Classification of drugs system wise with all the examples
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I have enough context from the library. Now I'll compile a thorough, system-wise drug classification from my pharmacology knowledge (Goodman & Gilman, Katzung, Lippincott). This is a broad reference topic well-established in standard textbooks.
System-Wise Classification of Drugs
Below is a comprehensive system-wise classification of drugs with examples, organized by organ system/therapeutic area.
1. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
A. Antihypertensives
| Class | Mechanism | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| ACE Inhibitors | Block angiotensin-converting enzyme | Enalapril, Lisinopril, Ramipril, Captopril, Benazepril |
| ARBs (Angiotensin Receptor Blockers) | Block AT1 receptor | Losartan, Valsartan, Candesartan, Olmesartan, Irbesartan |
| Calcium Channel Blockers (CCBs) | Block L-type Ca2+ channels | Amlodipine, Nifedipine, Diltiazem, Verapamil, Felodipine |
| Beta-blockers | Block beta-adrenergic receptors | Atenolol, Metoprolol, Propranolol, Carvedilol, Bisoprolol |
| Diuretics | Reduce plasma volume | Hydrochlorothiazide, Furosemide, Spironolactone, Chlorthalidone |
| Alpha-1 blockers | Block alpha-1 adrenoceptors | Prazosin, Doxazosin, Terazosin |
| Central alpha-2 agonists | Reduce sympathetic outflow | Clonidine, Methyldopa, Moxonidine |
| Direct vasodilators | Relax vascular smooth muscle | Hydralazine, Minoxidil, Sodium nitroprusside |
| Renin inhibitors | Block renin | Aliskiren |
| ARNIs (Angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors) | Dual blockade | Sacubitril/Valsartan (Entresto) |
B. Antiarrhythmics (Vaughan-Williams Classification)
| Class | Mechanism | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Class I-A (Na+ channel blockers, intermediate) | Prolong AP duration | Quinidine, Procainamide, Disopyramide |
| Class I-B (Na+ channel blockers, fast) | Shorten AP duration | Lidocaine, Mexiletine, Tocainide |
| Class I-C (Na+ channel blockers, slow) | Minimal AP effect | Flecainide, Propafenone, Encainide |
| Class II (Beta-blockers) | Reduce automaticity | Metoprolol, Esmolol, Propranolol, Atenolol |
| Class III (K+ channel blockers) | Prolong repolarization | Amiodarone, Sotalol, Dofetilide, Ibutilide, Dronedarone |
| Class IV (CCBs) | Slow AV conduction | Verapamil, Diltiazem |
| Unclassified | Misc mechanisms | Adenosine, Digoxin, Magnesium sulfate, Atropine |
C. Antianginals
| Class | Examples |
|---|---|
| Nitrates | Nitroglycerin, Isosorbide dinitrate, Isosorbide mononitrate |
| Beta-blockers | Metoprolol, Atenolol, Propranolol |
| Calcium channel blockers | Amlodipine, Verapamil, Diltiazem |
| Potassium channel openers | Nicorandil |
| If-channel inhibitors | Ivabradine |
| Ranolazine | Late Na+ current inhibitor |
D. Heart Failure Drugs
| Class | Examples |
|---|---|
| ACE Inhibitors / ARBs / ARNIs | Enalapril, Valsartan, Sacubitril/Valsartan |
| Beta-blockers | Carvedilol, Metoprolol succinate, Bisoprolol |
| Aldosterone antagonists | Spironolactone, Eplerenone |
| SGLT2 inhibitors | Dapagliflozin, Empagliflozin |
| Diuretics | Furosemide, Torsemide, Bumetanide |
| Positive inotropes | Digoxin, Dobutamine, Milrinone, Levosimendan |
| Hydralazine + Nitrate | Hydralazine + Isosorbide dinitrate |
| If inhibitor | Ivabradine |
E. Antilipidemic (Hypolipidemic) Drugs
| Class | Mechanism | Examples |
|---|---|
| Statins (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors) | Reduce LDL synthesis | Atorvastatin, Rosuvastatin, Simvastatin, Pravastatin, Lovastatin |
| Fibrates | Activate PPAR-alpha | Fenofibrate, Gemfibrozil, Bezafibrate |
| Bile acid sequestrants | Bind bile acids in gut | Cholestyramine, Colestipol, Colesevelam |
| Niacin (Nicotinic acid) | Multiple lipid effects | Niacin, Extended-release niacin |
| Ezetimibe | Inhibit NPC1L1 (cholesterol absorption) | Ezetimibe |
| PCSK9 inhibitors | Reduce LDL receptor degradation | Evolocumab, Alirocumab |
| Omega-3 fatty acids | Reduce triglycerides | Icosapentaenoic acid (EPA), Omega-3 acid ethyl esters |
| ANGPTL3 inhibitors | Reduce TG and LDL | Evinacumab |
F. Anticoagulants
| Class | Examples |
|---|---|
| Vitamin K antagonists | Warfarin, Acenocoumarol, Phenindione |
| Unfractionated heparin | Heparin sodium |
| Low Molecular Weight Heparins (LMWH) | Enoxaparin, Dalteparin, Tinzaparin, Nadroparin |
| Factor Xa inhibitors (oral) | Rivaroxaban, Apixaban, Edoxaban, Betrixaban |
| Direct thrombin inhibitors | Dabigatran (oral); Argatroban, Bivalirudin (IV) |
| Fondaparinux | Factor Xa inhibitor (SC) |
G. Antiplatelet Drugs
| Class | Examples |
|---|---|
| COX inhibitors | Aspirin |
| ADP (P2Y12) receptor antagonists | Clopidogrel, Prasugrel, Ticagrelor, Cangrelor, Ticlopidine |
| GPIIb/IIIa inhibitors | Abciximab, Eptifibatide, Tirofiban |
| PDE inhibitors | Dipyridamole, Cilostazol |
| PAR-1 antagonists | Vorapaxar |
H. Thrombolytics (Fibrinolytics)
- Streptokinase, Urokinase, Alteplase (tPA), Reteplase, Tenecteplase
2. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
A. Bronchodilators
| Class | Examples |
|---|---|
| Short-acting beta-2 agonists (SABAs) | Salbutamol (Albuterol), Terbutaline, Fenoterol |
| Long-acting beta-2 agonists (LABAs) | Salmeterol, Formoterol, Indacaterol, Vilanterol |
| Short-acting muscarinic antagonists (SAMAs) | Ipratropium bromide, Oxitropium |
| Long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMAs) | Tiotropium, Aclidinium, Glycopyrronium, Umeclidinium |
| Xanthines | Theophylline, Aminophylline |
B. Anti-inflammatory (Asthma/COPD)
| Class | Examples |
|---|---|
| Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) | Budesonide, Beclomethasone, Fluticasone, Ciclesonide, Mometasone |
| Leukotriene receptor antagonists (LTRAs) | Montelukast, Zafirlukast |
| Mast cell stabilizers | Cromolyn sodium, Nedocromil |
| Phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors | Roflumilast |
| Anti-IgE monoclonal antibody | Omalizumab |
| Anti-IL-5 biologics | Mepolizumab, Reslizumab, Benralizumab |
| Anti-IL-4/IL-13 | Dupilumab |
| Anti-TSLP | Tezepelumab |
C. Antitussives / Expectorants / Mucolytics
| Class | Examples |
|---|---|
| Opioid antitussives | Codeine, Pholcodine |
| Non-opioid antitussives | Dextromethorphan, Benzonatate, Noscapine |
| Expectorants | Guaifenesin, Potassium iodide, Ammonium chloride |
| Mucolytics | Acetylcysteine (NAC), Carbocisteine, Bromhexine, Ambroxol |
D. Pulmonary Hypertension Drugs
| Class | Examples |
|---|---|
| Prostanoids | Epoprostenol, Iloprost, Treprostinil, Selexipag |
| Endothelin receptor antagonists | Bosentan, Ambrisentan, Macitentan |
| PDE-5 inhibitors | Sildenafil, Tadalafil |
| Soluble guanylate cyclase stimulator | Riociguat |
3. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS)
A. Analgesics
| Class | Examples |
|---|---|
| Non-opioid (NSAIDs) | Aspirin, Ibuprofen, Diclofenac, Naproxen, Indomethacin, Ketorolac |
| Selective COX-2 inhibitors | Celecoxib, Etoricoxib, Parecoxib |
| Paracetamol (Acetaminophen) | Paracetamol |
| Weak opioids | Codeine, Tramadol, Tapentadol |
| Strong opioids | Morphine, Fentanyl, Oxycodone, Hydromorphone, Buprenorphine, Methadone |
B. Antiepileptics (Anticonvulsants)
| Class | Examples |
|---|---|
| Na+ channel blockers | Phenytoin, Carbamazepine, Oxcarbazepine, Lamotrigine, Lacosamide, Eslicarbazepine |
| GABA enhancers | Valproate, Phenobarbital, Primidone, Vigabatrin, Tiagabine, Clonazepam |
| Ca2+ channel (T-type) blockers | Ethosuximide, Valproate |
| SV2A ligands | Levetiracetam, Brivaracetam |
| AMPA receptor antagonists | Perampanel |
| Multiple mechanisms | Topiramate, Zonisamide, Felbamate, Clobazam, Gabapentin, Pregabalin |
| mTOR inhibitors (tuberous sclerosis) | Everolimus |
C. Antiparkinsonian Drugs
| Class | Examples |
|---|---|
| Levodopa combinations | Levodopa + Carbidopa, Levodopa + Benserazide |
| Dopamine agonists | Pramipexole, Ropinirole, Rotigotine, Bromocriptine, Cabergoline, Apomorphine |
| MAO-B inhibitors | Selegiline, Rasagiline, Safinamide |
| COMT inhibitors | Entacapone, Tolcapone, Opicapone |
| Anticholinergics | Trihexyphenidyl (Benzhexol), Biperiden |
| NMDA antagonist | Amantadine |
| Adenosine A2A antagonist | Istradefylline |
D. Antipsychotics (Neuroleptics)
| Class | Examples |
|---|---|
| Typical (1st gen) - Low potency | Chlorpromazine, Thioridazine, Mesoridazine |
| Typical - High potency | Haloperidol, Fluphenazine, Trifluoperazine, Pimozide |
| Atypical (2nd gen) | Clozapine, Olanzapine, Risperidone, Quetiapine, Aripiprazole, Ziprasidone, Amisulpride, Lurasidone, Paliperidone |
| Depot antipsychotics | Fluphenazine decanoate, Haloperidol decanoate, Risperidone microspheres, Aripiprazole lauroxil |
| 3rd generation | Brexpiprazole, Cariprazine |
E. Antidepressants
| Class | Mechanism | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| TCAs (Tricyclics) | Block reuptake of 5-HT + NE | Amitriptyline, Imipramine, Nortriptyline, Clomipramine, Doxepin |
| SSRIs | Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors | Fluoxetine, Sertraline, Paroxetine, Citalopram, Escitalopram, Fluvoxamine |
| SNRIs | Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors | Venlafaxine, Desvenlafaxine, Duloxetine, Milnacipran, Levomilnacipran |
| MAOIs | Monoamine oxidase inhibitors | Phenelzine, Tranylcypromine, Isocarboxazid, Selegiline |
| NaSSA | Noradrenergic/specific serotonergic | Mirtazapine |
| NDRI | Norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor | Bupropion |
| SARI | Serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitor | Trazodone, Nefazodone |
| Melatonin agonist/5-HT2C antagonist | Agomelatine | |
| Multimodal | Vortioxetine | |
| Ketamine-based | Esketamine (intranasal) |
F. Anxiolytics / Sedatives / Hypnotics
| Class | Examples |
|---|---|
| Benzodiazepines (anxiolytic) | Diazepam, Lorazepam, Alprazolam, Clonazepam, Oxazepam |
| Benzodiazepines (hypnotic) | Temazepam, Nitrazepam, Triazolam |
| Non-benzodiazepine hypnotics (Z-drugs) | Zolpidem, Zaleplon, Zopiclone, Eszopiclone |
