🧠 Brain Anatomy - MPT Exam Notes

mkdir -p /home/daytona/workspace/mpt-notes && ls /home/daytona/workspace/

~/mpt-notes/generate_pdf.py

from reportlab.lib.pagesizes import A4
from reportlab.lib.styles import getSampleStyleSheet, ParagraphStyle
from reportlab.lib.units import cm
from reportlab.lib import colors
from reportlab.platypus import (SimpleDocTemplate, Paragraph, Spacer, Table,
                                 TableStyle, HRFlowable, KeepTogether)
from reportlab.lib.enums import TA_CENTER, TA_LEFT
import urllib.request
import io
from reportlab.platypus import Image as RLImage

OUTPUT = "/home/daytona/workspace/mpt-notes/Brain_Anatomy_MPT_Notes.pdf"

doc = SimpleDocTemplate(
    OUTPUT,
    pagesize=A4,
    rightMargin=2*cm, leftMargin=2*cm,
    topMargin=2*cm, bottomMargin=2*cm
)

styles = getSampleStyleSheet()

# Custom styles
title_style = ParagraphStyle('Title', parent=styles['Title'],
    fontSize=20, textColor=colors.HexColor('#1a237e'),
    spaceAfter=6, alignment=TA_CENTER)

subtitle_style = ParagraphStyle('Subtitle', parent=styles['Normal'],
    fontSize=10, textColor=colors.HexColor('#555555'),
    spaceAfter=14, alignment=TA_CENTER)

h1_style = ParagraphStyle('H1', parent=styles['Heading1'],
    fontSize=14, textColor=colors.white,
    backColor=colors.HexColor('#1a237e'),
    spaceBefore=14, spaceAfter=6,
    leftIndent=-10, rightIndent=-10,
    borderPad=6)

h2_style = ParagraphStyle('H2', parent=styles['Heading2'],
    fontSize=12, textColor=colors.HexColor('#1a237e'),
    spaceBefore=10, spaceAfter=4,
    borderPad=4)

h3_style = ParagraphStyle('H3', parent=styles['Heading3'],
    fontSize=11, textColor=colors.HexColor('#37474f'),
    spaceBefore=8, spaceAfter=3)

body_style = ParagraphStyle('Body', parent=styles['Normal'],
    fontSize=9.5, leading=14,
    textColor=colors.HexColor('#212121'),
    spaceAfter=6)

tip_style = ParagraphStyle('Tip', parent=styles['Normal'],
    fontSize=9, leading=13,
    textColor=colors.HexColor('#1b5e20'),
    backColor=colors.HexColor('#e8f5e9'),
    borderPad=8, leftIndent=10, rightIndent=10,
    spaceAfter=8, spaceBefore=4)

source_style = ParagraphStyle('Source', parent=styles['Normal'],
    fontSize=8, textColor=colors.HexColor('#888888'),
    alignment=TA_CENTER, spaceAfter=4)

def h1(text): return Paragraph(f"  {text}", h1_style)
def h2(text): return Paragraph(text, h2_style)
def h3(text): return Paragraph(text, h3_style)
def body(text): return Paragraph(text, body_style)
def tip(text): return Paragraph(f"<b>PT Tip:</b> {text}", tip_style)
def sp(n=6): return Spacer(1, n)
def hr(): return HRFlowable(width="100%", thickness=0.5, color=colors.HexColor('#cccccc'), spaceAfter=6)

def make_table(headers, rows, col_widths=None):
    data = [headers] + rows
    if col_widths is None:
        col_widths = [doc.width / len(headers)] * len(headers)
    style = TableStyle([
        ('BACKGROUND', (0,0), (-1,0), colors.HexColor('#1a237e')),
        ('TEXTCOLOR', (0,0), (-1,0), colors.white),
        ('FONTNAME', (0,0), (-1,0), 'Helvetica-Bold'),
        ('FONTSIZE', (0,0), (-1,0), 9),
        ('ALIGN', (0,0), (-1,-1), 'LEFT'),
        ('VALIGN', (0,0), (-1,-1), 'MIDDLE'),
        ('FONTNAME', (0,1), (-1,-1), 'Helvetica'),
        ('FONTSIZE', (0,1), (-1,-1), 8.5),
        ('ROWBACKGROUNDS', (0,1), (-1,-1), [colors.white, colors.HexColor('#f5f5f5')]),
        ('GRID', (0,0), (-1,-1), 0.4, colors.HexColor('#cccccc')),
        ('LEFTPADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 6),
        ('RIGHTPADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 6),
        ('TOPPADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 4),
        ('BOTTOMPADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 4),
    ])
    # Wrap cell text
    wrapped_data = []
    for i, row in enumerate(data):
        wrapped_row = []
        for cell in row:
            if i == 0:
                wrapped_row.append(Paragraph(str(cell), ParagraphStyle('th', fontSize=9, textColor=colors.white, fontName='Helvetica-Bold')))
            else:
                wrapped_row.append(Paragraph(str(cell), ParagraphStyle('td', fontSize=8.5, leading=12)))
        wrapped_data.append(wrapped_row)
    t = Table(wrapped_data, colWidths=col_widths)
    t.setStyle(style)
    return t

