["Psoas Major", "Transverse processes & bodies of T12–L5 vertebrae; intervertebral discs", "Lesser trochanter of femur (with iliacus – iliopsoas tendon)", "Femoral nerve (L2, L3) and direct branches from lumbar plexus (L1–L3)", "Flexion of hip; lateral flexion of lumbar spine; lateral rotation of hip"], ["Psoas Minor", "Lateral surfaces of T12–L1 vertebral bodies", "Iliopectineal eminence & iliac fascia", "Direct branches from L1", "Weak flexion of lumbar spine; tenses iliac fascia"], ["Iliacus", "Iliac fossa; ala of sacrum; anterior sacroiliac ligaments", "Lesser trochanter (with psoas major – iliopsoas tendon)", "Femoral nerve (L2, L3)", "Flexion of hip; stabilises hip joint"], # ======================== ADDUCTOR GROUP ============================ ["SECTION: ADDUCTOR GROUP (MEDIAL THIGH)", "", "", "", ""], ["Pectineus", "Pectineal line of pubis (pecten pubis)", "Pectineal line of femur (between lesser trochanter & linea aspera)", "Femoral nerve (L2, L3); sometimes obturator nerve", "Adduction & flexion of hip; assists medial rotation"], ["Adductor Longus", "Body of pubis below pubic crest", "Middle third of linea aspera", "Obturator nerve, anterior division (L2, L3, L4)", "Adduction of hip; assists flexion & medial rotation"], ["Adductor Brevis", "Body & inferior ramus of pubis", "Upper third of linea aspera & pectineal line", "Obturator nerve, anterior division (L2, L3, L4)", "Adduction of hip; assists flexion"], ["Adductor Magnus", "Inferior pubic ramus, ischial ramus (adductor part); ischial tuberosity (hamstring part)", "Medial lip of linea aspera, medial supracondylar line (adductor part); adductor tubercle of femur (hamstring part)", "Obturator nerve (L2, L3, L4) – adductor part; Tibial nerve (L4) – hamstring part", "Powerful adduction of hip; adductor part – flexion; hamstring part – extension"], ["Adductor Minimus", "Inferior pubic ramus", "Medial lip of linea aspera (proximal to adductor magnus)", "Obturator nerve (L2, L3)", "Adduction & flexion of hip"], ["Gracilis", "Body & inferior ramus of pubis", "Medial surface of tibia (pes anserinus – with sartorius & semitendinosus)", "Obturator nerve (L2, L3)", "Adduction of hip; flexion & medial rotation of knee"], # ======================== ANTERIOR THIGH ============================ ["SECTION: ANTERIOR THIGH MUSCLES", "", "", "", ""], ["Sartorius", "Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)", "Medial surface of tibia (pes anserinus)", "Femoral nerve (L2, L3)", "Flexion, abduction & lateral rotation of hip; flexion & medial rotation of knee ('tailor's position')"], ["Rectus Femoris", "Straight head: anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS); Reflected head: groove above acetabulum", "Quadriceps tendon → patella → patellar ligament → tibial tuberosity", "Femoral nerve (L2, L3, L4)", "Extension of knee; flexion of hip (only quadriceps head to cross hip)"], ["Vastus Lateralis", "Greater trochanter; lateral lip of linea aspera; gluteal tuberosity", "Quadriceps tendon → patella → tibial tuberosity (lateral aspect)", "Femoral nerve (L2, L3, L4)", "Extension of knee; lateral stabilisation of patella"], ["Vastus Medialis", "Intertrochanteric line; medial lip of linea aspera; medial supracondylar line", "Quadriceps tendon → patella → tibial tuberosity (medial aspect)", "Femoral nerve (L2, L3, L4)", "Extension of knee; medial stabilisation of patella (VMO component)"], ["Vastus Intermedius", "Anterior & lateral surfaces of femoral shaft (upper 2/3)", "Quadriceps tendon → patella → tibial tuberosity", "Femoral nerve (L2, L3, L4)", "Extension of knee"], ["Articularis Genus", "Anterior femoral shaft (distal)", "Suprapatellar bursa / knee joint capsule", "Femoral nerve (L2, L3, L4)", "Retracts knee joint capsule during extension (prevents impingement)"], # ======================== POSTERIOR THIGH (HAMSTRINGS) ============== ["SECTION: POSTERIOR THIGH MUSCLES (HAMSTRINGS)", "", "", "", ""], ["Biceps Femoris (Long Head)", "Ischial tuberosity (common tendon with semitendinosus)", "Head of fibula; lateral condyle of tibia", "Tibial nerve (L5, S1, S2)", "Extension of hip; flexion & lateral rotation of knee"], ["Biceps Femoris (Short Head)", "Lateral lip of linea aspera; lateral supracondylar line", "Head of fibula; lateral condyle of tibia", "Common fibular (peroneal) nerve (L5, S1, S2)", "Flexion & lateral rotation of knee"], ["Semimembranosus", "Ischial tuberosity (lateral impression)", "Posterior medial tibial condyle; forms oblique popliteal ligament", "Tibial nerve (L5, S1, S2)", "Extension of hip; flexion & medial rotation of knee"], ["Semitendinosus", "Ischial tuberosity (common tendon with biceps femoris long head)", "Medial surface of tibia (pes anserinus)", "Tibial nerve (L5, S1, S2)", "Extension of hip; flexion & medial rotation of knee"], # ======================== ANTERIOR LEG ============================== ["SECTION: ANTERIOR COMPARTMENT OF LEG", "", "", "", ""], ["Tibialis Anterior", "Lateral condyle & upper 2/3 lateral surface of tibia; interosseous membrane", "Medial cuneiform & base of 1st metatarsal", "Deep fibular (peroneal) nerve (L4, L5)", "Dorsiflexion & inversion of foot; supports medial longitudinal arch"], ["Extensor Hallucis Longus", "Middle 2/3 of medial fibula; interosseous membrane", "Base of distal phalanx of hallux (great toe)", "Deep fibular nerve (L5, S1)", "Extension of great toe; dorsiflexion & inversion of