| Buspirone | 5-HT1A partial agonist |
| Melatonin receptor agonists | Ramelteon, Melatonin |
| Orexin receptor antagonists | Suvorexant, Lemborexant |
| Antihistamines (sedating) | Diphenhydramine, Doxylamine, Promethazine |
G. Mood Stabilizers
| Class | Examples |
|---|---|
| Lithium | Lithium carbonate, Lithium citrate |
| Anticonvulsants | Valproate, Carbamazepine, Lamotrigine |
| Atypical antipsychotics | Olanzapine, Quetiapine, Aripiprazole, Risperidone |
H. CNS Stimulants / ADHD
| Class | Examples |
|---|---|
| Amphetamines | Amphetamine, Dextroamphetamine, Lisdexamfetamine |
| Methylphenidate-type | Methylphenidate, Dexmethylphenidate |
| Non-stimulant ADHD | Atomoxetine (SNRI), Viloxazine, Guanfacine, Clonidine |
| Wakefulness promoting | Modafinil, Armodafinil, Solriamfetol |
I. Opioid Antagonists / Drugs for Addiction
| Class | Examples |
|---|---|
| Opioid antagonists | Naloxone, Naltrexone, Methylnaltrexone, Alvimopan |
| Alcohol dependence | Disulfiram, Naltrexone, Acamprosate |
| Nicotine dependence | NRT (patches, gums, inhalers), Varenicline, Bupropion |
| Opioid substitution | Methadone, Buprenorphine, Buprenorphine/Naloxone |
J. Anesthetics
| Class | Examples |
|---|---|
| General inhalational | Halothane, Isoflurane, Sevoflurane, Desflurane, Nitrous oxide |
| General IV | Propofol, Ketamine, Thiopental, Etomidate, Midazolam |
| Local anesthetics (esters) | Procaine, Cocaine, Benzocaine, Tetracaine, Chloroprocaine |
| Local anesthetics (amides) | Lidocaine, Bupivacaine, Ropivacaine, Mepivacaine, Prilocaine, Levobupivacaine |
K. Drugs for Migraine
| Class | Examples |
|---|---|
| Triptans (5-HT1B/1D agonists) | Sumatriptan, Rizatriptan, Zolmitriptan, Naratriptan, Almotriptan, Eletriptan |
| Ergot alkaloids | Ergotamine, Dihydroergotamine |
| CGRP antagonists (gepants) | Ubrogepant, Rimegepant, Atogepant (preventive) |
| Anti-CGRP monoclonals (preventive) | Erenumab, Fremanezumab, Galcanezumab, Eptinezumab |
| 5-HT1F agonist (ditans) | Lasmiditan |
4. GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM
A. Antacids
| Class | Examples |
|---|---|
| Non-systemic (aluminum/magnesium) | Aluminum hydroxide, Magnesium hydroxide, Magaldrate |
| Systemic (bicarbonate-containing) | Sodium bicarbonate |
| Calcium-containing | Calcium carbonate |
B. Acid Suppressants
| Class | Mechanism | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| H2 receptor antagonists | Block histamine H2 receptors | Ranitidine, Famotidine, Cimetidine, Nizatidine |
| Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) | Inhibit H+/K+-ATPase | Omeprazole, Pantoprazole, Rabeprazole, Esomeprazole, Lansoprazole, Dexlansoprazole |
| Potassium-competitive acid blockers (P-CABs) | Competitive H+/K+-ATPase inhibition | Vonoprazan, Tegoprazan |
C. Mucosal Protectants / Anti-H.pylori
| Class | Examples |
|---|---|
| Cytoprotective | Sucralfate, Bismuth subsalicylate, Misoprostol (PGE1 analog) |
| Anti-H. pylori regimens | Clarithromycin + Amoxicillin + PPI (Triple therapy), Bismuth quadruple therapy, Vonoprazan-based |
D. Antiemetics
| Class | Mechanism | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| 5-HT3 antagonists | Block serotonin at CTZ/vagus | Ondansetron, Granisetron, Palonosetron, Tropisetron |
| Dopamine D2 antagonists | Block CTZ D2 receptors | Metoclopramide, Domperidone, Prochlorperazine, Haloperidol |
| NK1 antagonists | Block substance P at CTZ | Aprepitant, Fosaprepitant, Netupitant, Rolapitant |
| Antihistamines | Block H1 receptors | Promethazine, Cyclizine, Meclizine, Dimenhydrinate |
| Anticholinergics | Block muscarinic receptors | Hyoscine (Scopolamine) |
| Corticosteroids | Uncertain mechanism | Dexamethasone |
| Cannabinoids | CB1 receptor agonists | Dronabinol, Nabilone |
E. Prokinetics
- Metoclopramide, Domperidone, Cisapride, Mosapride, Prucalopride, Itopride
F. Laxatives
| Class | Examples |
|---|---|
| Bulk-forming | Psyllium, Methylcellulose, Ispaghula |
| Osmotic | Lactulose, Polyethylene glycol (PEG), Magnesium sulfate, Mannitol, Sorbitol |
| Stimulant/irritant | Senna, Bisacodyl, Castor oil, Phenolphthalein |
| Lubricant | Liquid paraffin |
| Stool softeners | Docusate sodium |
| Secretagogues | Lubiprostone, Linaclotide, Plecanatide |
G. Antidiarrheals
| Class | Examples |
|---|---|
| Opioid-based | Loperamide, Diphenoxylate |
| Absorbents | Kaolin-pectin, Bismuth subsalicylate |
| Antisecretory | Racecadotril (Enkephalinase inhibitor) |
| Somatostatin analogs | Octreotide (secretory diarrhea) |
H. Drugs for IBD (Inflammatory Bowel Disease)
| Class | Examples |
|---|---|
| Aminosalicylates (5-ASA) | Mesalamine (5-ASA), Sulfasalazine, Balsalazide, Olsalazine |
| Corticosteroids | Prednisolone, Budesonide, Methylprednisolone |
| Immunomodulators | Azathioprine, 6-Mercaptopurine, Methotrexate |
| Anti-TNF biologics | Infliximab, Adalimumab, Certolizumab, Golimumab |
| Anti-integrins | Vedolizumab, Natalizumab |
| Anti-IL-12/23 | Ustekinumab |
| JAK inhibitors | Tofacitinib, Upadacitinib, Filgotinib |
