Important Signs in Surgery

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Excellent - I now have a rich, comprehensive table of eponymous surgical signs directly from the Sabiston Textbook of Surgery, plus supporting details from S. Das Manual on Clinical Surgery, Fischer's Mastery of Surgery, and other authoritative surgical texts. Let me compile the full answer.

Important Signs in Surgery

A comprehensive reference of eponymously named signs used in surgical clinical examination, organized by system/condition.

Abdominal Signs - General

SignManeuverClinical Correlation
Blumberg signPain on release of pressure (rebound tenderness)Peritoneal inflammation / peritonitis
Carnett signPain continues or increases when abdominal muscles are tensedPain is from the abdominal wall, not visceral
Cullen signPeriumbilical bruising (bluish discoloration around umbilicus)Hemoperitoneum; seen in severe acute haemorrhagic pancreatitis, ruptured ectopic pregnancy
Grey Turner signDiscoloration/bruising of flanks (between last rib and iliac crest)Retroperitoneal hemorrhage; severe acute pancreatitis
Danforth signShoulder pain on inspirationDiaphragmatic irritation by hemoperitoneum
Ranshoff signYellow discoloration of the umbilical regionRuptured common bile duct
Fothergill signAbdominal wall mass that does not cross the midline and remains palpable when rectus is contractedRectus sheath hematoma
Balance signDullness to percussion in the left upper quadrant/flank with shifting dullness in the right flankSplenic rupture / hematoma
  • Sabiston Textbook of Surgery, p. 1758-1759
  • S. Das Manual on Clinical Surgery, p. 460

Signs of Appendicitis

SignManeuverNotes
McBurney point tendernessMaximum tenderness at a point 1/3 of the way from ASIS to umbilicusClassic finding in acute appendicitis
Rovsing signPalpation of the left lower quadrant produces pain in the right lower quadrantAcute appendicitis; sensitivity 30-68%, specificity 58-91%
Psoas (Iliopsoas) signPain on extension of the right hip against resistance (patient lies on left side)Retrocecal appendicitis - inflamed appendix lies on psoas
Obturator signPain on passive internal rotation of the flexed right hipPelvic appendicitis / pelvic abscess or inflammatory mass; sensitivity 21-34%, specificity 79-96%
Aaron signPain or pressure in the epigastrium when firm pressure applied to McBurney pointReferred epigastric pain from acute appendicitis
Ten Horn signPain on gentle traction of the right testisAcute appendicitis
Dunphy signIncreased abdominal pain with coughingPeritoneal irritation from appendicitis
The classic progression: initial periumbilical pain migrating to the right lower quadrant (McBurney point), with Rovsing, psoas, and obturator signs helping localize retrocecal and pelvic appendicitis respectively.
  • Sabiston Textbook of Surgery, p. 1758-1759
  • Fischer's Mastery of Surgery, p. 3312-3318
  • Current Surgical Therapy 14e, p. 3446-3458

Signs of Biliary / Hepatic Disease

SignManeuver / FindingClinical Correlation
Murphy signRight upper quadrant is deeply palpated; patient asked to inspire - they abruptly stop due to severe pain (inspiratory arrest)Acute cholecystitis. Sensitivity ~97% clinically; sonographic Murphy sign + gallstones raises diagnostic accuracy >90%
Courvoisier lawPalpable, non-tender, distended gallbladder in the presence of jaundiceObstructive jaundice due to carcinoma of the head of pancreas (or other malignant obstruction of CBD) - NOT choledocholithiasis, because chronic inflammation from stones makes the gallbladder fibrous and non-distensible
Charcot's triadFever + jaundice + right upper quadrant painAcute cholangitis
Reynolds pentadCharcot's triad + shock + altered mental statusSuppurative (severe) cholangitis
  • Fischer's Mastery of Surgery, p. 2696-2702
  • Swanson's Family Medicine Review

Hernia Signs

SignFindingCondition
Howship-Romberg signPain in the inner thigh on internal rotation of the hipObturator hernia
Hannington-Kiff signAbsent adductor reflex in the thigh despite present patellar reflexObturator nerve compression from obturator hernia
Zieman's techniqueIndex finger in inguinal canal, middle finger over femoral canal, ring finger over saphenous opening - impulse felt on coughing identifies hernia typeDifferentiation of inguinal vs femoral hernia
  • Sabiston Textbook of Surgery, p. 1758

Pelvic / Gynaecological

SignManeuverCondition
Chandelier signExtreme pelvic pain on cervical motionPelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
Cullen signPeriumbilical ecchymosisAlso seen in ruptured ectopic pregnancy

Vascular / Other

SignFindingCondition
Buerger signPallor of foot on elevation, rubor on dependencyPeripheral arterial occlusive disease
Homan signPain in calf on dorsiflexion of footDVT (low sensitivity and specificity - largely abandoned)
Virchow's triadStasis + endothelial injury + hypercoagulabilityPathogenesis of venous thrombosis
Trousseau signCarpal spasm on occlusion of brachial artery (BP cuff)Hypocalcaemia (e.g., post-thyroidectomy / parathyroidectomy)
Chvostek signFacial twitch on tapping over the facial nerveHypocalcaemia - neuromuscular irritability

Acute Abdomen - Inspection Findings (S. Das Classification)

From S. Das Manual on Clinical Surgery, the following are key inspection signs in acute abdomen:
  1. Hernial orifices - always inspect first; a strangulated hernia is the most common cause of acute obstruction that can be missed
  2. Contour of abdomen - central distension (small bowel obstruction) vs. peripheral distension (large bowel obstruction)
  3. Respiratory movement - sluggish or absent respiratory movement = widespread peritoneal irritation (perforated peptic ulcer, ruptured ectopic)
  4. Visible peristalsis - "ladder pattern" = small bowel obstruction
  5. Pulsatile swelling - leaking aortic aneurysm
  6. Skin discoloration - Grey Turner sign (left flank) and Cullen sign (periumbilical) = late sign of severe haemorrhagic pancreatitis
  • S. Das Manual on Clinical Surgery, p. 460

Quick Mnemonics

  • Appendicitis signs: "ROM P" - Rovsing, Obturator, McBurney, Psoas
  • Biliary obstruction: Murphy (cholecystitis) vs. Courvoisier (malignant obstructive jaundice - painless, palpable GB)
  • Flank/umbilical bruising: "GT and C" - Grey Turner (flanks) = retroperitoneal; Cullen (umbilicus) = peritoneal - both = pancreatitis/hemorrhage
  • Hypocalcaemia: "Chvostek and Trousseau" - facial twitch and carpal spasm

These signs are drawn from the Sabiston Textbook of Surgery, S. Das Manual on Clinical Surgery, Fischer's Mastery of Surgery, and Current Surgical Therapy 14e - the most widely used surgical references. The sensitivity/specificity values for appendicitis signs (Rovsing, Obturator, Psoas) are from Current Surgical Therapy 14e and Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 22e.