foot"], ["Extensor Digitorum Longus", "Lateral tibial condyle; upper 3/4 of fibula; interosseous membrane", "Extensor expansions of lateral 4 toes (middle & distal phalanges)", "Deep fibular nerve (L5, S1)", "Extension of lateral 4 toes; dorsiflexion & eversion of foot"], ["Fibularis (Peroneus) Tertius", "Lower 1/3 anterior fibula; interosseous membrane", "Dorsal surface, base of 5th metatarsal", "Deep fibular nerve (L5, S1)", "Dorsiflexion & eversion of foot (often absent)"], # ======================== LATERAL LEG =============================== ["SECTION: LATERAL COMPARTMENT OF LEG", "", "", "", ""], ["Fibularis (Peroneus) Longus", "Head & upper 2/3 lateral fibula", "Plantar surface of medial cuneiform & base of 1st metatarsal (crosses sole obliquely)", "Superficial fibular (peroneal) nerve (L5, S1, S2)", "Eversion & plantarflexion of foot; supports transverse & medial longitudinal arch"], ["Fibularis (Peroneus) Brevis", "Lower 2/3 lateral fibula", "Tuberosity at base of 5th metatarsal", "Superficial fibular nerve (L5, S1, S2)", "Eversion of foot; weak plantarflexion"], # ======================== POSTERIOR LEG – SUPERFICIAL =============== ["SECTION: POSTERIOR COMPARTMENT – SUPERFICIAL (TRICEPS SURAE)", "", "", "", ""], ["Gastrocnemius (Medial Head)", "Medial femoral condyle (posterior surface) & adjacent femur", "Posterior calcaneus via calcaneal (Achilles) tendon", "Tibial nerve (S1, S2)", "Plantarflexion of ankle; flexion of knee (minor)"], ["Gastrocnemius (Lateral Head)", "Lateral femoral condyle (posterior surface)", "Posterior calcaneus via calcaneal tendon", "Tibial nerve (S1, S2)", "Plantarflexion of ankle; flexion of knee (minor)"], ["Soleus", "Soleal line & posterior tibia; upper 1/3 posterior fibula head; fibrous arch", "Posterior calcaneus via calcaneal tendon (with gastrocnemius)", "Tibial nerve (S1, S2)", "Plantarflexion of ankle (principal); maintains upright posture; venous pump"], ["Plantaris", "Lateral supracondylar line of femur; oblique popliteal ligament", "Posteromedial calcaneus (medial to calcaneal tendon)", "Tibial nerve (S1, S2)", "Weak plantarflexion & knee flexion (often absent ~7%)"], # ======================== POSTERIOR LEG – DEEP ====================== ["SECTION: POSTERIOR COMPARTMENT – DEEP", "", "", "", ""], ["Popliteus", "Lateral femoral condyle (popliteal groove); lateral meniscus", "Posterior surface of tibia above soleal line", "Tibial nerve (L4, L5, S1)", "'Unlocks' knee – medial rotation of tibia on femur to begin flexion; stabilises knee"], ["Tibialis Posterior", "Posterior surface of tibia (lateral to vertical line); upper 2/3 medial fibula; interosseous membrane", "Tuberosity of navicular; plantar surfaces of cuneiforms, cuboid, metatarsals 2–4", "Tibial nerve (L4, L5)", "Inversion & plantarflexion of foot; primary stabiliser of medial longitudinal arch"], ["Flexor Digitorum Longus", "Medial posterior tibial surface (below soleal line)", "Plantar base of distal phalanges of lateral 4 toes", "Tibial nerve (L5, S1)", "Flexion of lateral 4 toes; plantarflexion & inversion of foot; supports longitudinal arch"], ["Flexor Hallucis Longus", "Posterior fibula (lower 2/3); interosseous membrane", "Base of distal phalanx of hallux", "Tibial nerve (L5, S1, S2)", "Flexion of great toe; plantarflexion & inversion; propulsion in walking"], # ======================== INTRINSIC FOOT – DORSUM ================== ["SECTION: INTRINSIC MUSCLES OF FOOT – DORSUM", "", "", "", ""], ["Extensor Digitorum Brevis", "Anterolateral calcaneus; inferior extensor retinaculum", "Extensor expansions of toes 2–4; proximal phalanx of hallux (as extensor hallucis brevis)", "Deep fibular nerve (L5, S1)", "Extension of toes 1–4 at metatarsophalangeal joints"], ["Extensor Hallucis Brevis", "Anterolateral calcaneus (part of EDB)", "Dorsal base of proximal phalanx of hallux", "Deep fibular nerve (L5, S1)", "Extension of great toe"], # ======================== INTRINSIC FOOT – SOLE ==================== ["SECTION: INTRINSIC MUSCLES OF FOOT – SOLE (PLANTAR)", "", "", "", ""], ["Abductor Hallucis", "Medial calcaneal tuberosity; flexor retinaculum; plantar aponeurosis", "Medial base of proximal phalanx of hallux (with medial head FHB)", "Medial plantar nerve (L5, S1)", "Abduction & flexion of great toe; supports medial arch"], ["Flexor Digitorum Brevis", "Medial calcaneal tuberosity; plantar aponeurosis", "Sides of middle phalanges of lateral 4 toes (splits to allow FDL through)", "Medial plantar nerve (L5, S1)", "Flexion of middle phalanges of toes 2–5; supports longitudinal arch"], ["Abductor Digiti Minimi", "Lateral & medial calcaneal tuberosities; plantar aponeurosis", "Lateral base of proximal phalanx of little toe", "Lateral plantar nerve (S1, S2)", "Abduction & flexion of little toe; supports lateral arch"], ["Quadratus Plantae", "Two heads: medial (plantar calcaneus) & lateral (plantar calcaneus)", "Lateral margin of FDL tendon before it divides", "Lateral plantar nerve (S1, S2)", "Modifies pull of FDL to allow straight toe flexion"], ["Lumbricals (4 muscles)", "Tendons of flexor digitorum longus", "Medial aspect of extensor expansion of toes 2–5", "1st: Medial plantar nerve (L5, S1); 2nd–4th: Lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3)", "Flex MTP joints; extend IP joints of toes 2–5"], ["Flexor Hallucis Brevis", "Plantar cuboid; lateral cuneiforms; tibialis posterior tendon", "Medial & lateral