def fetch_img(url, width=14*cm):
    try:
        req = urllib.request.Request(url, headers={'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0'})
        data = urllib.request.urlopen(req, timeout=10).read()
        img = RLImage(io.BytesIO(data))
        aspect = img.imageHeight / float(img.imageWidth)
        img.drawWidth = width
        img.drawHeight = width * aspect
        return img
    except Exception as e:
        return body(f"[Image unavailable: {e}]")

# ─── Build story ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
story = []

# Title block
story.append(sp(10))
story.append(Paragraph("🧠 Brain Anatomy", title_style))
story.append(Paragraph("MPT Exam Notes | July 2026", subtitle_style))
story.append(Paragraph("Sources: Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain (5e) · Localization in Clinical Neurology (8e) · Barash Clinical Anesthesia (9e)", source_style))
story.append(hr())
story.append(sp(4))

# ── PART 1: CEREBRUM ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
story.append(h1("PART 1: CEREBRUM (Cerebral Hemispheres)"))
story.append(sp(6))

story.append(h2("Basic Structure"))
story.append(body("The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain, divided into two hemispheres (left and right). "
                  "The surface is covered by the <b>cerebral cortex</b> - made up of <b>gyri</b> (bumps) and "
                  "<b>sulci</b> (grooves/fissures). Key landmark: the <b>central sulcus</b> divides the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe."))
story.append(sp(6))

story.append(fetch_img("https://cdn.orris.care/cdss_images/25393c88775e4fdf91bb65b3f0645d5ed383aae82de99a58a2b4a1535d08c6cb.png", width=13*cm))
story.append(Paragraph("Fig 1. Cerebral lobes - lateral view (Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain, 5e)", source_style))
story.append(sp(8))

story.append(h2("The 4 Lobes + Insula"))
lobes_headers = ["Lobe", "Location", "Key Function", "Clinical Relevance (PT)"]
lobes_rows = [
    ["Frontal", "Anterior to central sulcus", "Motor control, executive function, planning", "Damage → motor deficits, personality change"],
    ["Parietal", "Posterior to central sulcus", "Somatosensory, proprioception, body awareness", "Damage → sensory loss, spatial neglect"],
    ["Temporal", "Below lateral (Sylvian) fissure", "Hearing, memory, language (dominant side)", "Damage → aphasia, memory impairment"],
    ["Occipital", "Most posterior", "Vision", "Damage → visual field defects"],
    ["Insula", "Buried under lateral fissure", "Pain integration, autonomic regulation", "Relevant in chronic pain processing"],
]
story.append(make_table(lobes_headers, lobes_rows, col_widths=[3*cm, 4*cm, 4.5*cm, 4.5*cm]))
story.append(sp(8))

story.append(h2("Key Gyri to Know"))
gyri_headers = ["Gyrus", "Location", "Function"]
gyri_rows = [
    ["Precentral gyrus", "Just anterior to central sulcus (frontal lobe)", "Primary MOTOR cortex - voluntary movement"],
    ["Postcentral gyrus", "Just posterior to central sulcus (parietal lobe)", "Primary SOMATOSENSORY cortex - touch, pain, proprioception"],
    ["Superior temporal gyrus", "Temporal lobe", "Auditory processing"],
    ["Prefrontal cortex", "Rostral frontal lobe", "Executive function, goal-directed behavior"],
]
story.append(make_table(gyri_headers, gyri_rows, col_widths=[4.5*cm, 5.5*cm, 6*cm]))
story.append(sp(4))
story.append(tip("The motor and sensory strips sit side by side at the central sulcus. Strokes near this area "
                  "cause contralateral hemiplegia + sensory loss - the bread and butter of neuro PT."))
story.append(sp(8))