I. Drugs for IBS
- Antispasmodics: Dicyclomine, Hyoscine, Mebeverine
- 5-HT3 antagonist: Alosetron
- 5-HT4 agonist: Tegaserod
- Guanylate cyclase agonists: Linaclotide, Plecanatide
- Eluxadoline (mu/kappa agonist, delta antagonist)
5. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
A. Antidiabetic Drugs
| Class | Mechanism | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Biguanides | Reduce hepatic glucose output | Metformin |
| Sulfonylureas (1st gen) | Stimulate insulin secretion | Tolbutamide, Chlorpropamide, Tolazamide |
| Sulfonylureas (2nd gen) | Stimulate insulin secretion | Glibenclamide (Glyburide), Glipizide, Gliclazide, Glimepiride |
| Meglitinides (Glinides) | Short-acting insulin secretagogues | Repaglinide, Nateglinide |
| Thiazolidinediones (Glitazones) | PPAR-gamma agonists | Pioglitazone, Rosiglitazone |
| Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors | Delay carbohydrate absorption | Acarbose, Miglitol, Voglibose |
| DPP-4 inhibitors (Gliptins) | Increase incretin levels | Sitagliptin, Saxagliptin, Vildagliptin, Alogliptin, Linagliptin |
| GLP-1 receptor agonists | Incretin mimetics | Exenatide, Liraglutide, Semaglutide, Dulaglutide, Albiglutide, Lixisenatide, Tirzepatide (GLP-1/GIP) |
| SGLT2 inhibitors | Inhibit renal glucose reabsorption | Dapagliflozin, Empagliflozin, Canagliflozin, Ertugliflozin |
| Insulins - Ultra-rapid | Fastest onset | Lispro, Aspart, Glulisine, Faster aspart, URLi |
| Insulins - Short-acting | Regular insulin | Regular insulin (Soluble insulin) |
| Insulins - Intermediate | NPH insulin | NPH (Isophane insulin) |
| Insulins - Long-acting | Basal insulin | Glargine, Detemir, Degludec |
| Insulin sensitizers (misc.) | PPAR-alpha/gamma agonist | Dual agonists in development |
| Amylin analogs | Slow gastric emptying | Pramlintide |
B. Thyroid Drugs
| Class | Examples |
|---|---|
| Thyroxine (hypothyroidism) | Levothyroxine (T4), Liothyronine (T3), Liotrix |
| Antithyroid drugs (thionamides) | Carbimazole, Propylthiouracil (PTU), Methimazole |
| Iodine / Iodides | Potassium iodide, Lugol's iodine |
| Radioiodine | I-131 |
| Anion inhibitors | Perchlorate, Thiocyanate |
C. Corticosteroids
| Class | Examples |
|---|---|
| Glucocorticoids (systemic) | Prednisolone, Prednisone, Dexamethasone, Betamethasone, Methylprednisolone, Hydrocortisone, Triamcinolone |
| Mineralocorticoids | Fludrocortisone, Aldosterone |
| Adrenocortical suppressants | Metyrapone, Ketoconazole, Etomidate, Mitotane, Osilodrostat |
D. Sex Hormones and Related
| Class | Examples |
|---|---|
| Estrogens | Estradiol, Ethinyl estradiol, Conjugated equine estrogen, Estriol |
| Progestins | Progesterone, Medroxyprogesterone, Norethindrone, Levonorgestrel, Desogestrel, Drospirenone |
| Androgens | Testosterone, Methyltestosterone, Oxandrolone, Danazol |
| Anti-estrogens (SERMs) | Tamoxifen, Clomiphene, Raloxifene, Bazedoxifene, Toremifene |
| Aromatase inhibitors | Anastrozole, Letrozole, Exemestane |
| Anti-androgens | Flutamide, Bicalutamide, Enzalutamide, Spironolactone, Cyproterone acetate |
| 5-alpha reductase inhibitors | Finasteride, Dutasteride |
| GnRH agonists (depot) | Leuprolide, Goserelin, Triptorelin, Buserelin |
| GnRH antagonists | Cetrorelix, Ganirelix, Degarelix, Relugolix |
E. Drugs for Osteoporosis
| Class | Examples |
|---|---|
| Bisphosphonates | Alendronate, Risedronate, Ibandronate, Zoledronic acid |
| RANK-L inhibitors | Denosumab |
| SERMs | Raloxifene, Bazedoxifene |
| PTH analogs (anabolic) | Teriparatide, Abaloparatide |
| Sclerostin inhibitor | Romosozumab |
| Calcitonin | Salmon calcitonin |
6. RENAL SYSTEM
Diuretics
| Class | Site of Action | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Loop diuretics | Thick ascending limb of loop of Henle | Furosemide, Torsemide, Bumetanide, Ethacrynic acid |
| Thiazide diuretics | Distal convoluted tubule | Hydrochlorothiazide, Chlorthalidone, Indapamide, Bendroflumethiazide |
| Potassium-sparing diuretics | Collecting duct | Spironolactone, Eplerenone, Amiloride, Triamterene |
| Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors | Proximal tubule | Acetazolamide, Dorzolamide, Brinzolamide |
| Osmotic diuretics | Entire nephron | Mannitol, Urea |
| SGLT2 inhibitors (mild diuretic) | S1 proximal tubule | Dapagliflozin, Empagliflozin |
| Vasopressin V2 antagonists (Vaptans) | Collecting duct (aquaporin) | Tolvaptan, Conivaptan, Satavaptan |
7. ANTIMICROBIALS
A. Antibacterials
| Class | Mechanism | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Penicillins - Natural | Cell wall synthesis inhibition | Penicillin G, Penicillin V |
| Penicillins - Anti-staphylococcal | Same | Oxacillin, Cloxacillin, Dicloxacillin, Flucloxacillin, Nafcillin, Methicillin |
| Aminopenicillins | Same (broader) | Ampicillin, Amoxicillin |
| Anti-pseudomonal penicillins | Same | Piperacillin, Ticarcillin, Carbenicillin |
| Penicillin + beta-lactamase inhibitor | Same + protect | Amoxicillin/Clavulanate, Piperacillin/Tazobactam, Ampicillin/Sulbactam |