base of proximal phalanx of hallux (sesamoids embedded in tendons)", "Medial plantar nerve (L5, S1)", "Flexion of hallux at MTP joint; stabilises 1st ray"], ["Adductor Hallucis (Oblique)", "Bases of metatarsals 2–4; fibrous sheath of peroneus longus", "Lateral base of proximal phalanx of hallux (with transverse head)", "Deep branch, lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3)", "Adduction of hallux; maintains transverse arch"], ["Adductor Hallucis (Transverse)", "Plantar MTP ligaments of toes 3–5; deep transverse metatarsal ligament", "Lateral base of proximal phalanx of hallux", "Deep branch, lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3)", "Adduction of hallux; maintains transverse arch"], ["Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis", "Base of 5th metatarsal; fibrous sheath of peroneus longus", "Lateral base of proximal phalanx of little toe", "Lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3)", "Flexion of little toe at MTP joint"], ["Opponens Digiti Minimi", "Base of 5th metatarsal (variable muscle)", "Lateral 5th metatarsal shaft", "Lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3)", "Draws 5th metatarsal plantarward; deepens lateral foot"], ["Dorsal Interossei (4 muscles)", "Adjacent sides of metatarsal shafts (bipennate)", "Proximal phalanges & extensor expansions (toes 2–4, 1st & 2nd digits get two)", "Lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3)", "Abduction of toes (from 2nd toe axis); flex MTP; extend IP joints"], ["Plantar Interossei (3 muscles)", "Medial sides of metatarsals 3–5", "Medial base of proximal phalanges of toes 3–5 & extensor expansions", "Lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3)", "Adduction of toes 3–5 toward 2nd toe; flex MTP; extend IP joints"], ] # Build story story = [] # Title title_style = ParagraphStyle('title', fontName='Helvetica-Bold', fontSize=16, textColor=colors.HexColor('#1a3a5c'), spaceAfter=4, alignment=TA_CENTER) sub_style = ParagraphStyle('sub', fontName='Helvetica', fontSize=9, textColor=colors.HexColor('#555555'), spaceAfter=12, alignment=TA_CENTER) story.append(Paragraph("Lower Limb Muscles: Complete Reference Chart", title_style)) story.append(Paragraph("Origin · Insertion · Innervation · Action | Source: THIEME Atlas of Anatomy", sub_style)) # Column headers col_headers = ["Muscle", "Origin", "Insertion", "Innervation (Root Values)", "Action"] col_widths = [4.3*cm, 6.5*cm, 6.0*cm, 5.5*cm, 7.0*cm] table_data = [[header(h) for h in col_headers]] row_idx = 0 for muscle in muscles: name, origin, insertion, nerve, action = muscle if name.startswith("SECTION:"): # Section row section_text = name.replace("SECTION:", "").strip() sec_para = Paragraph(section_text, ParagraphStyle('sec', fontName='Helvetica-Bold', fontSize=8, textColor=colors.white)) table_data.append([sec_para, cell(""), cell(""), cell(""), cell("")]) else: bg = ALT1 if row_idx % 2 == 0 else ALT2 table_data.append([ cell(name, bold=True), cell(origin), cell(insertion), cell(nerve), cell(action) ]) row_idx += 1 table = Table(table_data, colWidths=col_widths, repeatRows=1) # Build style commands style_cmds = [ # Header row ('BACKGROUND', (0,0), (-1,0), HDR_BG), ('TEXTCOLOR', (0,0), (-1,0), colors.white), ('FONTNAME', (0,0), (-1,0), 'Helvetica-Bold'), ('FONTSIZE', (0,0), (-1,0), 8), ('ALIGN', (0,0), (-1,0), 'CENTER'), ('VALIGN', (0,0), (-1,-1), 'TOP'), ('GRID', (0,0), (-1,-1), 0.3, colors.HexColor('#b0c4de')), ('ROWBACKGROUNDS', (0,1), (-1,-1), [ALT1, ALT2]), ('TOPPADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 3), ('BOTTOMPADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 3), ('LEFTPADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 3), ('RIGHTPADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 3), ] # Colour section rows row_num = 1 for muscle in muscles: name = muscle[0] if name.startswith("SECTION:"): style_cmds.append(('BACKGROUND', (0, row_num), (-1, row_num), SEC_BG)) style_cmds.append(('SPAN', (0, row_num), (-1, row_num))) style_cmds.append(('ALIGN', (0, row_num), (-1, row_num), 'LEFT')) style_cmds.append(('FONTNAME', (0, row_num), (-1, row_num), 'Helvetica-Bold')) style_cmds.append(('FONTSIZE', (0, row_num), (-1, row_num), 8)) row_num += 1 table.setStyle(TableStyle(style_cmds)) story.append(table) story.append(Spacer(1, 10)) footer_style = ParagraphStyle('footer', fontName='Helvetica-Oblique', fontSize=7, textColor=colors.grey, alignment=TA_CENTER) story.append(Paragraph( "Reference: THIEME Atlas of General Anatomy and Musculoskeletal System. " "MTP = metatarsophalangeal | IP = interphalangeal | ASIS = anterior superior iliac spine | " "IT band = iliotibial band | FDL = flexor digitorum longus | FHB = flexor hallucis brevis", footer_style)) doc.build(story) print("PDF generated successfully!") PYEOF python3 /home/daytona/workspace/lower-limb-muscles/generate_pdf.py

ls -lh /home/daytona/workspace/lower-limb-muscles/Lower_Limb_Muscles.pdf

