sleeping disorder disease most important disease treatment investigation findings differential diagnosis contraindications ICU management OPD prescription and details nutrition supplement

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sleep disorders management guidelines

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This is a comprehensive, clinically structured reference covering all major sleep disorders. Here's what was covered:

What this reference covers:

Section	Content
Classification	ICSD-3 / DSM-5 full taxonomy
Insomnia	Pathophysiology, investigations, CBT-I, full pharmacology table, contraindications
OSA	AHI grading, STOP-BANG, PSG findings, CPAP/BiPAP/surgical options, ASV contraindication
Narcolepsy	Orexin biology, MSLT criteria, CSF orexin, 3-pronged treatment, stimulant table
RLS	4 diagnostic criteria, iron threshold, dopamine agonists, augmentation warning
Parasomnias	RBD (synuclein risk), NREM, nightmare disorder
ICU Management	PADIS bundle, dexmedetomidine, suvorexant vs. benzodiazepines, melatonin
OPD Prescriptions	Sample Rx for insomnia, OSA, narcolepsy, RLS
Nutrition	Melatonin, magnesium, iron, glycine, dietary tips, tart cherry, kiwi, Mediterranean diet
Contraindications	Master table across all disorders

Key clinical pearls:

CBT-I is first-line for insomnia — more durable than medications
ASV is contraindicated in HFrEF + CSA (SERVE-HF trial — ↑mortality)
Cataplexy is virtually pathognomonic for narcolepsy Type 1
RBD carries >80% risk of synucleinopathy conversion within 10 years
Ferritin <50 µg/L requires iron supplementation in RLS even without frank anaemia
Benzodiazepines in ICU worsen delirium — prefer dexmedetomidine or suvorexant

common term used in medical diagnosis treatment surgery OPD ICU and different type of diseases in 100 cases

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This is a broad medical terminology reference request — no ambiguity about format. I'll compile 100 essential medical terms across all clinical domains from my knowledge base directly, as this is a definitional/encyclopedic request that doesn't require textbook lookup.

100 Common Medical Terms — Complete Clinical Reference

Covering: Diagnosis · Treatment · Surgery · OPD · ICU · Disease Types

SECTION A — GENERAL CLINICAL / DIAGNOSTIC TERMS (1–20)

#	Term	Meaning / Clinical Use
1	Chief Complaint (CC)	The primary symptom or problem that brought the patient to medical attention
2	History of Present Illness (HPI)	Chronological description of the current problem: onset, duration, character, severity
3	Differential Diagnosis (DDx)	Ranked list of possible diagnoses that could explain the patient's presentation
4	Working Diagnosis	The most likely diagnosis being investigated and initially treated
5	Provisional Diagnosis	Preliminary diagnosis before investigations are complete
6	Definitive Diagnosis	Final confirmed diagnosis based on investigations/pathology
7	Pathognomonic	A sign or symptom uniquely specific to one disease (e.g., Koplik spots = measles)
8	Signs vs. Symptoms	Sign = objectively observed by clinician; Symptom = subjectively reported by patient
9	Aetiology / Etiology	The underlying cause of a disease
10	Pathophysiology	The functional changes associated with a disease process
11	Incidence	Number of new cases per population per time period
12	Prevalence	Total number of existing cases in a population at a given time
13	Morbidity	Illness burden; presence of disease or disability
14	Mortality	Death rate from a disease
15	Prognosis	Predicted course and outcome of a disease
16	Comorbidity	Two or more diseases present simultaneously in the same patient
17	Sequela (pl. sequelae)	A condition that results as a consequence of a prior disease/injury
18	Remission	Temporary or permanent decrease/disappearance of disease symptoms
19	Relapse / Recurrence	Return of disease after apparent recovery
20	Idiopathic	Disease of unknown cause

SECTION B — EXAMINATION TERMS (21–30)

#	Term	Meaning / Clinical Use
21	Auscultation	Listening to internal body sounds with a stethoscope (heart, lungs, bowel)
22	Percussion	Tapping body surface to assess underlying structures (dull = fluid/consolidation; resonant = air)
23	Palpation	Feeling with the hands to assess organs, masses, tenderness, pulsations
24	Inspection	Visual observation of the patient — first step in examination
25	Vital Signs	BP, pulse rate, respiratory rate, temperature, SpO2, pain score
26	Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)	Neurological scoring tool: Eye (4) + Verbal (5) + Motor (6) = 3–15; <8 = severe impairment
27	AVPU Scale	Alert, Voice, Pain, Unresponsive — rapid conscious level assessment
28	Digital Rectal Examination (DRE)	Rectal examination to assess prostate, masses, anal tone, stool
29	Fundoscopy / Ophthalmoscopy	Examination of the optic disc, retina, and vessels of the eye
30	Kernig's / Brudzinski's Sign	Signs of meningeal irritation in meningitis

SECTION C — INVESTIGATION / LABORATORY TERMS (31–45)