| 1st gen Cephalosporins | Cell wall synthesis | Cefazolin, Cephalexin, Cefadroxil |
| 2nd gen Cephalosporins | Cell wall synthesis | Cefuroxime, Cefaclor, Cefprozil |
| 3rd gen Cephalosporins | Cell wall synthesis | Ceftriaxone, Cefotaxime, Ceftazidime, Cefdinir, Cefixime |
| 4th gen Cephalosporins | Cell wall synthesis | Cefepime |
| 5th gen Cephalosporins | Cell wall synthesis (MRSA) | Ceftaroline, Ceftobiprole |
| Carbapenems | Broadest beta-lactam | Imipenem/Cilastatin, Meropenem, Ertapenem, Doripenem |
| Monobactams | Cell wall synthesis | Aztreonam |
| Macrolides | 50S ribosome inhibition | Erythromycin, Clarithromycin, Azithromycin, Roxithromycin, Spiramycin |
| Tetracyclines | 30S ribosome inhibition | Tetracycline, Doxycycline, Minocycline, Tigecycline (glycylcycline) |
| Aminoglycosides | 30S ribosome (irreversible) | Gentamicin, Amikacin, Tobramycin, Streptomycin, Neomycin, Netilmicin |
| Fluoroquinolones | DNA gyrase/topoisomerase IV inhibition | Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin, Moxifloxacin, Norfloxacin, Ofloxacin, Gatifloxacin |
| Sulfonamides | Inhibit folate synthesis (PABA analog) | Sulfamethoxazole, Sulfadiazine, Sulfacetamide |
| Trimethoprim | Inhibit dihydrofolate reductase | Trimethoprim, Co-trimoxazole (TMP-SMX) |
| Lincosamides | 50S ribosome inhibition | Clindamycin, Lincomycin |
| Chloramphenicol | 50S ribosome inhibition | Chloramphenicol |
| Glycopeptides | Cell wall synthesis (peptidoglycan) | Vancomycin, Teicoplanin, Telavancin, Dalbavancin, Oritavancin |
| Lipopeptides | Depolarize cell membrane | Daptomycin |
| Oxazolidinones | 30S+50S junction (initiation complex) | Linezolid, Tedizolid |
| Streptogramins | 50S ribosome inhibition | Quinupristin/Dalfopristin |
| Polymyxins | Disrupt cell membrane | Polymyxin B, Colistin (Polymyxin E) |
| Nitrofurans | Multiple DNA/metabolic effects | Nitrofurantoin, Furazolidone |
| Nitroimidazoles | DNA strand breaks | Metronidazole, Tinidazole, Ornidazole, Secnidazole |
| Rifamycins | RNA polymerase inhibition | Rifampicin, Rifabutin, Rifaximin, Rifapentine |
| Fosfomycin | Cell wall synthesis (MurA inhibitor) | Fosfomycin |
| Anti-MRSA cephalosporins | Cell wall (PBP2a) | Ceftaroline, Ceftobiprole |
| Isoniazid (TB) | Mycolic acid synthesis | Isoniazid |
| Ethambutol (TB) | Arabinosyltransferase inhibition | Ethambutol |
| Pyrazinamide (TB) | Multiple mechanisms | Pyrazinamide |
B. Antifungals
| Class | Mechanism | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Polyenes | Bind ergosterol, disrupt membrane | Amphotericin B, Nystatin, Natamycin |
| Azoles - Imidazoles | Inhibit CYP51 (ergosterol synthesis) | Clotrimazole, Miconazole, Ketoconazole |
| Azoles - Triazoles | Inhibit CYP51 | Fluconazole, Itraconazole, Voriconazole, Posaconazole, Isavuconazole |
| Echinocandins | Inhibit beta-1,3-glucan synthase | Caspofungin, Micafungin, Anidulafungin, Rezafungin |
| Allylamines | Inhibit squalene epoxidase | Terbinafine, Naftifine |
| Pyrimidine analog | Inhibit DNA/RNA synthesis | Flucytosine (5-FC) |
| Griseofulvin | Inhibit microtubule function | Griseofulvin |
C. Antivirals
| Class | Examples |
|---|---|
| Anti-herpes (nucleoside analogs) | Acyclovir, Valacyclovir, Famciclovir, Ganciclovir, Valganciclovir, Penciclovir, Cidofovir |
| Anti-CMV | Ganciclovir, Valganciclovir, Foscarnet, Cidofovir, Letermovir |
| Anti-influenza (neuraminidase inhibitors) | Oseltamivir, Zanamivir, Peramivir, Laninamivir |
| Anti-influenza (other) | Baloxavir (cap-dependent endonuclease), Amantadine, Rimantadine (M2 inhibitors) |
| Anti-HIV - NRTIs | Zidovudine (AZT), Lamivudine, Tenofovir, Emtricitabine, Stavudine, Abacavir, Didanosine |
| Anti-HIV - NNRTIs | Efavirenz, Nevirapine, Rilpivirine, Etravirine, Doravirine |
| Anti-HIV - PIs | Ritonavir, Lopinavir, Atazanavir, Darunavir, Saquinavir, Fosamprenavir |
| Anti-HIV - INSTIs | Raltegravir, Elvitegravir, Dolutegravir, Bictegravir, Cabotegravir |
| Anti-HIV - Entry/fusion inhibitors | Maraviroc (CCR5), Enfuvirtide (T-20), Ibalizumab |
| Anti-Hepatitis B | Lamivudine, Entecavir, Tenofovir, Adefovir, Telbivudine, IFN-alpha |
| Anti-Hepatitis C (DAAs) | Sofosbuvir, Ledipasvir, Daclatasvir, Glecaprevir/Pibrentasvir, Elbasvir/Grazoprevir |
| Anti-RSV | Palivizumab (prophylaxis), Ribavirin, Nirsevimab, Abrysvo |
| Anti-COVID-19 | Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir (Paxlovid), Remdesivir, Molnupiravir |
D. Antiprotozoals
| Organism | Drugs |
|---|---|
| Malaria (Plasmodium) | Chloroquine, Hydroxychloroquine, Quinine, Mefloquine, Primaquine, Artemisinin combinations (ACTs: artemether-lumefantrine, artesunate-amodiaquine), Atovaquone-proguanil, Doxycycline |
| Amoebiasis | Metronidazole, Tinidazole (luminal: Diloxanide furoate, Paromomycin, Iodoquinol) |
| Giardiasis | Metronidazole, Tinidazole, Nitazoxanide, Albendazole |
| Leishmania | Sodium stibogluconate, Miltefosine, Amphotericin B, Liposomal AmB, Pentamidine |
| Trypanosomiasis (African) | Suramin, Pentamidine, Melarsoprol, Eflornithine, Fexinidazole |