cat > /home/daytona/workspace/lower-limb-muscles/generate_neurovasc_pdf.py << 'PYEOF' from reportlab.lib.pagesizes import A4, landscape from reportlab.lib import colors from reportlab.lib.styles import getSampleStyleSheet, ParagraphStyle from reportlab.platypus import SimpleDocTemplate, Table, TableStyle, Paragraph, Spacer from reportlab.lib.units import cm from reportlab.lib.enums import TA_CENTER, TA_LEFT doc = SimpleDocTemplate( "/home/daytona/workspace/lower-limb-muscles/Lower_Limb_Neurovascular.pdf", pagesize=landscape(A4), leftMargin=1.0*cm, rightMargin=1.0*cm, topMargin=1.5*cm, bottomMargin=1.5*cm ) HDR_BG = colors.HexColor('#1a3a5c') SEC_NERVE= colors.HexColor('#1a5c3a') # dark green for nerves section headers SEC_ART = colors.HexColor('#8b1a1a') # dark red for artery section headers SEC_VEIN = colors.HexColor('#1a3a8b') # dark blue for vein section headers ALT1 = colors.HexColor('#dce8f5') ALT2 = colors.white def cell(text, bold=False, size=7): return Paragraph(text, ParagraphStyle('c', fontName='Helvetica-Bold' if bold else 'Helvetica', fontSize=size, leading=9, spaceAfter=1, wordWrap='CJK')) def header(text): return Paragraph(text, ParagraphStyle('h', fontName='Helvetica-Bold', fontSize=8, leading=10, textColor=colors.white)) def sec(text): return Paragraph(text, ParagraphStyle('s', fontName='Helvetica-Bold', fontSize=8, textColor=colors.white)) # =========================================================================== # PART 1: NERVES # Columns: Nerve | Origin / Spinal Root | Course | Distribution / Area Supplied | Notes # =========================================================================== nerves = [ # -- LUMBAR PLEXUS NERVES -- ["SECTION:NERVE: LUMBAR PLEXUS NERVES (L1–L4)", "nerve"], ["Femoral Nerve", "Lumbar plexus (L2, L3, L4) – posterior divisions", "Emerges lateral to psoas major; passes under inguinal ligament lateral to femoral vessels; enters femoral triangle; divides into anterior & posterior divisions", "Motor: quadriceps femoris, sartorius, pectineus, articularis genus. Sensory: anterior & medial thigh (anterior cutaneous branches); medial leg & foot via saphenous nerve", "Longest branch is saphenous nerve. Injury → loss of knee extension; weak hip flexion; sensory loss medial leg"], ["Obturator Nerve", "Lumbar plexus (L2, L3, L4) – anterior divisions", "Emerges medial to psoas; descends in pelvis; exits through obturator foramen (upper part); divides into anterior & posterior divisions in obturator canal", "Motor: adductor longus, brevis, magnus (adductor part), gracilis, pectineus (sometimes), obturator externus. Sensory: small patch medial thigh", "Injury → weak adduction; sensory loss medial thigh. Obturator hernia can compress it"], ["Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerve (LFCN)", "Lumbar plexus (L2, L3) – posterior divisions", "Emerges lateral border of psoas; crosses iliacus under fascia; passes under inguinal ligament medial to ASIS; pierces fascia lata ~10 cm below ASIS", "Purely sensory: anterior & lateral thigh as far as knee", "Compression under inguinal ligament → meralgia paraesthetica (burning pain/numbness lateral thigh)"], ["Iliohypogastric Nerve", "Lumbar plexus (L1, with T12 contribution)", "Emerges upper lateral psoas; passes behind kidney; pierces transversus abdominis above iliac crest; runs between internal & external oblique", "Motor: internal oblique, transversus abdominis. Sensory: lateral hip (iliac branch); suprapubic skin (hypogastric branch)", "Vulnerable during appendectomy/hernia repair"], ["Ilioinguinal Nerve", "Lumbar plexus (L1)", "Parallel and inferior to iliohypogastric; enters inguinal canal through deep ring, exits through superficial ring", "Motor: small contribution to internal oblique. Sensory: upper medial thigh; scrotum/labia majora; root of penis/mons pubis", "Often injured during inguinal herniorrhaphy"], ["Genitofemoral Nerve", "Lumbar plexus (L1, L2)", "Pierces psoas major anteriorly; divides into femoral branch (passes under inguinal ligament lateral to femoral artery) and genital branch (enters inguinal canal)", "Femoral branch: sensory – femoral triangle skin. Genital branch: motor – cremaster; sensory – scrotal/labial skin", "Femoral branch mediates femoral part of cremasteric reflex"], ["Saphenous Nerve", "Terminal branch of femoral nerve (L3, L4)", "Enters adductor canal with femoral artery; exits through subsartorial fascia at medial knee; descends with great saphenous vein to medial leg and foot", "Purely sensory: medial knee, medial leg, medial ankle, medial foot to hallux", "Most medially placed structure leaving adductor canal. Useful landmark for femoral artery access"], # -- SACRAL PLEXUS NERVES -- ["SECTION:NERVE: SACRAL PLEXUS NERVES (L4–S3)", "nerve"], ["Sciatic Nerve", "Sacral plexus (L4, L5, S1, S2, S3) – largest nerve in body", "Exits pelvis through greater sciatic foramen below piriformis; lies on external rotators; descends in posterior thigh between hamstrings and adductor magnus; divides at apex of popliteal fossa (usually) into tibial and common fibular nerves", "Motor (in thigh): biceps femoris long head, semimembranosus, semitendinosus, adductor magnus (hamstring part). Continues as tibial and common fibular nerves distally", "Variation: may divide proximal to popliteal fossa or even in pelvis. Can be compressed in piriformis syndrome"], ["Tibial Nerve", "Medial terminal branch of sciatic nerve (L4, L5, S1, S2, S3)", "Descends through popliteal fossa (most superficial structure); passes deep to soleus; runs with posterior tibial vessels; passes behind medial malleolus (tarsal tunnel); divides into medial & lateral plantar nerves", "Motor: posterior compartment of leg (gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris, popliteus, tibialis posterior, FDL, FHL); all intrinsic foot muscles (via plantar nerves). Sensory: sural nerve (calf skin), medial calcaneal branches (heel), plantar nerves (sole & plantar toes)", "Tarsal tunnel syndrome: compression behind medial malleolus → plantar foot pain/numbness"], ["Common Fibular (Peroneal) Nerve", "Lateral terminal branch of sciatic nerve (L4, L5, S1, S2)", "Crosses popliteal fossa laterally along medial border of biceps femoris; winds around fibular neck; divides into superficial & deep fibular nerves", "See branches below. Also gives sural communicating branch (joins sural nerve) & lateral sural cutaneous nerve (upper lateral leg)", "Most commonly injured nerve in lower limb – vulnerable at fibular neck (fracture, plaster cast, prolonged squatting). Injury → foot drop + sensory loss dorsum foot"], ["Deep Fibular (Peroneal) Nerve", "Branch of common fibular nerve (L4, L5, S1)", "Pierces extensor digitorum longus; enters anterior compartment; runs with anterior tibial artery; passes under extensor retinaculum onto dorsum of foot", "Motor: tibialis anterior, EHL, EDL, fibularis tertius, extensor digitorum brevis. Sensory: first web space (dorsal skin between hallux and 2nd toe)", "Injury → foot drop, inability to dorsiflex; sensory loss first web space only"], ["Superficial Fibular (Peroneal) Nerve", "Branch of common fibular nerve (L5, S1, S2)", "Descends in lateral compartment between fibularis longus & brevis; pierces deep fascia at lower 1/3 of leg; divides into medial & intermediate dorsal cutaneous nerves", "Motor: fibularis longus, fibularis brevis. Sensory: lower lateral leg; dorsum of foot (except first web space and little toe lateral side)", "Injury → loss of foot eversion; sensory loss dorsum foot (except first web space)"], ["Sural Nerve", "Formed by union of medial sural cutaneous nerve (from tibial nerve) and sural communicating branch (from common fibular nerve) (S1, S2)", "Descends between two heads of gastrocnemius; pierces deep fascia mid-calf; passes with small saphenous vein posterior to lateral malleolus", "Purely sensory: posterior-lateral calf; lateral heel; lateral foot and dorsum of little toe", "Commonly harvested for nerve grafting procedures due to accessibility and limited sensory loss"], ["Medial Plantar Nerve", "Larger terminal branch of tibial nerve (L4, L5, S1)", "Passes deep to abductor hallucis; runs between flexor digitorum brevis and abductor hallucis; divides into digital branches", "Motor: abductor hallucis, FDB, FHB, 1st lumbrical. Sensory: medial 3½ toes (plantar surface); corresponding plantar skin", "Analogous to median nerve of hand"], ["Lateral Plantar Nerve", "Smaller terminal branch of tibial nerve (S1, S2)", "Passes deep to flexor digitorum brevis; runs laterally across sole; divides into superficial & deep branches", "Motor: FDB (lateral part), quadratus plantae, lumbricals 2–4, all interossei, adductor hallucis, abductor digiti minimi, flexor digiti minimi. Sensory: lateral 1½ toes; lateral sole", "Analogous to ulnar nerve of hand. Deep branch accompanies deep plantar arch"], ["Superior Gluteal Nerve", "Sacral plexus (L4, L5, S1)", "Exits pelvis through greater sciatic foramen above piriformis; runs between gluteus medius & minimus", "Motor only: gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, tensor fasciae latae", "Injury (e.g. hip injection error) → Trendelenburg gait (pelvis drops to opposite side on single-leg stance)"], ["Inferior Gluteal Nerve", "Sacral plexus (L5, S1, S2)", "Exits pelvis through greater sciatic foramen below piriformis; immediately enters gluteus maximus", "Motor only: gluteus maximus", "Injury → loss of hip extension & difficulty rising from seated position / climbing stairs"], ["Posterior Femoral Cutaneous Nerve", "Sacral plexus (S1, S2, S3)", "Exits below piriformis; runs deep to gluteus maximus; descends posterior thigh under fascia lata", "Purely sensory: gluteal skin (inferior cluneal branches), perineum (perineal branches), posterior thigh, upper posterior leg", "No motor component"], ["Pudendal Nerve", "Sacral plexus (S2, S3, S4)", "Exits below piriformis; crosses sacrospinous ligament; re-enters pelvis through lesser sciatic foramen; runs in Alcock's canal (pudendal canal)", "Motor: external urethral sphincter, external anal sphincter, perineal muscles. Sensory: perineum, genitalia, perianal skin", "Pudendal nerve block: landmark is ischial spine"], ["Nerve to Obturator Internus", "Sacral plexus (L5, S1)", "Exits below piriformis; crosses back of ischial spine; enters lesser sciatic foramen", "Motor: obturator internus, superior gemellus", ""], ["Nerve to Quadratus Femoris", "Sacral plexus (L4, L5, S1)", "Exits below piriformis; descends deep to sciatic nerve; passes anterior to obturator internus & gemelli", "Motor: quadratus femoris, inferior gemellus; articular branch to hip joint", ""], ["Nerve to Piriformis", "Sacral plexus (S1, S2)", "Short branches enter anterior surface of piriformis directly", "Motor: piriformis", ""], ] # =========================================================================== # PART 2: ARTERIES # Columns: Artery | Origin | Course | Branches / Territory | Clinical Note # =========================================================================== arteries = [ ["SECTION:ARTERY: ARTERIES OF THE LOWER LIMB", "artery"], ["External Iliac Artery", "Common iliac artery (bifurcation at L4/L5)", "Descends along medial border of psoas major; passes under inguinal ligament through