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Overview Introduction Features Toxic principle Mechanism of action Clinical features Management Autopsy findings Medicolegal importance

Overview Introduction Features Toxic principle Mechanism of action Clinical features Management Autopsy findings Medicolegal importance Introduction It is a organic poisonous plant Gastrointestinal irritant Botanical name - Ricinus communis Common name - Castor , arandi Features Tall plant & Grows all over in India , especially in waste lands Leaves - Lobate with toothed margins Fruit - 1.2 to 2.5 cm long, Globular, three-lobed, softly spiny, blue-green or rose-red when immature, brown and bristly when ripe and dry. Seeds -Seeds are variable, smooth, flattened-oval in shape And are of two size large and small Large seeds - mottled, dark-brown in color With shiny hard seed cover ( pericarp ) small seeds - 1-2 cm long 0.8 cm broad in size Resembles croton seeds Toxic principle Entire plant is toxic but seeds are more toxic containing toxalbumen ricin, a water-soluble glycoprotein (highest level in the seeds), and a powerful allergen . The seeds are rich in a purgative oil, which is pale-yellow with a faint odour and acrid taste. The oil extract of the seeds has an acid called ricinoleic acid and the left over cake has the toxalbumin called ricin . Unbroken seeds - non poisonous when swallowed or cooked Castor oil - non poisonous Crushed seeds - poisonous can be in the form of a powder, mist or pellet Toxalbumin or phytotoxin is a toxic protein that disable ribosomes and thereby inhibit protein synthesis, and present in the plants like in castor, croton or rati. • It is antigenie in nature, agglutinates red cells, causes hemolysis and cell destruction. Toxalbumins are similar in structure to the toxins found in cholera, tetanus, diphtheria, pseudomonas and botulinum; and their physiological and toxic properties are similar to those of viperine snake venom. Mechanism of action Ricin has 2 polypeptide chains ( A and B) Connected by Disulfide bond In GIT , Chain B binds the cell surface & Chain A enters into cytoplasm Chain A acts on 60S ribosomal unit of cell and disrupt Protein synthesis It is antigenic in nature , agglutinates red cells , causes hemolysis and cell destruction . Basic Structure Ricin is a toxalbumin composed of two polypeptide chains: * A chain (active/toxic component) * B chain (binding component) These are linked by a disulfide bond. ⸻ 🔹 Stepwise Mechanism 1. Binding to Cell Surface * The B chain binds to galactose-containing receptors on the cell membrane (glycoproteins and glycolipids). ⸻ 2. Cell Entry * After binding, ricin enters the cell via endocytosis. * It is then transported through: * Endosomes → Golgi apparatus → Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) ⸻ 3. Translocation * In the ER, the A chain separates and translocates into the cytosol. ⸻ 4. Inhibition of Protein Synthesis (Key Step) * The A chain inactivates ribosomes by damaging the 28S rRNA of the 60S ribosomal subunit. 👉 This leads to: * Irreversible inhibition of protein synthesis ⸻ 5. Cell Death * Due to failure of protein synthesis, the cell cannot survive, resulting in cell death (cytotoxic effect). Clinical features Ricin can be absorbed through inhalation , ingestion, injection and through skin contact . Dust of the seeds may cause- rwatering of the eyes, conjunctivitis, sneezing, acute nasal inflammation, headache, pharyngitis, asthmatic bronchitis, dermatitis and gastric upset. Inhalation exposure- Redness and pain in the eye, throat, Dyspnea Wheezing Respiratory distress Fever Cough Tightness in chest Sweating Pulmonary edema Oral Ingestion - When crushed seeds are ingested, it produces following clinical features: • Abdominal pain • Vomiting and diarrhea with or without blood (hematemesis and melena) • Dehydration • Circulatory collapse • Muscular pain and cramps in limbs • Convulsions • Drowsiness • Delirium jaundice haendlyess • Hepatic failure Oliguria Uremia Death may be due to multiorgan failure or cardiovascular collapse. Injection manifestation - Pain at injection site, erythema, induration or localized necrosis Muscular pain Capillary leak syndrome Circulatory collapse Convulsions Multiorgan failure Respiratory failure Fatal Dose • 5-10 seeds • 1 mg/kg body weight for Ricin • Fatal period: 2 days to few days. Management No antidote In case of ingestion: - Gastric lavage - Emetics and demulcents - Administration of glucose and saline - 2-5 g of sodium bicarbonate is given 8 hourly by mouth - Blood transfusion may be needed in some patients OR Gastric lavage and administration of activated charcoal. • Supportive treatment consists of management of shock, correction of electrolyte abnormalities and treatment of convulsion. Autopsy findings • GIT- mucosa is congested, softened and inflamed with occasional erosions and submucous hemorrhages. • Fragments of seeds in the stomach and intestines. • Dilation of heart and hemorrhages in the pleura. • Edema and congestion of liver, kidneys, spleen and lungs. Medicolegal importance • ⁠• Accidental poisoning may occur especially in children while playing or exploring the plant and seeds. • Ricin is used for homicidal purpose. • ⁠ Used to procure criminal abortion. • Can cause anaphylactic type of hypersensitivity in humans.⁠ • The pulp of seed contains allergenic glycoprotein, which may cause dermatitis, rhinitis, asthma, and conjunctivitis in allergic individuals. ⁠ • Potential bioweapen: Because of easy availability and toxicity, ricin has been classified by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as a category B biological weapon. • In 1978, Georgi Markov, died after he was attacked by a man with an umbrella, which was rigged to inject ricin pellet under Markov's skin. Laboratory Diagnosis + Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and immunoassays. * Ricinine, an alkaloid can be detected in serum and unne. Comprehensive untargeted urine drug screening testing is highly valuable. • Ricin-antibody conjugates can be detected in surviving patients after 2 weeks. This is the contents Use this and make a good ppt Correct and Easy to understand

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