BDS 2nd Year Pathology - Complete Viva Question Bank

TOPIC 1: CELL INJURY, DEATH & ADAPTATIONS

Definitions & Concepts

1. What is cell injury? What are the causes of cell injury?
2. Differentiate reversible and irreversible cell injury.
3. What is cloudy swelling? What causes it?
4. Define necrosis. How does it differ from apoptosis?
5. Name the types of necrosis. Give one example of each.
6. What is coagulative necrosis? Where does it occur?
7. What is liquefactive necrosis? Give an example.
8. What is caseous necrosis? Which disease is it associated with?
9. What is fat necrosis? Name its types.
10. What is gangrenous necrosis? Differentiate dry and wet gangrene.
11. What is apoptosis? Name conditions where it is seen.
12. What is the role of caspases in apoptosis?
13. What is dystrophic calcification? Give examples.
14. What is metastatic calcification? What causes it?
15. What are cellular adaptations? Name them with examples.
16. What is hypertrophy? Give examples of physiological and pathological hypertrophy.
17. What is hyperplasia? Differentiate from hypertrophy.
18. What is atrophy? Name the causes.
19. What is metaplasia? Give an example in the oral cavity.
20. What is dysplasia? How does it differ from metaplasia?
21. What are free radicals? How do they cause cell injury?
22. What is reperfusion injury?
23. What is ischemia? How does it lead to cell death?
24. Name the intracellular accumulations seen in pathology.
25. What is steatosis (fatty change)? Where does it occur?

TOPIC 2: INFLAMMATION

Acute Inflammation

1. Define inflammation. What are its cardinal signs?
2. Who described the cardinal signs of inflammation? Name all 5.
3. What are the vascular changes in acute inflammation?
4. What is exudation? Differentiate transudate from exudate.
5. What is margination, rolling, adhesion, and transmigration of leukocytes?
6. What are the chemical mediators of inflammation? Classify them.
7. What is histamine? Where is it released from? What is its role?
8. What is serotonin? What is its role in inflammation?
9. What are prostaglandins? What is their role?
10. What are leukotrienes? Name their role in inflammation.
11. What is the complement system? Name its pathways.
12. What is the role of C3a, C3b, C5a in inflammation?
13. What is bradykinin? What is its role?
14. What is nitric oxide? What is its role in inflammation?
15. What are cytokines? Name the important ones and their functions.
16. What is IL-1? What is TNF-alpha? What are their roles?
17. What are the outcomes/endings of acute inflammation?
18. Differentiate serous, fibrinous, suppurative (purulent), and hemorrhagic inflammation.
19. What is an abscess? How is it different from a cellulitis?
20. What is phagocytosis? Describe the steps.
21. What is opsonization? Which molecules act as opsonins?

Chronic Inflammation

1. Define chronic inflammation. How does it differ from acute?
2. What cells are predominantly seen in chronic inflammation?
3. What is a granuloma? How is it formed?
4. Differentiate caseating and non-caseating granuloma.
5. Give examples of granulomatous diseases.
6. What are giant cells? Name the types of giant cells.
7. What is a Langhans giant cell? Where is it seen?
8. What is a foreign body giant cell?
9. What is the role of macrophages in chronic inflammation?
10. What is the role of lymphocytes and plasma cells?

Wound Healing

1. Define healing. Differentiate repair and regeneration.
2. What is healing by primary intention (first intention)?
3. What is healing by secondary intention?
4. What are the phases of wound healing?
5. What is granulation tissue? What does it consist of?
6. What is the role of fibroblasts in healing?
7. What is angiogenesis? Which growth factors are involved?
8. What factors delay wound healing?
9. What is a keloid? How is it different from a hypertrophic scar?
10. What is the role of TGF-beta in wound healing?
11. What is regeneration? Which tissues have high regenerative capacity?
12. What are labile, stable, and permanent cells?
13. What is scar formation? What is its composition?
14. What are the complications of wound healing?

TOPIC 3: HEMODYNAMIC DISORDERS (DISORDERS OF BLOOD FLOW & COAGULATION)

1. What is edema? Classify it. What are the mechanisms?
2. What is hyperemia? Differentiate active and passive hyperemia.
3. What is congestion? What are its effects?
4. What is hemorrhage? Classify it.
5. What is thrombosis? What is Virchow's triad?
6. Differentiate arterial and venous thrombus.
7. What is the fate of a thrombus?
8. What is embolism? Classify emboli.
9. What is pulmonary embolism? What are its effects?
10. What is infarction? Classify infarcts.
11. What is red vs. white infarct? Give examples.
12. What is DIC (Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation)?
13. What is shock? Classify shock.
14. Differentiate hypovolemic, cardiogenic, and septic shock.
15. What is hemostasis? Name the stages.
16. What is the role of platelets in hemostasis?
17. What is fibrinogen? What role does it play?
18. What is the coagulation cascade? Name the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways.