#	Term	Meaning / Clinical Use
31	FBC / CBC	Full Blood Count / Complete Blood Count — RBC, WBC, Hb, platelets, MCV
32	U&E / BMP	Urea & Electrolytes / Basic Metabolic Panel — Na, K, Cl, HCO3, BUN, creatinine
33	LFTs	Liver Function Tests — AST, ALT, ALP, GGT, bilirubin, albumin, PT
34	ABG	Arterial Blood Gas — pH, PaO2, PaCO2, HCO3, SpO2, base excess
35	TFTs	Thyroid Function Tests — TSH, Free T4, Free T3
36	HbA1c	Glycated haemoglobin — reflects average blood glucose over 2–3 months
37	CRP / ESR	C-Reactive Protein / Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate — inflammatory markers
38	Troponin (I or T)	Cardiac biomarker — elevated in myocardial infarction; high-sensitivity troponin (hsTn)
39	BNP / NT-proBNP	Brain Natriuretic Peptide — elevated in heart failure; guides diagnosis and management
40	D-Dimer	Fibrin degradation product — elevated in DVT/PE; high sensitivity, low specificity
41	Coagulation Studies (PT/INR, APTT)	Prothrombin time / Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time — clotting pathway assessment
42	Blood Culture	Identifies bacteraemia/septicaemia; taken before antibiotics when possible
43	Urinalysis (UA)	Dipstick + microscopy — protein, glucose, blood, WBC, nitrites, casts
44	Biopsy	Tissue sample for histological/pathological diagnosis (incisional, excisional, core needle, FNA)
45	Sensitivity vs. Specificity	Sensitivity = true positive rate (rules OUT disease if negative); Specificity = true negative rate (rules IN if positive)

SECTION D — IMAGING TERMS (46–52)

#	Term	Meaning / Clinical Use
46	CXR	Chest X-ray — standard first-line thoracic imaging
47	CT Scan	Computed Tomography — cross-sectional X-ray imaging; CT Head, CT Chest, CT Abdomen-Pelvis, CTPA
48	MRI	Magnetic Resonance Imaging — superior for soft tissue, brain, spine; no ionising radiation
49	Ultrasound (USS)	Sound wave imaging — abdominal, pelvic, vascular, cardiac (echocardiography), guided procedures
50	Echocardiography (Echo)	Cardiac ultrasound — assesses structure, function, wall motion, valves, effusion; EF is key measure
51	PET Scan	Positron Emission Tomography — metabolic imaging; cancer staging, myocardial viability, dementia
52	Fluoroscopy	Real-time X-ray — contrast swallow, angiography, ERCP, VCUG

SECTION E — SURGICAL TERMS (53–65)

#	Term	Meaning / Clinical Use
53	Elective Surgery	Planned, non-urgent procedure — optimise patient beforehand
54	Emergency Surgery	Immediate operation to save life or limb (e.g., ruptured AAA, perforated viscus)
55	Laparotomy	Open surgical incision into the abdomen — exploratory or therapeutic
56	Laparoscopy	Minimally invasive abdominal surgery using camera through small ports
57	Incision and Drainage (I&D)	Surgical opening of an abscess to drain pus
58	Debridement	Removal of necrotic/infected/devitalised tissue from wounds
59	Anastomosis	Surgical joining of two tubular structures (bowel, vessels)
60	Haemostasis	Control of bleeding — pressure, electrocautery, ligatures, topical agents
61	Resection	Surgical removal of all or part of an organ or tissue
62	Sternotomy / Thoracotomy	Chest opening — median sternotomy (cardiac surgery); lateral thoracotomy (lung surgery)
63	Informed Consent	Patient's voluntary agreement to a procedure after being fully informed of risks and benefits
64	NPO / Nil by Mouth (NBM)	Nothing per oral — fasting required before surgery or procedures
65	Post-operative Complications	Wound infection, DVT/PE, atelectasis, ileus, anastomotic leak, haematoma

SECTION F — OPD (OUTPATIENT) TERMS (66–72)

#	Term	Meaning / Clinical Use
66	Prescription (Rx)	Written order for medication — drug name, dose, route, frequency, duration
67	PRN (Pro re nata)	"As needed" — medication given only when required (pain, nausea, etc.)
68	QDS / QID	Four times daily (quarter die sumendum)
69	TDS / TID	Three times daily
70	BD / BID	Twice daily
71	OD	Once daily
72	HS (hora somni)	At bedtime / hour of sleep
73	Titration	Gradual dose adjustment to achieve desired clinical effect or tolerance
74	SOAP Note	Structured clinical note: Subjective · Objective · Assessment · Plan
75	Referral	Transfer of patient care to specialist for further assessment or treatment

SECTION G — ICU / CRITICAL CARE TERMS (76–88)

