prepare me a mind map of cardiac cycle extensively
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Your extensive cardiac cycle mind map is ready:
cardiac cycle mindmap
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Here's what the mind map covers across 13 detailed sections, built from Guyton & Hall, Costanzo Physiology 7th Ed, and Medical Physiology (Boron & Boulpaep):
What's Inside
1 - Definition & Overview
The cycle = all mechanical + electrical events from one beat to the next. Duration = 60 ÷ HR. At 72 bpm = 0.833 s. Initiated by SA node AP; AV nodal delay >0.1 s lets atria contract first.
2 - Cardiac Valves
AV valves (mitral, tricuspid) vs semilunar (aortic, pulmonary). All 4 open/close passively by pressure gradients. Murmurs arise from stenosis or regurgitation (turbulence 180-500 Hz).
3 - Seven Phases (Costanzo classification)
| Phase | Name | Duration |
|---|---|---|
| A | Atrial Systole | 0-0.1 s |
| B | Isovolumetric Contraction (IVC) | 0.1-0.2 s |
| C | Rapid Ventricular Ejection | 0.2-0.3 s |
| D | Reduced Ventricular Ejection | 0.3-0.45 s |
| E | Isovolumetric Relaxation (IVR) | 0.45-0.5 s |
| F | Rapid Ventricular Filling | 0.5-0.65 s |
| G | Diastasis | 0.65-0.8 s |
Each phase has: ECG event, valve status, LV pressure + volume change, heart sound, and JVP correlate.
4 - Full Phase Summary Table - all parameters at a glance.
5 - Key Pressures - LV (5→120 mmHg), Aortic (80→120 mmHg, dicrotic notch), LA (a/v waves, x/y descents).
6 - Volumes & Calculations
- EDV ~120-140 mL, ESV ~50-70 mL, SV ~70 mL
- EF = SV/EDV = ~55%, CO = SV × HR = ~5 L/min
7 - Heart Sounds - S1 (mitral/tricuspid closure), S2 (aortic/pulmonary closure + splitting on inspiration), S3 (rapid filling, pathological in adults = CHF), S4 (stiff ventricle = LVH/HCM).
8 - ECG Correlation - P wave/PR/QRS/ST/T wave mapped to each phase.
9 - JVP Waveforms - a, c, x-descent, v, y-descent; clinical interpretation.
10 - Frank-Starling & Regulation - preload, afterload, contractility, inotropes, chronotropy.
11 - Pressure-Volume Loop - normal loop anatomy + shifts with preload/afterload/contractility changes.
12 - Clinical Correlates - tachycardia effects, valve pathology, HFrEF, HCM, tamponade, AF.
13 - Right vs Left Heart Comparison - pressures, wall thickness, valve names, EF ranges.
The Wiggers diagram from Costanzo is embedded at the top of the file for visual reference.
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