TOPIC 4: IMMUNITY & HYPERSENSITIVITY

1. Define immunity. Differentiate innate and adaptive immunity.
2. What are the cells of the immune system?
3. What is the role of T lymphocytes? B lymphocytes?
4. What are CD4+ and CD8+ T cells?
5. What are NK (natural killer) cells?
6. What are immunoglobulins? Classify them. What are their functions?
7. What is the structure of IgG?
8. Which immunoglobulin is present in saliva? (IgA - secretory IgA)
9. What is hypersensitivity? How is it classified? (Gell and Coombs classification)
10. What is Type I hypersensitivity (Anaphylaxis)? Give examples.
11. What is the role of IgE in Type I hypersensitivity?
12. What is Type II hypersensitivity? Give examples.
13. What is Type III hypersensitivity? What is an immune complex?
14. What is Type IV hypersensitivity (Delayed type)? What cells are involved?
15. Give oral examples of Type I, II, III, IV hypersensitivity.
16. What is anaphylaxis? What are its features?
17. What is autoimmunity? Give examples of autoimmune diseases.
18. What is Sjogren's syndrome? (Relevant to dentistry)
19. What is AIDS/HIV? What are the oral manifestations?
20. What is immunodeficiency? Classify it.
21. What are opportunistic infections in immunodeficiency?
22. What is the role of MHC (HLA) in immunity?

TOPIC 5: NEOPLASIA (TUMORS)

1. Define neoplasia. What is a tumor?
2. Classify tumors (benign vs. malignant).
3. Differentiate benign and malignant tumors (table format).
4. What is carcinoma? What is sarcoma?
5. What is metastasis? Name the routes of metastasis.
6. What is local invasion? How does it differ from metastasis?
7. What is grading of tumors? What does it indicate?
8. What is staging of tumors? Name the TNM staging system.
9. What is the TNM classification?
10. What are proto-oncogenes? Name examples.
11. What are oncogenes? How are they activated?
12. What are tumor suppressor genes? Name examples (p53, Rb).
13. What is the role of p53 in cancer?
14. What is the role of Rb gene?
15. What is carcinogenesis? What are the stages?
16. What are chemical carcinogens? Give examples.
17. What is a complete vs. incomplete carcinogen?
18. What is a co-carcinogen?
19. What are physical carcinogens (radiation)?
20. What are viral carcinogens? Name oncogenic viruses.
21. What is HPV? What cancers is it associated with?
22. What is EBV? What tumors is it associated with?
23. What are tumor markers? Give examples.
24. What is PSA? What is AFP? What is CEA?
25. What is paraneoplastic syndrome?
26. What is anaplasia? What are its features?
27. What is pleomorphism? What is it a feature of?
28. What are the effects of tumors on the host?
29. What is cachexia in cancer?
30. What is carcinoma in situ? Give an oral example.

TOPIC 6: INFECTIONS & MICROBIOLOGY (PATHOLOGY ASPECTS)

1. What is a bacterial infection? How does bacteria cause disease?
2. What are the types of bacterial exotoxins and endotoxins?
3. What is tuberculosis? What are the pathological changes?
4. What is primary and secondary tuberculosis?
5. What is a Ghon complex?
6. What is syphilis? What are the stages and pathological features?
7. What is actinomycosis? What are its features?
8. What is leprosy? What are the types and pathological differences?
9. What is osteomyelitis? What are the pathological changes?
10. What is candidiasis? What are the types and histological features?
11. What is herpes simplex infection?
12. What is the difference between primary and recurrent herpes?
13. What is the Tzanck smear? What does it show?
14. What are inclusion bodies? Give examples (Negri body, Guarneri body, etc.)

TOPIC 7: HEMATOLOGY (BLOOD PATHOLOGY)

1. Define anemia. Classify it.
2. What is iron deficiency anemia? What is the blood picture and bone marrow picture?
3. What is megaloblastic anemia? What are its causes?
4. What is pernicious anemia? What is the mechanism?
5. What is hemolytic anemia? Classify it.
6. What is sickle cell anemia? What is the genetic defect?
7. What is thalassemia? Differentiate alpha and beta thalassemia.
8. What is aplastic anemia? What are its causes?
9. What is polycythemia vera?
10. What are leukemias? Classify them.
11. Differentiate acute and chronic leukemia.
12. What is ALL? What is AML? What are their features?
13. What is CML? What is the Philadelphia chromosome?
14. What is CLL? What are its features?
15. What are lymphomas? Differentiate Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
16. What is Hodgkin's lymphoma? What are the Reed-Sternberg cells?
17. Classify Hodgkin's lymphoma (Rye classification / WHO).
18. What is multiple myeloma? What are the features?
19. What is a plasma cell? What is the role of plasma cells in myeloma?
20. What is thrombocytopenia? What are the causes?
21. What is hemophilia? Differentiate A and B.
22. What is von Willebrand disease?
23. What are the normal values of RBC, WBC, Hb, platelets, ESR?
24. What is ESR? What is its significance?
25. What is the peripheral blood smear? What does it show in anemia?