Traids in Surgery

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Here is a comprehensive reference of all important Triads in Surgery, fully sourced from authoritative surgical textbooks:

Triads in Surgery


1. Charcot's Triad - Acute Cholangitis

ComponentDetail
Fever with chills/rigorsBacteraemia from biliary obstruction
JaundiceObstruction of common bile duct
Right Upper Quadrant painBiliary distension and inflammation
  • Present in ~70% of patients with acute cholangitis
  • Cause: most commonly choledocholithiasis, biliary stricture, or malignancy
  • Management: IV fluids + broad-spectrum antibiotics + urgent biliary drainage (ERCP)
Extension - Reynolds' Pentad (Charcot's triad + shock + altered mental status/confusion) = suppurative (severe) ascending cholangitis - high mortality, demands urgent intervention to restore biliary drainage.
  • Sleisenger and Fordtran's GI and Liver Disease
  • Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 22e
  • Washington Manual of Medical Therapeutics

2. Whipple's Triad - Insulinoma

ComponentDetail
Symptoms of hypoglycaemiaSweating, tremor, confusion, palpitations
Low plasma glucose<45-50 mg/dL during symptomatic episode
Relief of symptomsOn administration of glucose
  • Pathognomonic for insulinoma (functioning beta-cell tumour of pancreas)
  • First described by Allen Whipple (also of the Whipple procedure for pancreatic cancer)
  • Diagnosis confirmed by 72-hour supervised fast with insulin/C-peptide/glucose measurements
  • Treatment: surgical resection (enucleation or distal pancreatectomy)
  • Fischer's Mastery of Surgery
  • Sabiston Textbook of Surgery
  • Maingot's Abdominal Operations

3. Beck's Triad - Cardiac Tamponade

ComponentDetail
HypotensionReduced cardiac output from pericardial compression
Distended neck veins (elevated JVP/CVP)Impaired venous return to heart
Muffled/distant heart soundsFluid surrounding the heart dampens sounds
  • Beck described two triads (1935):
    • Acute tamponade triad: hypotension + muffled heart sounds + elevated CVP
    • Chronic tamponade triad: increased central venous pressure + ascites + small quiet heart
  • Additional finding: pulsus paradoxus (>10 mmHg drop in SBP on inspiration)
  • Surgical emergency: pericardiocentesis or surgical decompression (pericardial window)
  • Washington Manual of Medical Therapeutics
  • Rosen's Emergency Medicine
  • Roberts and Hedges' Clinical Procedures in Emergency Medicine

4. Virchow's Triad - Venous Thrombosis (DVT/PE)

ComponentDetail
Endothelial injurySurgery, trauma, inflammation, toxins
Stasis / abnormal blood flowImmobility, heart failure, post-op state
HypercoagulabilityInherited (Factor V Leiden, protein C/S deficiency) or acquired (malignancy, OCP, pregnancy)
  • Fundamental pathophysiology of ALL venous thromboembolic disease
  • All three factors are often simultaneously present in surgical patients (post-op immobility + vessel trauma + hypercoagulable state)
  • Forms the basis for surgical VTE prophylaxis (early mobilisation, compression stockings, LMWH)
  • Robbins & Kumar Basic Pathology
  • Robbins, Cotran & Kumar Pathologic Basis of Disease
  • Sabiston Textbook of Surgery

5. The Lethal Triad - Trauma Surgery / Damage Control

ComponentDetail
HypothermiaCore temperature <35°C; impairs coagulation enzymes
AcidosisMetabolic (lactic) acidosis from shock and hypoperfusion
CoagulopathyDilutional + consumption coagulopathy from massive haemorrhage
  • Also called the "bloody vicious cycle" - each element worsens the others in a self-perpetuating spiral
  • Indication for Damage Control Surgery (DCS): abbreviated initial surgery to stop bleeding and contamination, then ICU resuscitation to correct the triad, followed by definitive repair
  • Goals of damage control resuscitation: reverse coagulopathy, warm the patient, correct acidosis - before definitive surgery
  • Mulholland and Greenfield's Surgery 7e
  • Current Surgical Therapy 14e
  • Fischer's Mastery of Surgery 8e
  • Schwartz's Principles of Surgery 11e

6. Terrible Triad - Elbow Injury (Orthopaedic Surgery)

ComponentDetail
Elbow dislocationPosterior dislocation most common
Radial head fractureMason classification
Coronoid process fractureRegan-Morrey classification
  • Highly unstable injury - all three stabilisers of the elbow are disrupted
  • Called "terrible" because of historically poor outcomes with conservative management
  • Surgical treatment: ORIF of coronoid + ORIF or arthroplasty of radial head + lateral (±MCL) ligament repair
  • Requires early motion post-operatively to prevent stiffness
  • Rockwood and Green's Fractures in Adults 10e
  • Miller's Review of Orthopaedics 9e

7. Cushing's Triad - Raised Intracranial Pressure (Neurosurgery)

ComponentDetail
Hypertension (widened pulse pressure)Cushing reflex - brainstem tries to maintain cerebral perfusion
BradycardiaVagal response to hypertension
Irregular/slow respirationsBrainstem compression affecting respiratory centres
  • Late and ominous sign of severely raised ICP - indicates impending brainstem herniation
  • Neurosurgical emergency: urgent CT head + ICP monitoring + decompression (mannitol, hyperventilation, craniectomy)
  • Note: Cushing's triad ≠ Cushing's syndrome (hypercortisolism) and ≠ Cushing's disease (pituitary adenoma)

8. Wertheim's Triad - Obstructed Inguinal Hernia

ComponentDetail
IrreducibilityHernia cannot be pushed back
Obstruction of bowelFeatures of intestinal obstruction
Strangulation (ischaemia)Compromised blood supply to hernia contents

Quick Summary Table

TriadComponentsCondition
Charcot'sFever + Jaundice + RUQ painAcute cholangitis
Reynolds' PentadCharcot's + Shock + ConfusionSuppurative cholangitis
Whipple'sHypoglycaemic symptoms + Low glucose + Relief with glucoseInsulinoma
Beck's (acute)Hypotension + Raised JVP + Muffled heart soundsCardiac tamponade
Virchow'sEndothelial injury + Stasis + HypercoagulabilityDVT / Thrombosis
Lethal TriadHypothermia + Acidosis + CoagulopathyTrauma / Damage control
Terrible TriadElbow dislocation + Radial head # + Coronoid #Elbow instability
Cushing'sHypertension + Bradycardia + Irregular breathingRaised ICP / Herniation

Memory tip: Most surgical triads follow a pattern - two systemic derangements and one localising finding, or three components of a single pathophysiological process (Virchow's, Lethal Triad).