#	Term	Meaning / Clinical Use
76	Sepsis	Life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection (qSOFA ≥2, SOFA ≥2)
77	Septic Shock	Sepsis + persistent hypotension requiring vasopressors + lactate >2 mmol/L despite fluid resuscitation
78	SIRS	Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome — ≥2 of: Temp >38°C or <36°C, HR >90, RR >20, WBC >12 or <4
79	ARDS	Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome — bilateral infiltrates, PaO2/FiO2 <300, not cardiac origin; Berlin definition
80	Mechanical Ventilation (MV)	Machine-assisted breathing — invasive (ETT) or non-invasive (BiPAP/CPAP)
81	Intubation (ETT)	Endotracheal intubation — placement of tube into trachea for airway protection/ventilation
82	PEEP	Positive End-Expiratory Pressure — prevents alveolar collapse; improves oxygenation in ARDS
83	FiO2	Fraction of Inspired Oxygen — room air = 0.21 (21%); escalate in hypoxia
84	Vasopressors	Drugs that raise blood pressure via vasoconstriction: Noradrenaline (first-line), Adrenaline, Vasopressin, Dopamine
85	CVP (Central Venous Pressure)	Pressure in the superior vena cava/right atrium — reflects preload; measured via central line
86	MAP (Mean Arterial Pressure)	Average arterial pressure during one cardiac cycle = DBP + 1/3(SBP-DBP); target ≥65 mmHg in septic shock
87	Delirium (ICU)	Acute brain dysfunction — assessed by CAM-ICU; subtypes: hyperactive, hypoactive (most common in ICU), mixed
88	PADIS	Pain, Agitation/Sedation, Delirium, Immobility, Sleep — SCCM 2018 ICU management bundle
89	RASS	Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale — target 0 (alert) to -2 (light sedation) in most ICU patients
90	Weaning	Gradual reduction of mechanical ventilator support; SBT = Spontaneous Breathing Trial

SECTION H — DISEASE CLASSIFICATION TERMS (91–100)

#	Term	Meaning / Clinical Use
91	Acute vs. Chronic	Acute = sudden onset, short duration; Chronic = slow onset, long duration (>3–6 months)
92	Benign vs. Malignant	Benign = non-cancerous, localised; Malignant = cancerous, invasive, metastatic potential
93	Primary vs. Secondary	Primary = disease arising de novo in that organ; Secondary = disease arising from another primary source
94	Congenital vs. Acquired	Congenital = present at birth (genetic or developmental); Acquired = developed after birth
95	Infectious vs. Non-infectious	Infectious = caused by pathogen (bacteria, virus, fungus, parasite); Non-infectious = metabolic, autoimmune, neoplastic, etc.
96	Autoimmune	Immune system attacks self tissues (e.g., SLE, RA, Type 1 DM, Hashimoto's)
97	Neoplastic	Abnormal, uncontrolled cell proliferation — benign (adenoma) or malignant (carcinoma, sarcoma, lymphoma)
98	Iatrogenic	Disease or complication caused by medical treatment (e.g., drug side effect, surgical complication)
99	Nosocomial / Healthcare-Associated Infection (HAI)	Infection acquired in a healthcare setting (e.g., MRSA, C. difficile, VAP, CAUTI)
100	Multisystem / Systemic Disease	Disease affecting multiple organs simultaneously (e.g., sepsis, SLE, amyloidosis, sarcoidosis)

BONUS: KEY ABBREVIATION QUICK-REFERENCE

Abbreviation	Full Form
SOB	Shortness of Breath
LOC	Loss of Consciousness
CP	Chest Pain
NAD	No Acute Distress
WNL	Within Normal Limits
Hx	History
Dx	Diagnosis
Rx	Prescription / Treatment
Sx	Symptoms
Fx	Fracture
BMI	Body Mass Index
DNR / DNAR	Do Not Resuscitate / Do Not Attempt Resuscitation
IV / IM / SC / PO	Intravenous / Intramuscular / Subcutaneous / Per Oral (by mouth)
O/E	On Examination
PMH	Past Medical History
FH	Family History
SH	Social History
A&E / ED	Accident & Emergency / Emergency Department
OPD	Outpatient Department
ICU / MICU / SICU	Intensive Care Unit / Medical ICU / Surgical ICU
HDU	High Dependency Unit (step-down from ICU)
ITU	Intensive Therapy Unit (UK equivalent of ICU)
TTO / TTA	To Take Out / To Take Away (discharge medications)
ETA	Estimated Time of Arrival (ER context)
DNAR	Do Not Attempt Resuscitation
PPE	Personal Protective Equipment
MRSA	Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
VTE	Venous Thromboembolism (DVT + PE)
MI / ACS	Myocardial Infarction / Acute Coronary Syndrome
CVA / TIA	Cerebrovascular Accident (stroke) / Transient Ischaemic Attack
UTI / LRTI / URTI	Urinary / Lower / Upper Respiratory Tract Infection

How to use this reference:

Medical students: Learn Section A–D (foundation) first
Junior doctors: Focus on Sections E–G (clinical application)
Nurses/Allied health: Sections F–H + Abbreviations are most relevant
Exam revision: Sections A, C, G, H are highest-yield

100 type of disease and use medical term and different diseases dital

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