All bns,bnss,bsa,crpc in FMT gautam biswas
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I now have enough content to compile a comprehensive answer. Let me put together the complete reference guide.
BNS, BNSS, BSA and CrPC References in FMT (Gautam Biswas / KS Narayan Reddy's Essentials of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, 36th Ed.)
Note: The library holds KS Narayan Reddy's The Essentials of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, 36th edition (2026), updated and edited by Gautam Biswas - this is the same text you're referring to.
The Three New Laws (2023) - Replacing the Old Codes
| New Act | Act No. | Replaces | Deals with |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) | Act 45 of 2023 | Indian Penal Code (IPC), 1860 | Substantive criminal law - defines offences and prescribes punishments |
| Bharatiya Nagarika Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS) | Act 46 of 2023 | Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC), 1973 | Procedural criminal law - police duties, arrests, trials, appeals |
| Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam (BSA) | Act 47 of 2023 | Indian Evidence Act (IEA), 1872 | Law of evidence - collection, preservation, and use of evidence in all courts |
All three came into force on 1st July 2024.
Chapter-wise BNS / BNSS / BSA References
1. OFFENCES
| Topic | New Section | Old Section |
|---|---|---|
| Definition of "Offence" | Section 2(n), BNSS; Section 2(24), BNS | S. 40, IPC |
| Cognisable offence (arrest without warrant - rape, murder, dowry death, rash/negligent act, ragging) | Section 2(1), BNSS; Section 173, BNSS | - |
| Non-cognisable offence (warrant needed) | Section 2(1), BNSS; Section 35, BNSS | S. 41, CrPC |
2. PUNISHMENTS (Section 4, BNS)
- (1) Death
- (2) Imprisonment for life
- (3) Imprisonment - (a) Rigorous (with hard labour, solitary confinement - Sections 11 & 12, BNS) or (b) Simple (Section 7, BNS)
- (4) Fine (Section 8(1), BNS)
3. COURTS OF LAW
| Court | New Section | Old Section |
|---|---|---|
| Constitution of Criminal Courts and Offices | Sections 6 to 17, BNSS | - |
| High Court - may try any offence | Section 22, BNSS | S. 28(1), CrPC |
| Sessions Court - established by state government | Section 8, BNSS | S. 9, CrPC |
| Cases committed to Sessions Court by Magistrate | Section 213, BNSS | S. 193, CrPC |
| Death sentence - must be confirmed by High Court | Sections 22, 407, BNSS | S. 366, CrPC |
| Assistant Sessions Court - imprisonment up to 10 yrs | Section 22, BNSS | S. 28(3), CrPC |
| Types of Magistrates | Sections 11-13, BNSS | S. 11 to 19, CrPC |
| Chief Judicial Magistrate | Section 10, BNSS | S. 12, CrPC |
| Two or more offences - double punishment | Section 25, BNSS | S. 31, CrPC |
4. INQUEST
| Type | New Section | Old Section |
|---|---|---|
| Police Inquest (Officer-in-charge, usually Sub-Inspector) | Section 194, BNSS | S. 174, CrPC |
| Magistrate Inquest (Specified deaths - railway, police custody, court premises, pregnancy, etc.) | Section 195, BNSS | S. 176, CrPC |
5. SUMMONS / SUBPOENA
| Topic | New Section | Old Section |
|---|---|---|
| Sections dealing with Summons (overall) | Sections 63-71, BNSS | S. 61-69, CrPC |
| Summons issued in writing, signed by presiding officer | Section 63, BNSS | - |
| Receipt on back copy | Section 64, BNSS | - |
| Summons to government servant via head of office | Section 68, BNSS | - |
| Witness to produce documents (Subpoena duces tecum) | Sections 94 & 195, BNSS; Section 165, BSA | - |
| Failure to attend court - notice issued | Section 389, BNSS | - |
| Bailable/non-bailable warrants for securing witness | Sections 206-208, BNS; Section 90, BNSS | - |