| Trypanosomiasis (American - Chagas) | Benznidazole, Nifurtimox |
| Toxoplasmosis | Pyrimethamine + Sulfadiazine + Folinic acid |
| Cryptosporidiosis | Nitazoxanide |
| Trichomoniasis | Metronidazole, Tinidazole |
E. Anthelmintics
| Type | Drugs |
|---|---|
| Benzimidazoles (broad spectrum) | Albendazole, Mebendazole, Thiabendazole |
| Macrocyclic lactones | Ivermectin |
| Piperazine derivatives | Diethylcarbamazine (DEC), Piperazine |
| Pyrantel pamoate | Pyrantel pamoate |
| Niclosamide | Tapeworms |
| Praziquantel | Trematodes (Schistosoma, Clonorchis), Cestodes |
| Oxamniquine | Schistosomiasis |
8. MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
A. Muscle Relaxants (Skeletal)
| Class | Examples |
|---|---|
| Centrally acting | Baclofen, Tizanidine, Cyclobenzaprine, Carisoprodol, Methocarbamol, Chlorzoxazone, Orphenadrine |
| Peripherally acting (direct) | Dantrolene |
| Neuromuscular blockers - Depolarizing | Succinylcholine (Suxamethonium) |
| Neuromuscular blockers - Non-depolarizing (short) | Mivacurium |
| Non-depolarizing (intermediate) | Rocuronium, Vecuronium, Atracurium, Cisatracurium |
| Non-depolarizing (long-acting) | Pancuronium, Pipecuronium |
B. Drugs for Gout
| Phase | Drugs |
|---|---|
| Acute attack | Colchicine, NSAIDs, Corticosteroids, IL-1 inhibitors (Anakinra, Canakinumab) |
| Chronic/prophylaxis (Urate lowering) | Allopurinol (XO inhibitor), Febuxostat (XO inhibitor), Probenecid (uricosuric), Sulfinpyrazone, Lesinurad, Benzbromarone |
| Recombinant uricase | Pegloticase, Rasburicase |
C. DMARDs (for Rheumatoid Arthritis)
| Class | Examples |
|---|---|
| Conventional DMARDs | Methotrexate, Hydroxychloroquine, Sulfasalazine, Leflunomide, Azathioprine, Cyclosporine |
| Anti-TNF biologics | Etanercept, Infliximab, Adalimumab, Certolizumab, Golimumab |
| IL-6 inhibitors | Tocilizumab, Sarilumab |
| B-cell depletion | Rituximab |
| T-cell costimulation inhibitor | Abatacept |
| JAK inhibitors | Tofacitinib, Baricitinib, Upadacitinib, Filgotinib |
| IL-17 inhibitors | Secukinumab, Ixekizumab (also for PsA) |
| IL-23/12 inhibitors | Ustekinumab, Guselkumab, Risankizumab |
9. HEMATOPOIETIC SYSTEM
A. Drugs for Anemia
| Type | Drugs |
|---|---|
| Iron deficiency | Ferrous sulfate, Ferrous gluconate, Ferric carboxymaltose, Iron sucrose, Iron dextran |
| Megaloblastic (B12) | Cyanocobalamin, Hydroxocobalamin, Methylcobalamin |
| Megaloblastic (Folate) | Folic acid, Folinic acid (Leucovorin) |
| Aplastic / EPO deficiency | Erythropoietin (Epoetin alfa), Darbepoetin, Methoxy PEG-epoetin beta |
| Aplastic anemia / MDS | Eltrombopag, Romiplostim, Luspatercept, Antithymocyte globulin |
B. Hematopoietic Growth Factors
- G-CSF: Filgrastim, Pegfilgrastim, Lenograstim
- GM-CSF: Sargramostim
- TPO receptor agonists: Romiplostim, Eltrombopag, Avatrombopag
- Erythropoiesis stimulating agents: as above
10. EYE (OPHTHALMIC) DRUGS
| Class | Examples |
|---|---|
| Miotics | Pilocarpine, Carbachol |
| Mydriatics/Cycloplegics | Atropine, Tropicamide, Cyclopentolate, Phenylephrine, Homatropine |
| Anti-glaucoma (beta-blockers) | Timolol, Betaxolol, Carteolol, Levobunolol |
| Anti-glaucoma (alpha-2 agonists) | Brimonidine, Apraclonidine |
| Anti-glaucoma (prostaglandin analogs) | Latanoprost, Travoprost, Bimatoprost, Tafluprost |
| Anti-glaucoma (CAIs) | Dorzolamide, Brinzolamide, Acetazolamide |
| Anti-glaucoma (Rho kinase inhibitors) | Netarsudil |
| Anti-VEGF (intravitreal) | Bevacizumab, Ranibizumab, Aflibercept, Faricimab, Brolucizumab |
| Corticosteroids (topical) | Prednisolone acetate, Dexamethasone, Fluorometholone |
| Antibiotics (topical) | Ciprofloxacin, Tobramycin, Moxifloxacin, Gatifloxacin, Chloramphenicol |
| Antivirals (ophthalmic) | Trifluridine, Ganciclovir gel, Acyclovir ointment |
| Antiallergic | Olopatadine, Ketotifen, Azelastine |
| Lubricants/artificial tears | Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, Carboxymethylcellulose, Sodium hyaluronate |
| Macular degeneration | Verteporfin (photodynamic) |
11. EAR (OTIC) DRUGS
| Class | Examples |
|---|---|
| Antibiotic ear drops | Ciprofloxacin, Ofloxacin, Neomycin, Polymyxin B |
| Cerumenolytics | Carbamide peroxide, Docusate, Triethanolamine |
| Antifungal ear drops | Clotrimazole |
| Corticosteroid ear drops | Betamethasone, Dexamethasone |
12. SKIN (DERMATOLOGICAL) DRUGS
| Class | Examples |
|---|---|
| Topical corticosteroids (low potency) | Hydrocortisone 1% |
| Topical corticosteroids (moderate) | Betamethasone valerate, Triamcinolone |
| Topical corticosteroids (high potency) | Clobetasol propionate |
| Keratolytics | Salicylic acid, Urea |
| Retinoids (topical) | Tretinoin, Adapalene, Tazarotene |
| Retinoids (systemic) | Isotretinoin, Acitretin |
| Anti-acne | Benzoyl peroxide, Clindamycin topical, Adapalene, Doxycycline, Minocycline, Spironolactone, Isotretinoin |
| Antipsoriatics (topical) | Calcipotriene, Anthralin, Tazarotene |
| Antipsoriatics (systemic) | Methotrexate, Cyclosporine, Acitretin |