story.append(h2("Deep Forebrain Structures"))
deep_headers = ["Structure", "Function", "PT Relevance"]
deep_rows = [
    ["Corpus callosum", "Massive fiber bundle connecting left and right hemispheres", "Coordinates bilateral movements"],
    ["Thalamus", "Sensory relay station for all inputs (except smell)", "Thalamic strokes → contralateral sensory loss"],
    ["Hypothalamus", "Autonomic regulation, homeostasis", "Autonomic dysfunction in neuro patients"],
    ["Amygdala", "Emotional regulation (fear, anxiety)", "Role in chronic pain and fear of movement"],
    ["Hippocampus", "Memory formation and storage", "Motor learning requires intact hippocampus"],
    ["Basal Ganglia", "Modulation of voluntary movement, motor learning", "Damage → Parkinson's, Huntington's"],
]
story.append(make_table(deep_headers, deep_rows, col_widths=[4*cm, 6*cm, 6*cm]))
story.append(sp(10))

# ── PART 2: BRAINSTEM ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
story.append(h1("PART 2: BRAINSTEM"))
story.append(sp(6))
story.append(body("The brainstem connects the cerebrum above to the spinal cord below. "
                  "It has <b>3 parts</b> from top to bottom: Midbrain → Pons → Medulla."))
story.append(sp(6))

story.append(fetch_img("https://cdn.orris.care/cdss_images/3d7729f7bbb6c406f8719c07e7a0099f5134470b3935deba71634c84acec5910.png", width=11*cm))
story.append(Paragraph("Fig 2. Brainstem - midsagittal view (Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain, 5e)", source_style))
story.append(sp(8))

story.append(h2("1. Midbrain"))
story.append(body("Located adjacent to the cerebral aqueduct. Has two regions: <b>Tectum</b> (dorsal/posterior) and "
                  "<b>Tegmentum</b> (ventral/anterior). Contains CN III (oculomotor) and CN IV (trochlear). "
                  "Important for eye movements and auditory/visual reflexes."))
story.append(sp(6))

story.append(h2("2. Pons"))
story.append(body("Middle segment, adjacent to 4th ventricle. Contains CN V (trigeminal), CN VI (abducens), "
                  "CN VII (facial), CN VIII (vestibulocochlear). Pontine nuclei relay cerebellar input from the cortex. "
                  "Contains respiratory control centers."))
story.append(sp(6))

story.append(h2("3. Medulla Oblongata"))
story.append(body("Lowest segment, merges with the spinal cord. Contains CN IX, X, XI, XII. "
                  "<b>Vital centers:</b> respiratory rhythm, cardiac rate, blood pressure, swallowing, vomiting. "
                  "Key decussations occur here:"))
story.append(body("• <b>Pyramidal decussation</b> - corticospinal tract crosses here (explains contralateral weakness)"))
story.append(body("• <b>Medial lemniscus</b> - dorsal column sensory fibers cross here"))
story.append(sp(6))

story.append(h2("Brainstem Clinical Points for PT"))
bs_headers = ["Lesion", "Clinical Sign"]
bs_rows = [
    ["Midbrain", "Contralateral hemiplegia + ipsilateral CN III palsy (Weber's syndrome)"],
    ["Pons", "Facial nerve palsy + contralateral limb weakness (crossed signs)"],
    ["Medulla", "Lateral medullary syndrome (Wallenberg) - dysphagia, ataxia, Horner's syndrome"],
]
story.append(make_table(bs_headers, bs_rows, col_widths=[4*cm, 12*cm]))
story.append(sp(4))
story.append(tip("Brainstem lesions cause CROSSED SIGNS - ipsilateral cranial nerve + contralateral limb findings. "
                  "This distinguishes brainstem from cortical lesions."))
story.append(sp(10))