Other triads

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Here is a comprehensive compilation of Other Important Triads across surgical specialties and related disciplines:

Other Triads in Surgery & Medicine


Gastrointestinal / Hepatobiliary

Saint's Triad

ComponentDetail
Gallstones (cholelithiasis)Biliary calculi
Hiatus herniaGastro-oesophageal junction herniation
Colonic diverticulosisDiverticula of the large bowel
  • All three conditions are common in elderly, obese, Western patients and frequently co-exist
  • Important clinically: when one is found, the others must be sought before attributing symptoms to any single pathology
  • Described by C.F.M. Saint, South African surgeon

Mackler's Triad - Oesophageal Perforation (Boerhaave Syndrome)

ComponentDetail
VomitingForceful retching causing barotrauma
Chest painSevere, sudden, tearing chest / epigastric pain
Subcutaneous emphysemaAir tracking into neck/chest wall soft tissues
  • Classic triad of spontaneous oesophageal perforation (Boerhaave syndrome)
  • Surgical emergency - high mortality if diagnosis delayed
  • Management: immediate surgical repair ± oesophagectomy; antibiotics; ICU
  • Rosen's Emergency Medicine

Carcinoid Triad

ComponentDetail
FlushingEpisodic cutaneous flushing (face/neck/trunk)
DiarrhoeaSecretory, watery diarrhoea
BronchospasmWheezing from serotonin/kinin release
  • Occurs when carcinoid tumour has hepatic metastases (vasoactive substances bypass liver metabolism)
  • Right-sided cardiac involvement (carcinoid heart disease - tricuspid/pulmonary valve fibrosis) is a major complication
  • Diagnosed by urinary 5-HIAA; treated with octreotide (somatostatin analogue) + surgical debulking
  • Braunwald's Heart Disease 2e

Gynaecology / Surgical Oncology

Meigs' Syndrome (Triad)

ComponentDetail
Ovarian fibroma (or fibrothecoma)Benign solid ovarian tumour
AscitesTransudative peritoneal fluid
Pleural effusionUsually right-sided
  • Benign condition - all features resolve completely after surgical removal of the tumour
  • Important to distinguish from ovarian cancer (which also presents with ascites + pleural effusion)
  • Serum CA-125 may be mildly elevated - can mimic malignancy
  • Bailey and Love's Short Practice of Surgery 28e
  • Fishman's Pulmonary Diseases and Disorders

ENT / Head & Neck Surgery

Ménière's Disease Triad

ComponentDetail
Sensorineural hearing lossLow-frequency initially; fluctuating
TinnitusLow-pitched roaring tinnitus
Episodic vertigoSpontaneous attacks lasting 20 min - 24 hours
  • Also described as a tetrad with the addition of aural fullness (pressure sensation)
  • Caused by endolymphatic hydrops (excess endolymph in the inner ear)
  • Most disabling symptom is the vertigo
  • Management: salt restriction, diuretics, betahistine, intratympanic steroids/gentamicin, endolymphatic sac surgery
  • Bailey and Love's Short Practice of Surgery 28e
  • Cummings Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery
  • Shambaugh Surgery of the Ear

Gradenigo's Triad - Petrous Apicitis

ComponentDetail
OtorrhoeaPersistent ear discharge from chronic otitis media
Retro-orbital / deep facial painTrigeminal nerve (V) involvement at petrous apex
Ipsilateral lateral rectus palsyCranial nerve VI (abducens) involvement
  • Complication of acute or chronic otitis media spreading to petrous apex
  • Otosurgical emergency - requires mastoidectomy ± petrous apex drainage + IV antibiotics

Samter's Triad (AERD - Aspirin-Exacerbated Respiratory Disease)

ComponentDetail
Bronchial asthmaChronic, often severe
Nasal polyposisRecurrent nasal polyps
Aspirin / NSAID sensitivityDramatic bronchoconstriction on exposure
  • Pathophysiology: COX-1 inhibition shunts arachidonic acid toward leukotriene synthesis → bronchoconstriction
  • Surgical relevance: endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) for polyps; aspirin desensitisation post-operatively
  • All NSAIDs that inhibit COX-1 must be avoided
  • Scott-Brown's Otorhinolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery
  • Fishman's Pulmonary Diseases and Disorders

Orthopaedic Surgery

O'Donoghue's Unhappy Triad (Knee)

ComponentDetail
Medial collateral ligament (MCL) tearValgus stress injury
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tearRotational injury component
Medial meniscus tearEntrapped between femur and tibia
  • Classic injury from a valgus + external rotation force to a planted foot (e.g., football tackle)
  • Modern studies suggest the lateral meniscus is more commonly torn with ACL injuries than the medial - but O'Donoghue's original description remains the classic teaching triad
  • Treatment: ACL reconstruction ± meniscal repair; MCL usually heals conservatively

Neurology / Neurosurgery

Wernicke's Triad - Wernicke's Encephalopathy

ComponentDetail
OphthalmoplegiaExternal ophthalmoplegia ± nystagmus; often lateral rectus palsy (CN VI)
Cerebellar ataxiaGait ataxia predominantly
Global confusionAcute confusional state, disorientation
  • Cause: Thiamine (Vitamin B1) deficiency - alcoholism, post-bariatric surgery, prolonged vomiting, malnutrition
  • Classic triad present in only 1/3 of cases - do not wait for full triad before treating
  • Treatment: IV thiamine BEFORE glucose (giving glucose without thiamine can precipitate / worsen WE)
  • Progression without treatment → Korsakoff's psychosis (irreversible anterograde amnesia)
  • Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 22e
  • Adams and Victor's Principles of Neurology 12e
  • Bradley and Daroff's Neurology

Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (NPH) Triad - "Hakim's Triad"

ComponentDetail
Gait disturbanceMagnetic gait - shuffling, broad-based ("feet stuck to floor")
Urinary incontinenceUrgency incontinence
Cognitive impairmentSubcortical dementia, slowed thinking
  • Mnemonic: "Wet, Wobbly, and Wacky"
  • Treatable cause of dementia - ventricular shunting can reverse symptoms (especially gait responds best)
  • Diagnosis: CT/MRI showing ventriculomegaly disproportionate to cortical atrophy; CSF tap test
  • Bradley and Daroff's Neurology in Clinical Practice