TOPIC 8: CARDIOVASCULAR PATHOLOGY

1. What is atherosclerosis? What are the risk factors?
2. What are the morphological changes in atherosclerosis?
3. What is an atherosclerotic plaque?
4. What is coronary artery disease (ischemic heart disease)?
5. What is myocardial infarction? What are the zones of infarction?
6. What are the early and late changes in myocardial infarction?
7. What is hypertension? Classify it.
8. What are the effects of hypertension on heart, kidney, brain?
9. What is hypertensive heart disease?
10. What are the cardiac changes in hypertension?
11. What is rheumatic fever? What is the pathogenesis?
12. What is Aschoff body? What is Aschoff cell?
13. What is rheumatic heart disease?
14. What is infective endocarditis? What are the types?
15. What are the pathological changes in infective endocarditis?
16. What is the dental significance of infective endocarditis? (Antibiotic prophylaxis)

TOPIC 9: RESPIRATORY PATHOLOGY

1. What is pneumonia? Classify it.
2. What is lobar pneumonia? Describe the stages.
3. What is bronchopneumonia?
4. What is tuberculosis of the lung?
5. What is COPD? What is emphysema?
6. What is bronchial asthma? What is the mechanism?
7. What is a lung abscess?
8. What is carcinoma of the lung? Classify it.
9. What is small cell (oat cell) carcinoma?

TOPIC 10: GASTROINTESTINAL PATHOLOGY

1. What is peptic ulcer? What are the causes?
2. What is the role of H. pylori in peptic ulcer?
3. What is carcinoma of the stomach?
4. What is Crohn's disease? How does it differ from ulcerative colitis?
5. What is inflammatory bowel disease?
6. What is carcinoma of the colon?
7. What is the pathology of the liver in hepatitis?
8. What is cirrhosis? What are the causes?
9. What is the role of alcohol in liver disease?
10. What is jaundice? Classify it.
11. What is hepatocellular carcinoma?

TOPIC 11: RENAL PATHOLOGY

1. What are the types of glomerulonephritis?
2. What is nephrotic syndrome?
3. What is nephritic syndrome?
4. What is renal cell carcinoma?
5. What is diabetic nephropathy?
6. What is pyelonephritis?
7. What is Wilms' tumor (nephroblastoma)?

TOPIC 12: ENDOCRINE PATHOLOGY

1. What is diabetes mellitus? Classify it (Type 1 and Type 2).
2. What is the mechanism of Type 1 vs. Type 2 diabetes?
3. What are the oral manifestations of diabetes?
4. What are the complications of diabetes (micro and macrovascular)?
5. What is Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)?
6. What are the thyroid diseases relevant to pathology?
7. What is Hashimoto's thyroiditis?
8. What is Graves' disease?
9. What are the types of thyroid carcinoma?
10. What is Cushing's syndrome?
11. What is Addison's disease? What are its oral manifestations?

TOPIC 13: MUSCULOSKELETAL / BONE PATHOLOGY

1. What is Paget's disease of bone? What are the oral manifestations?
2. What is osteosarcoma? What are its features?
3. What is Ewing's sarcoma?
4. What is giant cell tumor of bone?
5. What is osteoporosis? What are the causes?
6. What is osteopetrosis?
7. What is rickets? What are the causes?
8. What is fibrous dysplasia? What are the oral features?

TOPIC 14: ORAL PATHOLOGY (Key BDS 2nd year topics)

Developmental Disorders

1. What is amelogenesis imperfecta? Classify it.
2. What is dentinogenesis imperfecta? Classify it (Shields classification).
3. What is dentin dysplasia?
4. What is enamel hypoplasia? Name its causes.
5. What is taurodontism?
6. What is gemination? What is fusion? How do you differentiate?
7. What is dilaceration?
8. What is supernumerary tooth? Give an example.
9. What is anodontia vs. hypodontia?
10. What is macrodontia and microdontia?
11. What is concrescence?

Dental Caries

1. What is dental caries? What is the etiology?
2. What is the role of Streptococcus mutans in caries?
3. What are the zones of enamel caries?
4. What are the zones of dentinal caries?
5. What is rampant caries?
6. What is early childhood caries (nursing bottle caries)?
7. What is root caries?
8. What is the role of fluoride in caries prevention?