# ── PART 3: CEREBELLUM ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
story.append(h1("PART 3: CEREBELLUM"))
story.append(sp(6))

story.append(fetch_img("https://cdn.orris.care/cdss_images/1adae3d4545075b179f97aa9015b95f75422f027a9566c5e11c7d20bca2d1bf4.png", width=14*cm))
story.append(Paragraph("Fig 3. Cerebellum anatomy - dorsal view, lobules, cross-section (Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain, 5e)", source_style))
story.append(sp(8))

story.append(h2("Location & Basic Structure"))
story.append(body("Sits in the <b>posterior fossa</b>, dorsal to the pons and medulla. "
                  "Forms the <b>roof of the 4th ventricle</b>. Separated from occipital lobes by the <b>tentorium cerebelli</b>. "
                  "Surface has transverse ridges called <b>folia</b> (like gyri but smaller and tighter)."))
story.append(sp(6))

story.append(h2("Divisions"))
div_headers = ["Part", "Region", "Function"]
div_rows = [
    ["Vermis", "Midline 'backbone'", "Controls axial (trunk, neck, head) musculature - posture and gait"],
    ["Cerebellar hemispheres", "Lateral parts", "Controls ipsilateral limb movements"],
    ["Flocculonodular lobe", "Most anterior/inferior", "Vestibular function, equilibrium and balance"],
]
story.append(make_table(div_headers, div_rows, col_widths=[4.5*cm, 4.5*cm, 7*cm]))
story.append(sp(6))

story.append(h3("3 Lobes:"))
story.append(body("• <b>Anterior lobe</b> (lobules I-V) - limb coordination"))
story.append(body("• <b>Posterior lobe</b> (lobules VI-IX) - skilled limb movements"))
story.append(body("• <b>Flocculonodular lobe</b> (lobule X) - balance and eye movements"))
story.append(sp(6))

story.append(h2("Cerebellar Peduncles (connections)"))
ped_headers = ["Peduncle", "Connection", "Main Pathway"]
ped_rows = [
    ["Superior", "To midbrain", "Output - to thalamus → cortex"],
    ["Middle", "To pons", "Input from cerebral cortex (via pontine nuclei)"],
    ["Inferior", "To medulla", "Input from spinal cord and vestibular system"],
]
story.append(make_table(ped_headers, ped_rows, col_widths=[4*cm, 4*cm, 8*cm]))
story.append(sp(6))

story.append(h2("Cerebellar Functions - PT Focus"))
func_headers = ["Function", "What it does", "When damaged"]
func_rows = [
    ["Modulation of muscle tone", "Balances agonist/antagonist", "Hypotonia on ipsilateral side"],
    ["Coordination", "Smooth, precise movements", "Dysmetria, intention tremor"],
    ["Posture & balance", "Axial stability", "Truncal ataxia, wide-based gait"],
    ["Motor learning", "Adapts movements over time", "Impaired motor skill acquisition"],
    ["Gait", "Coordinated stepping", "Cerebellar ataxic gait"],
]
story.append(make_table(func_headers, func_rows, col_widths=[5*cm, 5.5*cm, 5.5*cm]))
story.append(sp(4))
story.append(tip("Cerebellum is IPSILATERAL - right cerebellar damage causes right-sided incoordination. "
                  "Opposite to cerebral cortex which is contralateral."))
story.append(sp(10))

# ── QUICK RECALL TABLE ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
story.append(h1("QUICK RECALL TABLE"))
story.append(sp(6))
qr_headers = ["Structure", "Key Point"]
qr_rows = [
    ["Precentral gyrus", "Primary motor cortex"],
    ["Postcentral gyrus", "Primary somatosensory cortex"],
    ["Frontal lobe", "Motor, executive function"],
    ["Parietal lobe", "Sensation, proprioception"],
    ["Temporal lobe", "Hearing, memory"],
    ["Occipital lobe", "Vision"],
    ["Midbrain", "CN III, IV; eye movements; tectum & tegmentum"],
    ["Pons", "CN V-VIII; respiratory centre; pontine nuclei"],
    ["Medulla", "CN IX-XII; vital centers; pyramidal decussation"],
    ["Cerebellar vermis", "Axial/trunk control, gait"],
    ["Cerebellar hemispheres", "Ipsilateral limb coordination"],
    ["Thalamus", "Sensory relay (all except smell)"],
    ["Basal ganglia", "Movement modulation; Parkinson's if damaged"],
]
story.append(make_table(qr_headers, qr_rows, col_widths=[6*cm, 10*cm]))
story.append(sp(16))

# Footer
story.append(hr())
story.append(Paragraph("Sources: Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain 5e | Localization in Clinical Neurology 8e | Barash Clinical Anesthesia 9e", source_style))
story.append(Paragraph("Notes prepared for MPT Exam | July 2026", source_style))

doc.build(story)
print(f"PDF saved to {OUTPUT}")

cd /home/daytona/workspace/mpt-notes && python generate_pdf.py