Quick Master Reference Table

TriadComponentsCondition / Specialty
Saint'sGallstones + Hiatus hernia + DiverticulosisGI Surgery
Mackler'sVomiting + Chest pain + Subcutaneous emphysemaOesophageal perforation
CarcinoidFlushing + Diarrhoea + BronchospasmCarcinoid tumour (with mets)
Meigs'Ovarian fibroma + Ascites + Pleural effusionGynaecological surgery
Ménière'sSNHL + Tinnitus + VertigoENT
Gradenigo'sOtorrhoea + Facial pain + Lateral rectus palsy (VI)ENT / Skull base
Samter'sAsthma + Nasal polyps + Aspirin sensitivityENT / Respiratory
O'Donoghue'sMCL + ACL + Medial meniscus tearOrthopaedics (knee)
Wernicke'sOphthalmoplegia + Ataxia + ConfusionNeurosurgery / Nutrition
Hakim's (NPH)Gait + Incontinence + DementiaNeurosurgery

Combined with the previous session, you now have a full catalogue of surgical and medically relevant triads:
#TriadCondition
1Charcot'sAcute cholangitis
2Reynolds' PentadSuppurative cholangitis
3Whipple'sInsulinoma
4Beck'sCardiac tamponade
5Virchow'sDVT/thrombosis
6Lethal TriadTrauma/damage control
7Terrible TriadElbow instability
8Cushing'sRaised ICP
9Saint'sCo-existing GI pathologies
10Mackler'sBoerhaave syndrome
11CarcinoidCarcinoid syndrome
12Meigs'Benign ovarian fibroma
13Ménière'sInner ear disease
14Gradenigo'sPetrous apicitis
15Samter'sNSAID-sensitive asthma
16O'Donoghue'sKnee valgus injury
17Wernicke'sThiamine deficiency
18Hakim's (NPH)Normal pressure hydrocephalus

Generate a summary PDF comparing surgical triads by organ system

Reading File
Running Command

ls /home/daytona/workspace/ 2>/dev/null && echo "---" && python3 -c "import repo…

Running Command

mkdir -p /home/daytona/workspace/surgical-triads

Writing File

~/surgical-triads/generate_pdf.py

from reportlab.lib.pagesizes import A4
from reportlab.lib import colors
from reportlab.lib.units import cm
from reportlab.lib.styles import getSampleStyleSheet, ParagraphStyle
from reportlab.lib.enums import TA_CENTER, TA_LEFT
from reportlab.platypus import (
    SimpleDocTemplate, Paragraph, Spacer, Table, TableStyle,
    HRFlowable, KeepTogether, PageBreak
)
from reportlab.platypus import BaseDocTemplate, PageTemplate, Frame
from reportlab.lib.colors import HexColor
import datetime

OUTPUT = "/home/daytona/workspace/surgical-triads/Surgical_Triads_Summary.pdf"

# ── Colour palette ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
C_NAVY    = HexColor("#1B3A5C")
C_TEAL    = HexColor("#1A7E8C")
C_LIGHT   = HexColor("#E8F4F8")
C_HEADER  = HexColor("#2C5F7A")
C_ALT     = HexColor("#F0F7FA")
C_WHITE   = colors.white
C_BLACK   = colors.black
C_BORDER  = HexColor("#A0C8D8")
C_WARN    = HexColor("#D4580A")
C_SECTION = [
    HexColor("#1B5E8C"),  # Hepatobiliary
    HexColor("#1A7A5E"),  # Trauma
    HexColor("#6B3FA0"),  # Gynaecology
    HexColor("#8C3A1A"),  # ENT
    HexColor("#2A5C8C"),  # Orthopaedics
    HexColor("#4A6741"),  # Neurosurgery
    HexColor("#8C6B1A"),  # Cardiovascular
    HexColor("#5A3A7A"),  # Metabolic
]

doc = SimpleDocTemplate(
    OUTPUT,
    pagesize=A4,
    leftMargin=2*cm, rightMargin=2*cm,
    topMargin=2.5*cm, bottomMargin=2.5*cm,
    title="Surgical Triads – Comparative Summary",
    author="Orris Medical"
)

styles = getSampleStyleSheet()
W = A4[0] - 4*cm   # usable width

def style(name, **kw):
    s = ParagraphStyle(name, parent=styles["Normal"], **kw)
    return s

S_TITLE   = style("DocTitle",  fontSize=26, textColor=C_WHITE,
                   fontName="Helvetica-Bold", alignment=TA_CENTER, leading=32)
S_SUBTITLE= style("DocSub",    fontSize=13, textColor=HexColor("#D0E8F0"),
                   fontName="Helvetica", alignment=TA_CENTER, leading=18)
S_DATE    = style("DocDate",   fontSize=9,  textColor=HexColor("#A0C8D8"),
                   fontName="Helvetica", alignment=TA_CENTER)
S_SECHEAD = style("SecHead",   fontSize=14, textColor=C_WHITE,
                   fontName="Helvetica-Bold", alignment=TA_LEFT, leading=18)
S_TRINAME = style("TriName",   fontSize=11, textColor=C_NAVY,
                   fontName="Helvetica-Bold", leading=14)
S_BODY    = style("Body",      fontSize=9,  textColor=C_BLACK,
                   fontName="Helvetica", leading=13)
S_COMP    = style("Comp",      fontSize=9,  textColor=C_BLACK,
                   fontName="Helvetica", leading=12)
S_BOLD    = style("Bold",      fontSize=9,  textColor=C_NAVY,
                   fontName="Helvetica-Bold", leading=12)
S_SMALL   = style("Small",     fontSize=8,  textColor=HexColor("#555555"),
                   fontName="Helvetica-Oblique", leading=11)
S_NOTE    = style("Note",      fontSize=8,  textColor=C_WARN,
                   fontName="Helvetica-Bold", leading=11)
S_FOOT    = style("Foot",      fontSize=7.5,textColor=HexColor("#888888"),
                   fontName="Helvetica", alignment=TA_CENTER)
S_TOC_ITEM= style("TOCItem",   fontSize=10, textColor=C_NAVY,
                   fontName="Helvetica", leading=15, leftIndent=0.5*cm)

def section_color(idx):
    return C_SECTION[idx % len(C_SECTION)]