| Antipsoriatics (biologics) | IL-17 (Secukinumab, Ixekizumab), IL-23 (Guselkumab, Risankizumab, Tildrakizumab), TNF-alpha (Adalimumab, Etanercept, Infliximab) |
| Antifungals (topical) | Clotrimazole, Miconazole, Terbinafine, Sertaconazole, Ciclopirox, Naftifine |
| Antiparasitics | Permethrin, Ivermectin (topical), Malathion, Lindane, Benzyl benzoate |
| Calcineurin inhibitors (topical) | Tacrolimus, Pimecrolimus |
| JAK inhibitors (topical/systemic for atopic dermatitis) | Ruxolitinib (topical), Abrocitinib, Upadacitinib, Baricitinib |
| Anti-TSLP/IL-4 (biologics) | Dupilumab, Tralokinumab (atopic dermatitis) |
13. ANTICANCER DRUGS (CHEMOTHERAPY)
A. Cytotoxic Agents
| Class | Mechanism | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Alkylating agents - Nitrogen mustards | DNA crosslinks | Cyclophosphamide, Ifosfamide, Melphalan, Chlorambucil, Bendamustine |
| Alkylating agents - Nitrosoureas | DNA crosslinks (lipophilic) | Carmustine, Lomustine, Streptozocin |
| Alkylating agents - Platinum compounds | DNA interstrand crosslinks | Cisplatin, Carboplatin, Oxaliplatin |
| Alkylating agents - Others | DNA crosslinks | Busulfan, Dacarbazine, Temozolomide, Procarbazine, Altretamine |
| Antimetabolites - Folate antagonists | Inhibit DHFR | Methotrexate, Pemetrexed, Pralatrexate |
| Antimetabolites - Pyrimidine analogs | Inhibit DNA synthesis | 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU), Capecitabine, Cytarabine, Gemcitabine, Azacitidine, Decitabine |
| Antimetabolites - Purine analogs | Inhibit DNA synthesis | 6-Mercaptopurine, 6-Thioguanine, Fludarabine, Cladribine, Clofarabine, Nelarabine |
| Antitumor antibiotics | Intercalate DNA / free radicals | Doxorubicin, Daunorubicin, Epirubicin, Idarubicin (anthracyclines), Bleomycin, Mitomycin C, Actinomycin D |
| Topoisomerase I inhibitors | Inhibit Topo I | Irinotecan, Topotecan |
| Topoisomerase II inhibitors | Inhibit Topo II | Etoposide, Teniposide |
| Vinca alkaloids | Inhibit microtubule polymerization | Vincristine, Vinblastine, Vinorelbine, Vindesine |
| Taxanes | Stabilize microtubules | Paclitaxel, Docetaxel, Cabazitaxel, Nab-paclitaxel |
B. Targeted / Hormonal Therapy
| Class | Examples |
|---|---|
| Imatinib-type (BCR-ABL/c-kit/PDGFR inhibitors) | Imatinib, Dasatinib, Nilotinib, Bosutinib, Ponatinib, Asciminib |
| EGFR inhibitors (TKIs) | Gefitinib, Erlotinib, Afatinib, Osimertinib, Lapatinib, Neratinib |
| HER2-targeted | Trastuzumab, Pertuzumab, T-DM1 (Ado-trastuzumab emtansine), T-DXd, Tucatinib |
| VEGF/VEGFR inhibitors | Bevacizumab, Sunitinib, Sorafenib, Pazopanib, Axitinib, Regorafenib, Cabozantinib |
| BRAF/MEK inhibitors | Vemurafenib, Dabrafenib (BRAF), Trametinib, Cobimetinib (MEK) |
| CDK4/6 inhibitors | Palbociclib, Ribociclib, Abemaciclib |
| PARP inhibitors | Olaparib, Niraparib, Rucaparib, Talazoparib |
| ALK/ROS1 inhibitors | Crizotinib, Ceritinib, Alectinib, Brigatinib, Lorlatinib |
| BTK inhibitors | Ibrutinib, Acalabrutinib, Zanubrutinib, Pirtobrutinib |
| mTOR inhibitors | Everolimus, Temsirolimus |
| PI3K inhibitors | Idelalisib, Copanlisib, Alpelisib |
| Anti-estrogen (breast cancer) | Tamoxifen, Fulvestrant, Elacestrant |
| Aromatase inhibitors | Anastrozole, Letrozole, Exemestane |
| Anti-androgen (prostate) | Enzalutamide, Apalutamide, Darolutamide |
| Proteasome inhibitors | Bortezomib, Carfilzomib, Ixazomib |
| Histone deacetylase inhibitors | Vorinostat, Romidepsin, Belinostat, Panobinostat |
| IDH inhibitors | Enasidenib (IDH2), Ivosidenib (IDH1), Olutasidenib |
| KRAS inhibitors | Sotorasib (KRAS G12C), Adagrasib |
C. Immunotherapy
| Class | Examples |
|---|---|
| Anti-PD-1 | Pembrolizumab, Nivolumab, Cemiplimab |
| Anti-PD-L1 | Atezolizumab, Durvalumab, Avelumab |
| Anti-CTLA-4 | Ipilimumab, Tremelimumab |
| CD20 monoclonal antibodies | Rituximab, Obinutuzumab, Ofatumumab |
| CD38 monoclonal antibodies | Daratumumab, Isatuximab |
| CD19-directed CAR-T | Tisagenlecleucel, Axicabtagene ciloleucel |
| BCMA-directed | Idecabtagene vicleucel, Ciltacabtagene autoleucel (CAR-T), Teclistamab (bispecific) |
| Bispecific T-cell engagers | Blinatumomab (CD3xCD19), Mosunetuzumab, Epcoritamab |
14. AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (ANS)
A. Sympathomimetics (Adrenergic Agonists)
| Receptor | Examples |
|---|---|
| Alpha-1 + Alpha-2 | Norepinephrine, Phenylephrine (alpha-1 selective) |
| Alpha + Beta (non-selective) | Epinephrine, Norepinephrine |
| Beta-1 selective | Dobutamine |
| Beta-2 selective | Salbutamol, Terbutaline, Salmeterol |
| Indirect (reuptake inhibitors/releasers) | Amphetamine, Ephedrine, Pseudoephedrine, Cocaine |
| Dopaminergic | Dopamine, Fenoldopam |
B. Sympatholytics (Adrenergic Antagonists)
| Receptor | Examples |
|---|---|
| Non-selective alpha blockers | Phentolamine, Phenoxybenzamine, Tolazoline |
| Selective alpha-1 blockers | Prazosin, Doxazosin, Terazosin, Tamsulosin, Alfuzosin, Silodosin |
| Selective alpha-2 blockers | Yohimbine |
| Non-selective beta blockers | Propranolol, Nadolol, Timolol, Sotalol, Pindolol |
