Categorized Exam Questions - Board 1 Pathology

1. Genetic Disorders

• Define single gene disorder; tell its types
• What do you mean by single genetic disorder?
• What are the characteristic features of autosomal recessive disorders? Give some examples.
• Mention clinical features of Klinefelter syndrome; Define Klinefelter syndrome
• What do you mean by hermaphroditism and pseudohermaphroditism?
• Tell something about Turner syndrome; Mention its clinical features
• What is karyotype?
• What are the characteristic features of autosomal dominant disorders? Give examples.
• What do you mean by Down syndrome? Mention its clinical features.
• What is mutation? What are the types of mutation? What is point mutation?
• What are the characteristic features of X-linked disorders? Give some examples.

2. Blood Grouping & Blood Transfusion

• Classify blood groups. What do you mean by Rh incompatibility?
• Complications of blood transfusion. What are the principal blood groups?
• Tell three complications of blood transfusion. What is massive transfusion? Tell two complications of massive transfusion.
• Name three blood group antigens. Tell important blood group systems on the basis of red cell antigen.
• Mention the indications of blood transfusion.
• What are the diseases transmitted through blood transfusion?

3. Neoplasia

• Define tumour. Name some malignant tumours arising from mesenchymal tissue. What is Hamartoma/Choristoma?
• Tell the name of four epithelial malignant tumours.
• Tell three examples of precancerous conditions.
• Tell three microscopic differences between benign and malignant neoplasm.
• What do you mean by carcinogen? What are the chemical carcinogens? Name the oncogenic viruses.
• Tell five names of childhood malignant tumours. Tell the name of human oncogenic DNA viruses.
• Define neoplasm. Mention important criteria of malignant cells.
• Define tumour. Name the tests done in the laboratory for diagnosis of a tumour.
• Define tumour. Name some malignant tumours arising from epithelial tissue. What is malignant neoplasm? What are the locally malignant tumours?
• Define cytology. What are its types? Mention the different types of cytology specimens.
• Define neoplasm. Classify neoplasm according to behaviour. Tell three naked-eye differences between benign and malignant.
• Define neoplasm. Classify neoplasm. What is the difference between carcinoma and sarcoma?
• Define paraneoplastic syndrome. In which type of tumour do you get paraneoplastic syndrome? Tell three importances of paraneoplastic syndrome.
• Define metastasis. What are the routes of metastasis (with examples)? What is skip metastasis? What is sentinel lymph node?
• Tell four differences between carcinoma and sarcoma. What is hamartoma? Tell four examples of locally malignant tumours.
• What do you mean by exfoliative cytology and aspiration cytology? Give examples. What is biopsy? Tell the types of biopsy.
• Define staging. What do you mean by T, N and M in the TNM staging system? Tell one importance of staging.
• Define carcinoma in situ. Mention its clinical importance.
• Tell five characteristics of a malignant tumour. Define anaplasia. Tell the features of anaplasia.
• What do you mean by carcinoma and sarcoma? Name three important locally malignant tumours.
• Tell four epithelial malignant tumours. Tell three examples of pre-cancerous conditions.

4. Leukaemia

• Define leukaemoid reaction. What are the types? Mention two causes of each type.
• Define leukaemoid reaction. How does it differ from leukaemia?
• Tell three differences between myeloblast and lymphoblast. What are the clinical features of acute leukaemia?
• Classify leukaemia. What are the differences between acute and chronic leukaemia?
• Define leukaemia. What are the principles of treatment of leukaemia?
• What are the laboratory findings of CML? Differentiate CML from leukaemoid reaction.
• What is Philadelphia chromosome? What is its importance?