# ── Data ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

SYSTEMS = [
    {
        "system": "Hepatobiliary & GI Surgery",
        "icon": "🏥",
        "color_idx": 0,
        "triads": [
            {
                "name": "Charcot's Triad",
                "condition": "Acute Cholangitis",
                "components": [
                    ("Fever + rigors", "Bacteraemia from biliary obstruction"),
                    ("Jaundice", "Obstruction of common bile duct"),
                    ("Right upper quadrant pain", "Biliary distension & inflammation"),
                ],
                "note": "Present in ~70% of cholangitis. Requires IV antibiotics + urgent biliary drainage (ERCP).",
                "extension": "Reynolds' Pentad adds shock + altered consciousness → suppurative cholangitis (high mortality).",
            },
            {
                "name": "Whipple's Triad",
                "condition": "Insulinoma",
                "components": [
                    ("Symptoms of hypoglycaemia", "Sweating, tremor, palpitations, confusion"),
                    ("Low plasma glucose", "<45–50 mg/dL during episode"),
                    ("Relief with glucose", "Symptoms resolve on glucose administration"),
                ],
                "note": "Pathognomonic for insulinoma (functional β-cell tumour). Confirm with 72-h supervised fast.",
                "extension": None,
            },
            {
                "name": "Saint's Triad",
                "condition": "Co-existing GI Pathologies",
                "components": [
                    ("Gallstones (cholelithiasis)", "Biliary calculi"),
                    ("Hiatus hernia", "GEJ herniation through diaphragm"),
                    ("Colonic diverticulosis", "Diverticula of large bowel"),
                ],
                "note": "All three are common in elderly, obese, Western patients. Do not attribute all symptoms to one alone.",
                "extension": None,
            },
            {
                "name": "Mackler's Triad",
                "condition": "Oesophageal Perforation (Boerhaave Syndrome)",
                "components": [
                    ("Vomiting", "Forceful retching causes barotrauma"),
                    ("Chest pain", "Sudden, severe, tearing chest/epigastric pain"),
                    ("Subcutaneous emphysema", "Air tracks into neck/chest wall tissues"),
                ],
                "note": "Surgical emergency. High mortality if delayed. Needs immediate surgical repair + IV antibiotics.",
                "extension": None,
            },
            {
                "name": "Carcinoid Triad",
                "condition": "Carcinoid Syndrome (with Hepatic Metastases)",
                "components": [
                    ("Flushing", "Episodic cutaneous flushing of face/neck/trunk"),
                    ("Diarrhoea", "Secretory, watery diarrhoea"),
                    ("Bronchospasm", "Wheezing from serotonin/kinin release"),
                ],
                "note": "Occurs only when hepatic metastases bypass liver metabolism. Right heart carcinoid disease is a major complication. Treat with octreotide.",
                "extension": None,
            },
        ]
    },
    {
        "system": "Trauma Surgery",
        "icon": "⚡",
        "color_idx": 1,
        "triads": [
            {
                "name": "The Lethal Triad",
                "condition": "Damage Control Surgery",
                "components": [
                    ("Hypothermia", "Core temp <35°C; impairs coagulation enzyme function"),
                    ("Acidosis", "Metabolic lactic acidosis from shock & hypoperfusion"),
                    ("Coagulopathy", "Dilutional + consumptive from massive haemorrhage"),
                ],
                "note": "Each element worsens the others (vicious cycle). Indication for Damage Control Surgery: abbreviated surgery → ICU resuscitation → definitive repair.",
                "extension": None,
            },
        ]
    },
    {
        "system": "Cardiovascular Surgery",
        "icon": "❤️",
        "color_idx": 6,
        "triads": [
            {
                "name": "Beck's Triad (Acute)",
                "condition": "Cardiac Tamponade",
                "components": [
                    ("Hypotension", "Reduced cardiac output from pericardial compression"),
                    ("Raised JVP / Distended neck veins", "Impaired venous return to heart"),
                    ("Muffled / distant heart sounds", "Pericardial fluid dampens sounds"),
                ],
                "note": "Surgical emergency: pericardiocentesis or pericardial window. Additional finding: pulsus paradoxus >10 mmHg.",
                "extension": "Beck's chronic triad: increased CVP + ascites + small quiet heart.",
            },
            {
                "name": "Virchow's Triad",
                "condition": "Venous Thrombosis (DVT / PE)",
                "components": [
                    ("Endothelial injury", "Surgery, trauma, inflammation, toxins"),
                    ("Stasis / abnormal blood flow", "Immobility, heart failure, post-op state"),
                    ("Hypercoagulability", "Inherited or acquired (malignancy, OCP, pregnancy)"),
                ],
                "note": "All three factors co-exist in surgical patients. Forms the basis for VTE prophylaxis (LMWH, compression, early mobilisation).",
                "extension": None,
            },
        ]
    },
    {
        "system": "Gynaecological Surgery",
        "icon": "🔬",
        "color_idx": 2,
        "triads": [
            {
                "name": "Meigs' Syndrome",
                "condition": "Benign Ovarian Fibroma",
                "components": [
                    ("Ovarian fibroma / fibrothecoma", "Benign solid ovarian tumour"),
                    ("Ascites", "Transudative peritoneal fluid"),
                    ("Pleural effusion", "Usually right-sided transudate"),
                ],
                "note": "All features resolve completely after surgical tumour removal. Must be distinguished from ovarian malignancy (CA-125 may be mildly elevated).",
                "extension": None,
            },
        ]
    },
    {
        "system": "ENT / Head & Neck Surgery",
        "icon": "👂",
        "color_idx": 3,
        "triads": [
            {
                "name": "Ménière's Disease Triad",
                "condition": "Endolymphatic Hydrops",
                "components": [
                    ("Sensorineural hearing loss", "Low-frequency, fluctuating"),
                    ("Tinnitus", "Low-pitched roaring tinnitus"),
                    ("Episodic vertigo", "Attacks lasting 20 min – 24 hours"),
                ],
                "note": "Also described as a tetrad with aural fullness. Vertigo is the most disabling. Treat with salt restriction, betahistine, diuretics, intratympanic steroids.",
                "extension": None,
            },
            {
                "name": "Gradenigo's Triad",
                "condition": "Petrous Apicitis",
                "components": [
                    ("Persistent otorrhoea", "From chronic/acute otitis media"),
                    ("Retro-orbital / deep facial pain", "Trigeminal nerve (CN V) involvement"),
                    ("Ipsilateral lateral rectus palsy", "Abducens nerve (CN VI) involvement"),
                ],
                "note": "Complication of otitis media spreading to petrous apex. Needs mastoidectomy ± petrous apex drainage + IV antibiotics.",
                "extension": None,
            },
            {
                "name": "Samter's Triad (AERD)",
                "condition": "Aspirin-Exacerbated Respiratory Disease",
                "components": [
                    ("Bronchial asthma", "Chronic, often severe"),
                    ("Nasal polyposis", "Recurrent nasal polyps"),
                    ("Aspirin / NSAID sensitivity", "Dramatic bronchoconstriction on exposure"),
                ],
                "note": "COX-1 inhibition → leukotriene excess → bronchospasm. Treatment: FESS for polyps; aspirin desensitisation post-op. Avoid all COX-1 NSAIDs.",
                "extension": None,
            },
        ]
    },
    {
        "system": "Orthopaedic Surgery",
        "icon": "🦴",
        "color_idx": 4,
        "triads": [
            {
                "name": "O'Donoghue's Unhappy Triad",
                "condition": "Knee Valgus Injury",
                "components": [
                    ("Medial collateral ligament (MCL) tear", "Valgus stress component"),
                    ("Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear", "Rotational injury component"),
                    ("Medial meniscus tear", "Entrapped between femur and tibia"),
                ],
                "note": "Classic injury from valgus + external rotation force on planted foot. ACL reconstruction ± meniscal repair; MCL usually heals conservatively.",
                "extension": None,
            },
            {
                "name": "Terrible Triad of the Elbow",
                "condition": "Elbow Instability",
                "components": [
                    ("Elbow dislocation", "Posterior dislocation most common"),
                    ("Radial head fracture", "Mason classification"),
                    ("Coronoid process fracture", "Regan-Morrey classification"),
                ],
                "note": "'Terrible' because all three stabilisers are disrupted. ORIF coronoid + ORIF/arthroplasty radial head + lateral ligament repair. Early motion essential.",
                "extension": None,
            },
        ]
    },
    {
        "system": "Neurosurgery",
        "icon": "🧠",
        "color_idx": 5,
        "triads": [
            {
                "name": "Cushing's Triad",
                "condition": "Raised Intracranial Pressure / Brainstem Herniation",
                "components": [
                    ("Hypertension (widened pulse pressure)", "Cushing reflex to maintain CPP"),
                    ("Bradycardia", "Vagal response to hypertension"),
                    ("Irregular / slow respirations", "Brainstem compression of respiratory centres"),
                ],
                "note": "Late, ominous sign – impending herniation. Emergency: urgent CT + ICP management (mannitol, hyperventilation, decompressive craniectomy).",
                "extension": None,
            },
            {
                "name": "Wernicke's Triad",
                "condition": "Wernicke's Encephalopathy (Thiamine Deficiency)",
                "components": [
                    ("Ophthalmoplegia ± nystagmus", "CN VI palsy; external ophthalmoplegia"),
                    ("Cerebellar ataxia", "Gait ataxia predominantly"),
                    ("Global confusion", "Acute confusional state, disorientation"),
                ],
                "note": "Full triad in only 1/3 of cases – treat without waiting. Give IV thiamine BEFORE glucose. Risk: alcoholism, post-bariatric surgery, prolonged vomiting.",
                "extension": None,
            },
            {
                "name": "Hakim's Triad (NPH)",
                "condition": "Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus",
                "components": [
                    ("Gait disturbance", "Magnetic gait – shuffling, broad-based ('feet stuck')"),
                    ("Urinary incontinence", "Urgency incontinence"),
                    ("Cognitive impairment", "Subcortical dementia, slowed thinking"),
                ],
                "note": "Mnemonic: 'Wet, Wobbly, Wacky.' Treatable dementia – ventriculoperitoneal shunting reverses symptoms (gait responds best).",
                "extension": None,
            },
        ]
    },
    {
        "system": "Metabolic / Endocrine (Surgical Relevance)",
        "icon": "⚗️",
        "color_idx": 7,
        "triads": [
            {
                "name": "Charcot's Neuroarthropathy Triad",
                "condition": "Diabetic Foot (Charcot Foot)",
                "components": [
                    ("Peripheral neuropathy", "Loss of protective sensation"),
                    ("Trauma / repetitive microtrauma", "Unperceived injury to the foot"),
                    ("Adequate blood supply", "Paradoxically preserved vascularity"),
                ],
                "note": "Progressive destruction of foot joints. Acute phase: warmth, swelling, erythema. Managed with offloading; surgical reconstruction in late disease.",
                "extension": None,
            },
        ]
    },
]