lacuna vasorum; becomes femoral artery at the level of the inguinal ligament", "Inferior epigastric artery (before inguinal ligament); deep circumflex iliac artery", "Important landmark in hernia surgery. Basis for femoral artery access in angiography"], ["Femoral Artery", "Continuation of external iliac artery at inguinal ligament", "Enters femoral triangle (within femoral sheath); passes through adductor canal (Hunter's canal); exits through adductor hiatus to become popliteal artery", "Superficial epigastric; superficial circumflex iliac; superficial & deep external pudendal; profunda femoris (deep artery of thigh); descending genicular artery", "Femoral pulse: midinguinal point (midpoint between ASIS and pubic symphysis). Common site for arterial access / cardiac catheterisation"], ["Profunda Femoris (Deep Artery of Thigh)", "Femoral artery (~4 cm below inguinal ligament), posterolateral side", "Passes posterior to adductor longus; runs down medial aspect of femur between adductor muscles", "Medial circumflex femoral artery (supplies femoral head – critical in neck of femur fractures); lateral circumflex femoral artery (ascending, transverse, descending branches); 3–4 perforating arteries (supply posterior thigh)", "Main blood supply to thigh muscles. Medial circumflex femoral → retinacular vessels → femoral head. Disruption causes avascular necrosis"], ["Medial Circumflex Femoral Artery", "Profunda femoris (or directly from femoral artery)", "Passes posteriorly between psoas and pectineus; winds around femoral neck; gives retinacular branches under capsule", "Ascending branch → retinacular arteries → femoral head epiphysis; acetabular branch; deep branch to hip rotators", "Most important artery to femoral head. Injury in femoral neck fracture → avascular necrosis of femoral head"], ["Lateral Circumflex Femoral Artery", "Profunda femoris", "Passes laterally between branches of femoral nerve deep to rectus femoris", "Ascending branch (anastomoses with medial circumflex); transverse branch (trochanteric anastomosis); descending branch (descends lateral thigh to knee)", "Descending branch: used in anterolateral thigh (ALT) free flap reconstruction"], ["Popliteal Artery", "Continuation of femoral artery at adductor hiatus", "Deepest structure in popliteal fossa (NAVY – nerve, artery, vein, yellow fat from superficial to deep mnemonics vary); runs to lower border of popliteus; divides into anterior & posterior tibial arteries", "Medial & lateral superior genicular arteries; middle genicular artery; medial & lateral inferior genicular arteries; sural arteries; posterior tibial recurrent artery", "Popliteal aneurysm: commonest peripheral artery aneurysm. Injury in posterior knee dislocation. Genicular branches form anastomosis around knee"], ["Anterior Tibial Artery", "Terminal branch of popliteal artery at lower border of popliteus", "Passes through gap in upper interosseous membrane into anterior compartment; descends between tibialis anterior and EHL; crosses ankle under extensor retinaculum; continues as dorsal pedal artery", "Anterior tibial recurrent artery (anastomoses around knee); anterior medial & lateral malleolar arteries", "Pulse palpable lateral to EHL tendon on dorsum of foot (dorsalis pedis pulse)"], ["Dorsal Pedal (Dorsalis Pedis) Artery", "Continuation of anterior tibial artery distal to extensor retinaculum", "Runs on dorsum of foot lateral to EHL tendon; passes between 1st and 2nd metatarsals to join plantar arch", "Medial & lateral tarsal arteries; arcuate artery (and dorsal metatarsal arteries from it); deep plantar artery (passes through 1st intermetatarsal space to form plantar arch)", "Palpable pulse between tendons of EHL and EDL on dorsum of foot. Absent in ~10% of normal population"], ["Posterior Tibial Artery", "Larger terminal branch of popliteal artery", "Descends in posterior deep compartment with tibial nerve; passes behind medial malleolus through tarsal tunnel (in flexor retinaculum); divides into medial & lateral plantar arteries", "Fibular (peroneal) artery (largest branch); medial & lateral plantar arteries; medial calcaneal branches; nutrient artery to tibia", "Posterior tibial pulse: behind medial malleolus. Important in peripheral vascular disease assessment"], ["Fibular (Peroneal) Artery", "Posterior tibial artery (~2.5 cm below popliteus)", "Descends in deep posterior compartment along medial border of fibula (between FHL and tibialis posterior); perforating branch pierces interosseous membrane to anterior compartment distally", "Muscular branches to posterior and lateral compartments; perforating branch (to anterior compartment distally); communicating branch (connects to posterior tibial artery); calcaneal branches; nutrient artery to fibula", "Largest branch of posterior tibial artery. Sometimes dominates foot blood supply (peronea arteria magna variant)"], ["Medial Plantar Artery", "Smaller terminal branch of posterior tibial artery (in tarsal tunnel)", "Passes deep to abductor hallucis; runs along medial plantar aspect of foot", "Superficial branch (supplies medial sole & hallux medially); deep branch (joins 1st plantar metatarsal artery)", "Analogous to superficial palmar arch in hand"], ["Lateral Plantar Artery", "Larger terminal branch of posterior tibial artery", "Passes laterally across sole between muscle layers; curves medially to form deep plantar arch (with