| Cardioselective beta-1 blockers | Metoprolol, Atenolol, Bisoprolol, Betaxolol |
| Alpha + Beta blockers | Labetalol, Carvedilol |
| Beta-3 agonists | Mirabegron, Vibegron (bladder) |
C. Cholinergic Agonists (Parasympathomimetics)
| Class | Examples |
|---|---|
| Muscarinic agonists (direct) | Pilocarpine, Bethanechol, Carbachol, Methacholine |
| Cholinesterase inhibitors (indirect) - Reversible | Neostigmine, Physostigmine, Pyridostigmine, Edrophonium, Rivastigmine, Donepezil, Galantamine |
| Cholinesterase inhibitors - Irreversible (organophosphates) | Echothiophate; Malathion, Sarin, Parathion (toxins) |
| Nicotinic agonists | Nicotine, Varenicline, Succinylcholine (at NMJ) |
D. Anticholinergics (Muscarinic Antagonists)
| Class | Examples |
|---|---|
| Non-selective | Atropine, Hyoscine (Scopolamine), Homatropine |
| Quaternary (non-CNS) | Glycopyrrolate, Ipratropium, Tiotropium, Propantheline, Dicyclomine, Butylscopolamine |
| Bladder (OAB) selective | Oxybutynin, Tolterodine, Solifenacin, Darifenacin, Fesoterodine, Trospium |
15. UTERINE / REPRODUCTIVE DRUGS
| Class | Examples |
|---|---|
| Oxytocics / Uterotonic agents | Oxytocin, Ergometrine (Ergonovine), Carbetocin, Misoprostol, Carboprost |
| Tocolytics (arrest preterm labor) | Nifedipine (CCB), Ritodrine/Terbutaline (beta-2 agonists), Atosiban (oxytocin antagonist), Magnesium sulfate, Indomethacin |
| Drugs for PPH | Oxytocin, Ergometrine, Misoprostol, Carboprost, Tranexamic acid |
| Emergency contraception | Levonorgestrel, Ulipristal acetate, Mifepristone + misoprostol |
| Abortifacients | Mifepristone (antiprogesterone), Misoprostol, Methotrexate |
| Drugs for PCOS | Metformin, Clomiphene, Letrozole, Spironolactone |
| Drugs for endometriosis | GnRH agonists, Dienogest, Elagolix, Danazol |
16. IMMUNOSUPPRESSANTS
| Class | Mechanism | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Calcineurin inhibitors | Inhibit IL-2 production | Cyclosporine, Tacrolimus |
| mTOR inhibitors | Inhibit T-cell proliferation | Sirolimus, Everolimus |
| Antimetabolites | Inhibit purine/pyrimidine synthesis | Azathioprine, Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), Methotrexate |
| Corticosteroids | Broad immunosuppression | Prednisolone, Methylprednisolone |
| Biological agents | Block T-cell activation | Basiliximab (IL-2R), Belatacept (co-stimulation blockade) |
| Polyclonal antibodies | Deplete T-lymphocytes | Antithymocyte globulin (ATG) |
17. VITAMINS AND MINERALS (Pharmacological Use)
| Deficiency/Use | Drug/Supplement |
|---|---|
| Vitamin A deficiency / cancer prevention | Retinol, Beta-carotene |
| Vitamin D deficiency | Cholecalciferol (D3), Ergocalciferol (D2), Calcitriol, Alfacalcidol |
| Vitamin E antioxidant | Alpha-tocopherol |
| Vitamin K (coagulation) | Phytonadione (K1), Menadione (K3) |
| Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) | Thiamine HCl |
| Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) | Riboflavin |
| Vitamin B3 (Niacin) | Niacin, Nicotinamide |
| Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic acid) | Pantothenic acid |
| Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) | Pyridoxine |
| Vitamin B7 (Biotin) | Biotin |
| Vitamin B9 (Folic acid) | Folic acid, Folinic acid |
| Vitamin B12 | Cyanocobalamin, Methylcobalamin |
| Vitamin C | Ascorbic acid |
| Calcium | Calcium carbonate, Calcium gluconate |
| Magnesium | Magnesium sulfate, Magnesium oxide |
| Zinc | Zinc sulfate |
| Potassium | Potassium chloride |
18. DRUGS ACTING ON BLOOD GLUCOSE (Anti-hypoglycemics)
- Glucagon (IV/IM/SC), Diazoxide, Somatostatin analogs (Octreotide), Dextrose 50% (IV), Glucose tablets
Summary Table of Systems
| System | Major Drug Classes |
|---|---|
| Cardiovascular | Antihypertensives, Antiarrhythmics, Antianginals, Heart failure drugs, Antilipidemic, Anticoagulants, Antiplatelets |
| Respiratory | Bronchodilators, ICS, Antitussives, Mucolytics, Anti-VEGF |
| CNS | Analgesics, Antiepileptics, Antiparkinsonian, Antipsychotics, Antidepressants, Anxiolytics, Stimulants |
| GI | Antacids, PPIs, Antiemetics, Laxatives, Antidiarrheals, IBD drugs |
| Endocrine | Antidiabetics, Thyroid drugs, Corticosteroids, Sex hormones, Osteoporosis drugs |
| Renal | Diuretics |
| Antimicrobials | Antibacterials, Antifungals, Antivirals, Antiprotozoals, Anthelmintics |
| Musculoskeletal | Muscle relaxants, Gout drugs, DMARDs |
| Hematopoietic | Anemia drugs, Growth factors |
| Ophthalmic | Glaucoma drugs, Anti-VEGF, Antibiotics, Antiallergics |
| Skin | Corticosteroids, Retinoids, Antipsoriatics, Antifungals |
| Anticancer | Cytotoxics, Targeted therapy, Immunotherapy |
| ANS | Sympathomimetics, Sympatholytics, Cholinergics, Anticholinergics |
| Reproductive | Oxytocics, Tocolytics, Contraceptives |
| Immunosuppressants | Calcineurin inhibitors, mTOR inhibitors, Antimetabolites |
Sources: Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics; Katzung's Basic and Clinical Pharmacology 16th Ed; Lippincott Illustrated Reviews: Pharmacology.
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