# ── Build PDF ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

story = []

# ── COVER PAGE ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
# Cover background block (simulated with a large coloured Table)
cover_data = [[Paragraph("SURGICAL TRIADS", S_TITLE)]]
cover_tbl = Table(cover_data, colWidths=[W])
cover_tbl.setStyle(TableStyle([
    ("BACKGROUND",  (0,0), (-1,-1), C_NAVY),
    ("TOPPADDING",  (0,0), (-1,-1), 24),
    ("BOTTOMPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1), 10),
    ("LEFTPADDING", (0,0), (-1,-1), 12),
    ("RIGHTPADDING",(0,0), (-1,-1), 12),
    ("ROUNDEDCORNERS",(0,0),(-1,-1), [8,8,0,0]),
]))
story.append(cover_tbl)

sub_data = [[Paragraph("A Comparative Summary by Organ System", S_SUBTITLE)]]
sub_tbl = Table(sub_data, colWidths=[W])
sub_tbl.setStyle(TableStyle([
    ("BACKGROUND",  (0,0), (-1,-1), C_TEAL),
    ("TOPPADDING",  (0,0), (-1,-1), 10),
    ("BOTTOMPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1), 10),
    ("LEFTPADDING", (0,0), (-1,-1), 12),
    ("RIGHTPADDING",(0,0), (-1,-1), 12),
    ("ROUNDEDCORNERS",(0,0),(-1,-1), [0,0,8,8]),
]))
story.append(sub_tbl)
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.4*cm))

date_str = datetime.datetime.now().strftime("%B %Y")
story.append(Paragraph(f"Prepared by Orris Medical  |  {date_str}", S_DATE))
story.append(Spacer(1, 1*cm))

