This pathophysiology diagram illustrates the operating principle of a wearable triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) designed for smart medical textiles and health monitoring. The diagram shows two distinct core-shell fibers: a tribonegative PVDF yarn (blue) and a tribopositive PA11 yarn (brown), both featuring a conductive carbon nanotube (CNT) core (represented in black). The visual demonstrates the contact-electrification mechanism where an external mechanical force (indicated by a green vertical arrow) brings the two yarns into contact. This interaction results in a charge transfer at the interface, depicted by blue circles with '+' signs (positive charges) accumulating on the PVDF shell and yellow circles with '-' signs (negative charges) on the PA11 shell. This medical-grade material concept is used for energy harvesting from body movements and for creating self-powered biomechanical sensors, such as those used in gait analysis or haptic feedback for rehabilitation. The illustration highlights the conversion of mechanical kinetic energy into electrical potential through cyclic contact and separation.

An educational infographic and clinical photograph collage illustrating the anatomical placement of various wearable sensor devices used for perioperative physiological monitoring and health research. (a) A central human silhouette acts as a anatomical map with dotted lines indicating six specific sensor locations. (b) A 'smart shirt' (Hexoskin) covers the torso to collect integrated ECG and respiratory data. (c) A chest-based single-lead ECG wearable is shown as a necklace-style device with adhesive electrodes on the precordium. (d) An upper-arm sensor is pictured utilizing reflective photoplethysmography (PPG) for hemodynamic monitoring. (e) A wrist-worn device (Fitbit) is displayed for tracking physical activity via accelerometry and heart rate via PPG. (f) A hip-worn tri-axis accelerometer (pedometer) is shown for measuring step count and ambulatory movement. The image demonstrates the diversity of medical wearables for longitudinal monitoring of vital signs, including heart rate variability, oxygen saturation, and mobility, used to stratify patient risk and predict postoperative outcomes.

This composite infographic illustrates advanced wearable point-of-care medical technologies. Panel (a) presents a conceptual diagram of a smart textile system integrated into a black t-shirt. It features annotations for various diagnostic and therapeutic functionalities, including temperature monitoring, heart rate monitoring, pressure monitoring, biomolecular analysis, electrotherapeutics, and thermotherapy. A central communication control unit and wearable power sources at the hem facilitate data management and energy supply. Panel (b) consists of clinical photographs showing a smart contact lens resting on a fingertip, with an inset providing a close-up profile view; scale bars denote 1 cm. The lens contains micro-scale electronic components for ocular health monitoring. Panel (c) is a clinical photograph of a wireless electronic tattoo applied to human skin on the forearm. The tattoo is a thin, flexible, transparent film that conforms to the skin's surface, shown here under compressive deformation with visible wrinkling. A red light illuminates from an embedded micro-sensor, indicating active data transmission or monitoring. These panels collectively demonstrate the integration of flexible electronics for personalized healthcare and real-time physiological monitoring.