Pulp and Periapical Pathology

1. What is pulpitis? Differentiate reversible and irreversible pulpitis.
2. What is acute suppurative pulpitis?
3. What is pulp polyp (chronic hyperplastic pulpitis)?
4. What is pulp necrosis? What are the causes?
5. What is internal resorption?
6. What is periapical granuloma?
7. What is periapical abscess?
8. What is periapical cyst (radicular cyst)?
9. What is condensing osteitis?
10. What is phoenix abscess?
11. Differentiate periapical granuloma, abscess, and cyst histologically.

Periodontal Pathology

1. What is gingivitis? What are the histological changes?
2. What is periodontitis? How does it differ from gingivitis?
3. What is the pathogenesis of periodontitis?
4. What is acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG)?
5. What is a periodontal pocket? Differentiate true and false pocket.
6. What is acute periodontal abscess?
7. What is drug-induced gingival enlargement? Name the drugs.
8. What is hereditary gingival fibromatosis?

Diseases of Oral Mucosa

1. What is aphthous ulcer (recurrent aphthous stomatitis)? Classify it.
2. What is herpes simplex? Differentiate primary and secondary.
3. What is oral candidiasis? Classify it.
4. What is leukoplakia? Define and classify.
5. What is the malignant transformation rate of leukoplakia?
6. What is erythroplakia? What is its significance?
7. What is oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF)? What is the etiology and histology?
8. What is lichen planus? What are the oral types? What is Wickham's striae?
9. What is pemphigus vulgaris? What are the histological features?
10. What is pemphigoid? How does it differ from pemphigus?
11. What is Nikolsky's sign?
12. What is oral epithelial dysplasia? How is it graded?
13. What is squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity? What are the features?
14. What is verrucous carcinoma?

Salivary Gland Pathology

1. What is xerostomia?
2. What is sialadenitis?
3. What is a mucocele? What is a ranula?
4. What is Sjogren's syndrome? What are the oral features?
5. What is pleomorphic adenoma? What are the histological features?
6. What is Warthin's tumor (papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum)?
7. What is mucoepidermoid carcinoma? Classify it.
8. What is adenoid cystic carcinoma? What is the cribriform pattern?

Cysts of the Jaw

1. Classify odontogenic cysts.
2. What is a dentigerous cyst? What are the features?
3. What is an odontogenic keratocyst (OKC/KCOT)? What are the histological features?
4. What is the recurrence rate of OKC?
5. What is a lateral periodontal cyst?
6. What is a nasopalatine duct cyst?
7. What is a nasolabial cyst?
8. What is a primordial cyst?

Odontogenic Tumors

1. Classify odontogenic tumors.
2. What is ameloblastoma? What are the histological patterns?
3. What is follicular vs. plexiform ameloblastoma?
4. What is an odontome? Differentiate compound and complex odontome.
5. What is a cementoblastoma?
6. What is calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor (CEOT/Pindborg tumor)?
7. What is adenomatoid odontogenic tumor (AOT)?

Bone Lesions

1. What is central giant cell granuloma? How does it differ from a giant cell tumor?
2. What is aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC)?
3. What is fibrous dysplasia? What are the oral features?
4. What is Paget's disease of bone? What are the oral features?
5. What is osteosarcoma of the jaw?
6. What is cherubism?
7. What is tori (torus palatinus, torus mandibularis)?

TOPIC 15: GENERAL PATHOLOGY - MISCELLANEOUS

1. What is an amyloid? How is it classified? What stain is used?
2. What is the Congo red stain? What does it show under polarized light?
3. What is gout? What is hyperuricemia?
4. What is hemosiderosis vs. hemochromatosis?
5. What is jaundice? Name the types.
6. What are the special stains used in pathology? (PAS, ZN stain, Gram stain, etc.)
7. What is the Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) stain used for?
8. What is the PAS (Periodic Acid-Schiff) stain used for?
9. What is immunohistochemistry? When is it used?
10. What is a frozen section? What is its use?
11. What is a biopsy? Name the types.
12. What is FNAC (Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology)?
13. What is exfoliative cytology? What is its use in dentistry?
14. What is the Papanicolaou (Pap) smear? What does it detect?
15. What is an incisional vs. excisional biopsy?

COMMONLY ASKED ONE-LINERS FOR VIVA

TIPS FOR VIVA

• Always define the term first, then classify, then describe.
• For any lesion - mention: Definition, Etiology, Pathogenesis, Clinical features, Histological features, Treatment.
• For stains - mention: Name, Principle, What it stains, Color produced.
• For tumors - know: WHO classification, grading, staging, histological patterns.
• For blood disorders - always know: Blood picture (peripheral smear) + Bone marrow picture.
• For cysts - know: Lining epithelium (this is the most common viva question).