# ── QUICK REFERENCE TABLE ──────────────────────────────────────────────────
qr_header = [
    Paragraph("TRIAD", style("QRH", fontSize=9, fontName="Helvetica-Bold",
                              textColor=C_WHITE, alignment=TA_CENTER)),
    Paragraph("CONDITION", style("QRH2", fontSize=9, fontName="Helvetica-Bold",
                                  textColor=C_WHITE, alignment=TA_CENTER)),
    Paragraph("KEY COMPONENTS", style("QRH3", fontSize=9, fontName="Helvetica-Bold",
                                       textColor=C_WHITE, alignment=TA_CENTER)),
    Paragraph("SYSTEM", style("QRH4", fontSize=9, fontName="Helvetica-Bold",
                               textColor=C_WHITE, alignment=TA_CENTER)),
]

qr_rows = [qr_header]
alt = False
for sys_data in SYSTEMS:
    col = section_color(sys_data["color_idx"])
    for tri in sys_data["triads"]:
        comps_short = " | ".join(c[0] for c in tri["components"][:3])
        bg = C_ALT if alt else C_WHITE
        row = [
            Paragraph(tri["name"], style(f"QRN{alt}", fontSize=8.5,
                      fontName="Helvetica-Bold", textColor=C_NAVY)),
            Paragraph(tri["condition"], style(f"QRC{alt}", fontSize=8.5,
                      fontName="Helvetica", textColor=C_BLACK)),
            Paragraph(comps_short, style(f"QRK{alt}", fontSize=7.5,
                      fontName="Helvetica-Oblique", textColor=HexColor("#444444"))),
            Paragraph(sys_data["system"], style(f"QRS{alt}", fontSize=8,
                      fontName="Helvetica", textColor=col)),
        ]
        qr_rows.append(row)
        alt = not alt

qr_tbl = Table(qr_rows, colWidths=[W*0.21, W*0.25, W*0.33, W*0.21])
qr_style = [
    ("BACKGROUND",   (0,0), (-1,0), C_HEADER),
    ("ROWBACKGROUNDS",(0,1),(-1,-1), [C_WHITE, C_ALT]),
    ("GRID",         (0,0), (-1,-1), 0.3, C_BORDER),
    ("TOPPADDING",   (0,0), (-1,-1), 5),
    ("BOTTOMPADDING",(0,0), (-1,-1), 5),
    ("LEFTPADDING",  (0,0), (-1,-1), 5),
    ("RIGHTPADDING", (0,0), (-1,-1), 5),
    ("VALIGN",       (0,0), (-1,-1), "TOP"),
]
qr_tbl.setStyle(TableStyle(qr_style))

# Section header for QR table
qr_head_data = [[Paragraph("QUICK REFERENCE — ALL TRIADS AT A GLANCE", S_SECHEAD)]]
qr_head_tbl = Table(qr_head_data, colWidths=[W])
qr_head_tbl.setStyle(TableStyle([
    ("BACKGROUND",   (0,0), (-1,-1), C_HEADER),
    ("TOPPADDING",   (0,0), (-1,-1), 8),
    ("BOTTOMPADDING",(0,0), (-1,-1), 8),
    ("LEFTPADDING",  (0,0), (-1,-1), 10),
    ("RIGHTPADDING", (0,0), (-1,-1), 10),
    ("ROUNDEDCORNERS",(0,0),(-1,-1), [6,6,0,0]),
]))
story.append(qr_head_tbl)
story.append(qr_tbl)
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.5*cm))
story.append(PageBreak())

# ── DETAILED SECTIONS ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
for sys_data in SYSTEMS:
    sc = section_color(sys_data["color_idx"])

    # Section header banner
    sec_hdr_data = [[
        Paragraph(f"{sys_data['system'].upper()}", S_SECHEAD)
    ]]
    sec_hdr_tbl = Table(sec_hdr_data, colWidths=[W])
    sec_hdr_tbl.setStyle(TableStyle([
        ("BACKGROUND",   (0,0), (-1,-1), sc),
        ("TOPPADDING",   (0,0), (-1,-1), 9),
        ("BOTTOMPADDING",(0,0), (-1,-1), 9),
        ("LEFTPADDING",  (0,0), (-1,-1), 12),
        ("RIGHTPADDING", (0,0), (-1,-1), 12),
        ("ROUNDEDCORNERS",(0,0),(-1,-1), [6,6,6,6]),
    ]))
    story.append(sec_hdr_tbl)
    story.append(Spacer(1, 0.25*cm))

    for tri in sys_data["triads"]:
        # Triad card
        # Title row
        title_data = [[
            Paragraph(tri["name"], style("TN", fontSize=12,
                      fontName="Helvetica-Bold", textColor=C_WHITE)),
            Paragraph(tri["condition"], style("TC", fontSize=10,
                      fontName="Helvetica-Oblique", textColor=HexColor("#D0E8F0"),
                      alignment=TA_LEFT)),
        ]]
        title_tbl = Table(title_data, colWidths=[W*0.4, W*0.6])
        title_tbl.setStyle(TableStyle([
            ("BACKGROUND",   (0,0), (-1,-1), C_HEADER),
            ("TOPPADDING",   (0,0), (-1,-1), 7),
            ("BOTTOMPADDING",(0,0), (-1,-1), 7),
            ("LEFTPADDING",  (0,0), (-1,-1), 10),
            ("RIGHTPADDING", (0,0), (-1,-1), 10),
            ("VALIGN",       (0,0), (-1,-1), "MIDDLE"),
        ]))

        # Components table
        comp_header = [
            Paragraph("#", style("CH", fontSize=8.5, fontName="Helvetica-Bold",
                      textColor=C_WHITE, alignment=TA_CENTER)),
            Paragraph("COMPONENT", style("CH2", fontSize=8.5, fontName="Helvetica-Bold",
                      textColor=C_WHITE)),
            Paragraph("CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE", style("CH3", fontSize=8.5,
                      fontName="Helvetica-Bold", textColor=C_WHITE)),
        ]
        comp_rows = [comp_header]
        for i, (comp, sig) in enumerate(tri["components"], 1):
            bg = C_LIGHT if i % 2 == 0 else C_WHITE
            comp_rows.append([
                Paragraph(str(i), style(f"CN{i}", fontSize=11,
                          fontName="Helvetica-Bold", textColor=sc,
                          alignment=TA_CENTER)),
                Paragraph(comp, style(f"CB{i}", fontSize=9,
                          fontName="Helvetica-Bold", textColor=C_NAVY)),
                Paragraph(sig, style(f"CS{i}", fontSize=9,
                          fontName="Helvetica", textColor=C_BLACK)),
            ])

        comp_tbl = Table(comp_rows, colWidths=[W*0.05, W*0.40, W*0.55])
        comp_tbl.setStyle(TableStyle([
            ("BACKGROUND",    (0,0), (-1,0), sc),
            ("ROWBACKGROUNDS",(0,1),(-1,-1), [C_WHITE, C_LIGHT]),
            ("GRID",          (0,0), (-1,-1), 0.3, C_BORDER),
            ("TOPPADDING",    (0,0), (-1,-1), 5),
            ("BOTTOMPADDING", (0,0), (-1,-1), 5),
            ("LEFTPADDING",   (0,0), (-1,-1), 6),
            ("RIGHTPADDING",  (0,0), (-1,-1), 6),
            ("VALIGN",        (0,0), (-1,-1), "MIDDLE"),
        ]))