deep plantar branch of dorsalis pedis)", "Deep plantar arch → plantar metatarsal arteries → plantar digital arteries; branches to intrinsic foot muscles", "Analogous to deep palmar arch. Forms complete plantar arch across metatarsal bases"], ["Obturator Artery", "Internal iliac artery (anterior division)", "Passes through obturator foramen; divides into anterior & posterior branches around obturator foramen margin", "Anterior branch: medial circumflex anastomosis, adductor muscles. Posterior branch: acetabular branch (through acetabular notch) – minor supply to femoral head; piriformis, obturators", "Acetabular branch supplements femoral head supply (important in children). Abnormal obturator artery (from inferior epigastric – 'death crown') – surgical hazard in hernia repair"], ["Superior Gluteal Artery", "Internal iliac artery (largest branch of posterior division)", "Exits pelvis through greater sciatic foramen above piriformis; divides into superficial & deep branches", "Superficial branch: gluteus maximus. Deep branch: gluteus medius, minimus, TFL; anastomoses with lateral circumflex femoral (cruciate anastomosis)", "Injury in pelvic fracture → severe haemorrhage. Cruciate anastomosis: between gluteal arteries and circumflex femoral arteries"], ["Inferior Gluteal Artery", "Internal iliac artery (anterior division)", "Exits through greater sciatic foramen below piriformis", "Gluteus maximus (lower part); sciatic nerve (arteria comitans nervi ischiadici); short external rotators; anastomoses with medial circumflex femoral", "Part of cruciate anastomosis. Provides collateral if femoral artery occluded proximally"], ] # =========================================================================== # PART 3: VEINS # Columns: Vein | Drains From | Tributaries / Formation | Drains Into | Notes # =========================================================================== veins = [ ["SECTION:VEIN: VEINS OF THE LOWER LIMB", "vein"], # Deep veins ["Femoral Vein", "Continuation of popliteal vein through adductor hiatus; lies medial to femoral artery in femoral triangle", "Popliteal vein; profunda femoris vein; great saphenous vein (at saphenofemoral junction – SFJ, ~3.5 cm below inguinal ligament); lateral & medial circumflex femoral veins", "Becomes external iliac vein at inguinal ligament", "SFJ: great saphenous vein joins femoral vein through saphenous opening in fascia lata. Contains valves. Common femoral vein used for central venous access"], ["Popliteal Vein", "Posterior knee; continuation of anterior & posterior tibial veins joining at lower border of popliteus", "Anterior tibial vein; posterior tibial vein; fibular (peroneal) veins; small saphenous vein; genicular veins; sural veins", "Becomes femoral vein at adductor hiatus", "Located superficial to popliteal artery in fossa. DVT common here. Small saphenous vein enters popliteal vein at saphenopopliteal junction (variable level)"], ["Anterior Tibial Veins", "Dorsal venous arch of foot; dorsal pedal veins", "Paired veins accompanying anterior tibial artery; receive tributaries from anterior compartment", "Join posterior tibial veins at lower border of popliteus to form popliteal vein", "Pass through gap in interosseous membrane"], ["Posterior Tibial Veins", "Medial and lateral plantar veins; plantar venous arch", "Paired veins accompanying posterior tibial artery; medial & lateral plantar veins; calcaneal tributaries", "Join anterior tibial veins at lower border of popliteus → popliteal vein", "Run through tarsal tunnel with tibial nerve and artery"], ["Fibular (Peroneal) Veins", "Venous plexus around fibula; lateral ankle", "Paired veins accompanying fibular artery", "Posterior tibial veins (just before popliteal vein)", "Common site for DVT in calf. Soleal venous sinuses also drain here"], ["Profunda Femoris Vein", "Posterior thigh; perforating veins (1st–3rd)", "Medial & lateral circumflex femoral veins; perforating veins", "Femoral vein (~4 cm below inguinal ligament)", "Deep vein; receives blood from posterior thigh compartment"], ["External Iliac Vein", "Continuation of femoral vein at inguinal ligament", "Femoral vein; inferior epigastric vein; deep circumflex iliac vein", "Joins internal iliac vein → common iliac vein", "Lies medial to external iliac artery. Important landmark in pelvic surgery"], # Superficial veins ["Great (Long) Saphenous Vein", "Medial end of dorsal venous arch of foot", "Passes anterior to medial malleolus; ascends medial leg (with saphenous nerve); passes posterior to medial femoral condyle; ascends medial thigh; pierces cribriform fascia at saphenous opening; receives many tributaries throughout course", "Femoral vein at saphenofemoral junction (SFJ) ~3.5 cm inferolateral to pubic tubercle", "Longest vein in body. Used for coronary artery bypass grafts (CABG) and peripheral vascular surgery. Most common site of varicose veins (SFJ incompetence). Contains 10–20 valves. Important clinical landmark: great saphenous vein lies 1 cm anterior to medial malleolus"], ["Small (Short) Saphenous Vein", "Lateral end of dorsal venous arch of foot", "Passes posterior to lateral malleolus (with sural nerve); ascends posterior calf; pierces deep fascia in popliteal fossa", "Popliteal vein at saphenopopliteal junction (variable – between S2 vertebral level and upper calf)", "Accompanies sural nerve. Varicosities less common than great saphenous. Variable