| Witness to attend if evidence deficient or needs explanation | Section 326, BNSS | - |
6. EVIDENCE
Types of Evidence
| Topic | New Section | Old Section |
|---|---|---|
| Definition of "Fact" | Section 2, BSA | S. 3, IEA |
| All oral evidence must be direct | Section 55, BSA | S. 60, IEA |
| Oral evidence - required to produce material things | Section 60, BSA | S. 60, IEA |
| All facts except document contents proved by oral evidence | Section 54, BSA | S. 59, IEA |
| Deaf and mute witness - by signs/writing/interpreter | Section 125, BSA | S. 119, IEA |
Documentary Evidence
| Topic | New Section | Old Section |
|---|---|---|
| Primary vs. Secondary Evidence (in BNS) | Section 208, BNS | - |
| Documents proved by primary evidence except in certain cases | Section 59, BSA | - |
| Secondary evidence (certified copies, etc.) | Section 58, BSA | - |
| Contents of documents - primary/secondary | Section 56, BSA | - |
| Court requiring X-rays, documents (case sheets, xerox) | Section 94, BNSS | - |
Exceptions to Oral Evidence
| Topic | New Section | Old Section |
|---|---|---|
| Dying declaration | Section 26, BSA | - |
| Expert opinion from treatise (author dead/unavailable) | Section 55, BSA | S. 60, IEA |
| Evidence in previous judicial proceeding admissible | Section 326, BNSS | - |
Refreshing Memory in Witness Box
| Topic | New Section | Old Section |
|---|---|---|
| Expert may refresh memory from professional treatises | Section 162, BSA | - |
| Opposite party may cross-examine on refreshed memory | Section 164, BSA | - |
Circumstantial Evidence
| Topic | New Section |
|---|---|
| Indirect/circumstantial evidence | Section 4, BSA |
7. ORDER OF EXAMINATION IN COURT [Section 143, BSA]
This section deals with the sequence of examination:
- Examination-in-chief - by the party who called the witness
- Cross-examination - by the opposite party
- Re-examination - by the original party to explain matters in cross
8. HOSTILE WITNESS & PERJURY
| Topic | New Section | Old Section |
|---|---|---|
| Hostile witness definition | Section 227, BNS | - |
| Perjury - giving willful false evidence (false statement on oath) | Sections 383, BNSS; Sections 227 & 228, BNS | - |
| Punishment for perjury - up to 7 years imprisonment | Section 229, BNS | - |
9. SESSIONS TRIAL
| Topic | New Section | Old Section |
|---|---|---|
| Magistrate frames charge, reads to accused, passes order | Section 251, BNSS | - |
Quick Summary Table: Old vs. New
| Old Law | New Law | Area |
|---|---|---|
| IPC, 1860 | BNS (Act 45 of 2023) | Penal/Substantive criminal law |
| CrPC, 1973 | BNSS (Act 46 of 2023) | Procedural criminal law |
| IEA, 1872 | BSA (Act 47 of 2023) | Law of Evidence |
High-Yield Points for Exams
- BNS defines offences and punishments (replaced IPC) - Act 45 of 2023
- BNSS deals with procedure - arrest, inquest, trials, summons (replaced CrPC) - Act 46 of 2023
- BSA deals with evidence - oral, documentary, dying declaration (replaced IEA) - Act 47 of 2023
- Police Inquest = Section 194, BNSS (old S. 174 CrPC)
- Magistrate Inquest = Section 195, BNSS (old S. 176 CrPC)
- Dying Declaration = Section 26, BSA
- Perjury punishment = up to 7 years (Section 229, BNS)
- Cognisable offence = Section 2(1), BNSS - arrest without warrant
- Summons = Section 63, BNSS
- Order of examination (Exam-in-chief, cross, re-examination) = Section 143, BSA
- Hostile witness = Section 227, BNS
- Memory refresh (treatise) = Section 162, BSA
Source: KS Narayan Reddy's The Essentials of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, 36th Edition (2026), updated by Gautam Biswas - Chapters 1 (Medical Jurisprudence) and 2 (Legal Competencies), Sections FM1.3, FM1.4, FM1.5, FM1.6
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