        # Note
        note_items = []
        if tri["note"]:
            note_items.append(Paragraph(f"⚕ Clinical Note: {tri['note']}",
                              style("NT", fontSize=8.5, fontName="Helvetica",
                                    textColor=HexColor("#1B4060"),
                                    backColor=HexColor("#E0F0F8"),
                                    leftIndent=6, rightIndent=6,
                                    borderPad=4, leading=12)))
        if tri["extension"]:
            note_items.append(Spacer(1, 0.1*cm))
            note_items.append(Paragraph(f"↗ Extension: {tri['extension']}",
                              style("EX", fontSize=8.5, fontName="Helvetica-Oblique",
                                    textColor=HexColor("#8C3A1A"),
                                    backColor=HexColor("#FDF0E8"),
                                    leftIndent=6, rightIndent=6,
                                    borderPad=4, leading=12)))

        note_tbl_data = [[item] for item in note_items]
        if note_tbl_data:
            note_tbl = Table(note_tbl_data, colWidths=[W])
            note_tbl.setStyle(TableStyle([
                ("TOPPADDING",   (0,0),(-1,-1), 4),
                ("BOTTOMPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1), 4),
                ("LEFTPADDING",  (0,0),(-1,-1), 8),
                ("RIGHTPADDING", (0,0),(-1,-1), 8),
                ("BACKGROUND",   (0,0),(-1,-1), HexColor("#E8F4F8")),
                ("BOX",          (0,0),(-1,-1), 0.5, C_BORDER),
            ]))
        else:
            note_tbl = None

        # Outer card wrapper
        card_inner = [title_tbl, comp_tbl]
        if note_tbl:
            card_inner.append(note_tbl)

        card_data = [[item] for item in card_inner]
        card_tbl = Table(card_data, colWidths=[W])
        card_tbl.setStyle(TableStyle([
            ("BOX",          (0,0), (-1,-1), 1.0, sc),
            ("TOPPADDING",   (0,0), (-1,-1), 0),
            ("BOTTOMPADDING",(0,0), (-1,-1), 0),
            ("LEFTPADDING",  (0,0), (-1,-1), 0),
            ("RIGHTPADDING", (0,0), (-1,-1), 0),
        ]))

        story.append(KeepTogether([card_tbl, Spacer(1, 0.4*cm)]))

    story.append(Spacer(1, 0.3*cm))
    story.append(HRFlowable(width=W, thickness=0.5, color=C_BORDER))
    story.append(Spacer(1, 0.3*cm))

# ── FOOTER NOTE ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
story.append(PageBreak())
footer_data = [[Paragraph(
    "Sources: Sabiston Textbook of Surgery • Bailey and Love's Short Practice of Surgery • "
    "Fischer's Mastery of Surgery • Current Surgical Therapy 14e • Schwartz's Principles of Surgery • "
    "Maingot's Abdominal Operations • Rosen's Emergency Medicine • Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 22e • "
    "Robbins & Kumar Pathologic Basis of Disease • Scott-Brown's Otorhinolaryngology • "
    "Rockwood and Green's Fractures in Adults • Adams and Victor's Principles of Neurology • "
    "Cummings Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery",
    style("SRC", fontSize=7.5, fontName="Helvetica-Oblique",
          textColor=HexColor("#555555"), alignment=TA_LEFT, leading=11))
]]
footer_tbl = Table(footer_data, colWidths=[W])
footer_tbl.setStyle(TableStyle([
    ("BOX",          (0,0),(-1,-1), 0.5, C_BORDER),
    ("BACKGROUND",   (0,0),(-1,-1), C_ALT),
    ("TOPPADDING",   (0,0),(-1,-1), 8),
    ("BOTTOMPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1), 8),
    ("LEFTPADDING",  (0,0),(-1,-1), 10),
    ("RIGHTPADDING", (0,0),(-1,-1), 10),
]))
story.append(Paragraph("References & Sources", style("RH", fontSize=11,
             fontName="Helvetica-Bold", textColor=C_NAVY)))
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.2*cm))
story.append(footer_tbl)

# ── BUILD ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
def add_page_number(canvas, doc):
    canvas.saveState()
    canvas.setFont("Helvetica", 8)
    canvas.setFillColor(HexColor("#888888"))
    page_num = canvas.getPageNumber()
    canvas.drawCentredString(A4[0]/2, 1.2*cm, f"Surgical Triads — Comparative Summary  |  Page {page_num}")
    canvas.restoreState()

doc.build(story, onFirstPage=add_page_number, onLaterPages=add_page_number)
print(f"PDF generated: {OUTPUT}")
Running Command

cd /home/daytona/workspace/surgical-triads && python3 generate_pdf.py 2>&1

Running Command

ls -lh /home/daytona/workspace/surgical-triads/Surgical_Triads_Summary.pdf

Your PDF is ready. Here is what it contains:

Surgical Triads Summary

PDF Document · PDF


What's inside (multi-page, colour-coded):

Page 1 - Quick Reference Table All 18 triads listed at a glance with condition, key components, and organ system - in a single scannable table.
Pages 2+ - Detailed Sections by Organ System (each with a colour-coded banner):
ColourSystemTriads Covered
🔵 NavyHepatobiliary & GICharcot's, Whipple's, Saint's, Mackler's, Carcinoid
🟢 GreenTrauma SurgeryLethal Triad
🔴 Dark RedCardiovascularBeck's, Virchow's
🟣 PurpleGynaecologyMeigs' Syndrome
🟤 BrownENT / Head & NeckMénière's, Gradenigo's, Samter's
🔵 SteelOrthopaedicsO'Donoghue's, Terrible Triad
🟢 DarkNeurosurgeryCushing's, Wernicke's, Hakim's (NPH)
🟡 AmberMetabolic/EndocrineCharcot's Neuroarthropathy
Each triad card shows: numbered components, clinical significance, a clinical note, and extensions (e.g. Reynolds' Pentad from Charcot's).
Final page - Full reference list of 13 authoritative surgical textbook sources.
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