5. Haemodynamic Disorders

• Define exudate and transudate. Classify oedema on the basis of fluid. Tall four major causes of generalised oedema.
• What are the causes of cardiogenic shock?
• Tell four basic pathophysiological types of oedema. Explain the mechanism of cardiac oedema.
• Define shock. Enumerate the causes of hypovolaemic and septic shock.
• Define embolus. What are the types of embolus? What are the fates of thrombus?
• Define thrombus. What are its types? Mention the fates of thrombus.
• Tell the name of four organisms causing septic shock. What are the stages of shock?
• What is transudate? Features of transudative fluid. Mention the causes of transudation.
• Define embolus. What are the differences between thrombosis and embolism? What are the fates of thrombus?
• What do you mean by phlebothrombosis and thrombophlebitis? Mention the fates of thrombus.
• Define thrombus. Tell the differences between phlebothrombosis and thrombophlebitis.

6. Haemorrhagic / Haematological Disorders

• Mention the laboratory diagnosis of haemophilia in a patient. What do you mean by Christmas Disease?
• How will you investigate in a pancytopenia patient?
• What do you mean by DIC? Mention the causes of DIC. What is thrombocytopenia? Tell prolonged clotting time with examples.
• What is purpura? Classify haemorrhagic disorder. Tell three causes of thrombocytopenic purpura.
• What is haemophilia? What are its types? Mention the lab findings of haemophilia.
• What are the differences between haemophilia A and haemophilia B?
• Name four important causes of thrombocytopenia.

7. Inflammation

• What do you mean by exudate and transudate? Mention important differences between exudate and transudate.
• Tell three morphological types of acute inflammation with examples. Tell five functions of neutrophils.
• Define ulcer. Tell four differences between acute and chronic inflammation.
• Define inflammation. What vascular changes occur in acute inflammation?
• Define acute inflammation. Tell signs of acute inflammation. Tell cells of acute inflammation.
• Define inflammation. What are its types with examples?
• Define inflammation. Classify it. Mention the cardinal signs of inflammation.
• Define inflammation. What are the differences between acute and chronic inflammation?
• What are the acute and chronic inflammatory cells? What are the roles of neutrophils in acute inflammation?
• Define chronic inflammation. Tell three causes of chronic inflammation. Name three important chronic inflammatory cells.

8. Anaemia

• Tell the normal haemoglobin level in male and female. What is microcyte? Tell four causes of microcytic hypochromic anaemia.
• Mention the causes of microcytic hypochromic anaemia. Mention the biochemical findings of iron deficiency anaemia.
• Define anaemia. Classify anaemia on the basis of red blood cell indices with examples.
• Mention the peripheral blood film findings of microcytic hypochromic anaemia. Causes of microcytic hypochromic anaemia.
• What are the types of thalassaemia? Why does anaemia occur in thalassaemia? Mention the laboratory findings of thalassaemia.
• Define and classify thalassaemia. Mention the laboratory findings of thalassaemia.
• Define macrocytic anaemia. Mention the causes of macrocytic anaemia. How will you diagnose megaloblastic anaemia?
• Name anaemias that are solely diagnosed by bone marrow examination. Name three defects in sickle cell disease.

9. Cell Injury

• Define necrosis. What are the types of necrosis with examples? What morphological changes occur in necrosis?
• What are the morphological changes seen in apoptosis? Define apoptosis. What are its causes?
• What do you mean by cellular adaptation? Name its types with examples.
• What is pathological calcification? What are the types of calcification? Tell three examples of metastatic calcification.
• Define apoptosis. Tell three physiological and pathological examples of apoptosis.
• Define free radical. Tell three examples of oxygen-derived free radicals. What are the effects of free radicals? How is a free radical inactivated?
• Define cell injury. Tell four causes of cell injury with examples.

10. Haemoglobin & General Haematology

• Mention the value of Hb in male and female. Name the method of Hb estimation.
• Tell the causes of eosinophilia. What are the causes of high rise of ESR?
• Mention the normal value of ESR in male and female. Mention the causes of very high ESR.
• Tell four causes of paraproteinaemia. Causes of neutrophilic leucocytosis.
• Define polycythaemia. Mention its types. What are the causes of polycythaemia?
• Mention the indications of bone marrow examination. Mention the sites of bone marrow aspiration.

Summary of Categories & Question Count