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WHO semen analysis lower reference limits volume sperm concentration progressive motility morphology 2021
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semen analysis reference values
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Semen analysis summary
| Parameter | Reported result | WHO 2021 lower reference limit | Interpretation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Semen volume | 2.5 mL | 1.4 mL | Within expected range |
| Sperm concentration | 85 million/mL | 16 million/mL | Good |
| Estimated total sperm number | ~212.5 million/ejaculate | 39 million/ejaculate | Good |
| Progressive motility | 40% | 30% | Good |
| Total motility | 65% (40% progressive + 25% non-progressive) | 42% | Good |
| Immotile sperm | 35% | Not concerning given total motility 65% | Acceptable |
| Normal morphology | 50% | 4% | Reported as good |
| Liquefaction | 30 minutes | Usually within 60 minutes | Normal |
| Appearance / pH / viscosity | Whitish, alkaline, non-viscous | Typical | No obvious concern |
Overall: This is a reassuring semen analysis. Sperm number, concentration, progressive motility, total motility, and reported morphology are all above the WHO lower reference limits. There is no obvious male-factor abnormality in these reported parameters.
The approximate total progressive motile sperm count is:
2.5 mL × 85 million/mL × 40% ≈ 85 million progressive motile spermThat is a favorable result.
WHO reference limits are statistical lower limits from fertile men, not a strict pass/fail test for fertility. A normal report cannot guarantee pregnancy, because fertility also depends on timing, female partner factors, tubes, ovulation, sexual function, and other issues. The 2021 WHO limits include volume 1.4 mL, concentration 16 million/mL, total motility 42%, progressive motility 30%, and normal morphology 4%, as summarized in this WHO manual review.
Points to note
- The report does not show leukocyte/pus-cell count, sperm vitality, agglutination, or DNA-fragmentation testing. These are not routinely required when the basic results are good.
- If pregnancy has not occurred after 12 months of regular unprotected intercourse, or after 6 months if the female partner is 35 or older, both partners should have a fertility evaluation.
- If a repeat test is needed, semen parameters vary naturally. It is usually repeated after 2-7 days of abstinence, ideally using the same laboratory.
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