termination (may join great saphenous, femoral, or both)"], ["Dorsal Venous Arch of Foot", "Dorsal digital veins; intercapitular veins", "Formed by dorsal metatarsal veins; communicates with plantar veins via intercapitular veins", "Medial end → great saphenous vein; lateral end → small saphenous vein", "Visible and palpable on dorsum of foot; useful IV access site"], ["Plantar Venous Arch", "Plantar digital veins", "Medial & lateral plantar veins; communicates with dorsal arch via intercapitular veins", "Medial & lateral plantar veins → posterior tibial veins", "Sole of foot has dense venous plexus; acts as venous pump during walking"], ["Medial & Lateral Plantar Veins", "Plantar venous arch; intrinsic foot veins", "Paired veins accompanying plantar arteries", "Unite to form posterior tibial veins posterior to medial malleolus", ""], # Perforating/communicating veins ["Perforating (Communicating) Veins", "Superficial venous system", "Multiple named perforators connect superficial to deep veins through deep fascia: Dodd's perforators (medial thigh); Boyd's perforator (upper medial leg); Cockett's perforators I–III (posterior tibial perforators – medial lower leg)", "Deep veins (femoral, popliteal, tibial veins)", "Valves direct flow superficial → deep. Valve incompetence → venous hypertension → varicose veins, lipodermatosclerosis, venous ulcers. Cockett's perforators most clinically important"], ["Common Iliac Vein", "Formed by union of external and internal iliac veins at pelvic brim", "Right & left common iliac veins; iliolumbar vein (left side); lateral sacral veins", "Right and left common iliac veins unite to form inferior vena cava (IVC) at L5 level", "Left common iliac vein crosses beneath right common iliac artery → May-Thurner syndrome (compression → left iliac DVT)"], ] # =========================================================================== # BUILD PDF # =========================================================================== story = [] title_style = ParagraphStyle('title', fontName='Helvetica-Bold', fontSize=16, textColor=colors.HexColor('#1a3a5c'), spaceAfter=3, alignment=TA_CENTER) sub_style = ParagraphStyle('sub', fontName='Helvetica', fontSize=9, textColor=colors.HexColor('#555555'), spaceAfter=10, alignment=TA_CENTER) story.append(Paragraph("Lower Limb Neurovascular Structures: Complete Reference Chart", title_style)) story.append(Paragraph("Nerves · Arteries · Veins | Source: THIEME Atlas of General Anatomy and Musculoskeletal System", sub_style)) def build_table(data, col_headers, col_widths, sec_color): table_data = [[header(h) for h in col_headers]] row_idx = 0 sec_rows = [] for row in data: if row[-1] in ("nerve", "artery", "vein"): section_label = row[0].replace("SECTION:NERVE:", "").replace("SECTION:ARTERY:", "").replace("SECTION:VEIN:", "").strip() table_data.append([sec(section_label)] + [cell("") for _ in range(len(col_headers)-1)]) sec_rows.append(len(table_data)-1) else: table_data.append([cell(r, bold=(i==0)) for i, r in enumerate(row)]) row_idx += 1 t = Table(table_data, colWidths=col_widths, repeatRows=1) style_cmds = [ ('BACKGROUND', (0,0), (-1,0), HDR_BG), ('VALIGN', (0,0), (-1,-1), 'TOP'), ('GRID', (0,0), (-1,-1), 0.3, colors.HexColor('#b0c4de')), ('ROWBACKGROUNDS', (0,1), (-1,-1), [ALT1, ALT2]), ('TOPPADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 3), ('BOTTOMPADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 3), ('LEFTPADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 3), ('RIGHTPADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 3), ] for sr in sec_rows: style_cmds.append(('BACKGROUND', (0, sr), (-1, sr), sec_color)) style_cmds.append(('SPAN', (0, sr), (-1, sr))) style_cmds.append(('FONTNAME', (0, sr), (-1, sr), 'Helvetica-Bold')) t.setStyle(TableStyle(style_cmds)) return t # --- NERVES TABLE --- nerve_headers = ["Nerve", "Origin / Root Values", "Course", "Distribution (Motor & Sensory)", "Clinical Notes"] nerve_widths = [3.8*cm, 3.8*cm, 6.0*cm, 6.8*cm, 6.2*cm] story.append(build_table(nerves, nerve_headers, nerve_widths, SEC_NERVE)) story.append(Spacer(1, 8)) # --- ARTERIES TABLE --- art_headers = ["Artery", "Origin", "Course", "Branches / Territory", "Clinical Notes"] art_widths = [3.8*cm, 3.5*cm, 6.0*cm, 7.0*cm, 6.3*cm] story.append(build_table(arteries, art_headers, art_widths, SEC_ART)) story.append(Spacer(1, 8)) # --- VEINS TABLE --- vein_headers = ["Vein", "Formed From / Drains", "Tributaries", "Drains Into", "Clinical Notes"] vein_widths = [3.8*cm, 4.2*cm, 5.8*cm, 5.5*cm, 7.3*cm] story.append(build_table(veins, vein_headers, vein_widths, SEC_VEIN)) story.append(Spacer(1, 8)) footer_style = ParagraphStyle('footer', fontName='Helvetica-Oblique', fontSize=7, textColor=colors.grey, alignment=TA_CENTER) story.append(Paragraph( "Reference: THIEME Atlas of General Anatomy and Musculoskeletal System | " "SFJ = saphenofemoral junction · DVT = deep vein thrombosis · EHL = extensor hallucis longus · " "ASIS = anterior superior iliac spine · FHL = flexor hallucis longus · FDL = flexor digitorum longus · " "TFL = tensor fasciae latae · EDB = extensor digitorum brevis · CABG = coronary artery bypass graft", footer_style)) doc.build(story) print("PDF generated successfully!") PYEOF python3 /home/daytona/workspace/lower-limb-muscles/generate_neurovasc_pdf.py

ls -lh /home/daytona/workspace/lower-limb-muscles/Lower_Limb_Neurovascular.pdf