Assignment: Fixed Oils in Pharmacognosy (For Pharmacy Students)

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const fs = require('fs');

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function summaryTable() {
  const cols = ["Oil", "Biological Source", "Family", "Key Constituents", "Main Pharmacological Use"];
  const rows = [
    ["Castor Oil", "Ricinus communis (seeds)", "Euphorbiaceae", "Ricinoleic acid (~85–90%)", "Stimulant laxative, emollient"],
    ["Mustard Oil", "Brassica juncea / B. nigra (seeds)", "Brassicaceae", "Erucic acid, oleic, linoleic, linolenic acids", "Rubefacient, liniment base"],
    ["Cottonseed Oil", "Gossypium spp. (seeds)", "Malvaceae", "Linoleic acid (major), oleic, palmitic acids", "Pharmaceutical vehicle, emollient"],
    ["Linseed Oil", "Linum usitatissimum (seeds)", "Linaceae", "α-Linolenic acid (major), linoleic, oleic acids", "Laxative, omega-3 source, protectant"],
    ["Olive Oil", "Olea europaea (fruit pulp)", "Oleaceae", "Oleic acid (major), squalene, tocopherols", "Nutritive, vehicle, mild laxative"],
    ["Peanut Oil", "Arachis hypogaea (seeds)", "Fabaceae", "Oleic, linoleic, palmitic, stearic acids", "IM depot vehicle, emollient"],
  ];

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// ─── Individual oil detail tables ────────────────────────────────────────────
function oilDetailTable(rows) {
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  // ═══ COVER PAGE ═══
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    children: [new TextRun({
      text: "Fixed Oils: Introduction, Classification, Sources,",
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      text: "Active Constituents and Pharmacological Uses",
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  pageBreak(),

  // ═══ SECTION 1 — INTRODUCTION ═══
  h1("1. Introduction to Fixed Oils"),
  hr(),
  body(
    "Fixed oils (also called fatty oils or non-volatile oils) are a class of naturally occurring lipids obtained chiefly from plant seeds and fruits, and occasionally from animal sources. Unlike volatile oils, they do not evaporate when exposed to air at room temperature, cannot be steam-distilled without decomposition, and leave a permanent greasy stain on paper.",
    { justify: true }
  ),
  body(
    "Chemically, fixed oils are predominantly esters of glycerol with higher fatty acids, i.e., triglycerides (triacylglycerols). The fatty acid composition determines the physical properties, stability, and pharmacological character of each oil.",
    { justify: true }
  ),
  spacer(80, 40),
  h3("1.1 General Characteristics"),
  bullet("Insoluble in water; soluble in organic solvents (ether, chloroform, benzene)"),
  bullet("Lighter than water (specific gravity 0.85–0.95)"),
  bullet("Saponifiable — react with alkali to yield glycerol and soap (fatty acid salts)"),
  bullet("Subject to rancidity (oxidative and hydrolytic)"),
  bullet("May contain minor constituents: phospholipids, sterols, tocopherols, carotenoids, waxes"),
  spacer(80, 40),
  h3("1.2 Importance in Pharmacy"),
  bullet("Therapeutic agents (laxatives, emollients, nutritional oils)"),
  bullet("Pharmaceutical excipients: vehicles for oily injections, ointment bases, creams, and suppositories"),
  bullet("Nutritional supplements (essential fatty acids, fat-soluble vitamins)"),
  bullet("Starting materials for semisynthetic pharmaceutical products"),
  bullet("Components of cosmetics and herbal formulations"),
  spacer(100, 60),

  // ═══ SECTION 2 — CLASSIFICATION ═══
  h1("2. Classification of Fixed Oils"),
  hr(),
  h2("2.1 Based on Origin"),
  bullet("Plant-derived: castor, mustard, cottonseed, linseed, olive, peanut, sesame, coconut"),
  bullet("Animal-derived: cod liver oil, shark liver oil, wool fat (lanolin)"),
  spacer(80, 40),
  h2("2.2 Based on Drying Property (Iodine Value)"),
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  h2("2.3 Based on Fatty Acid Composition"),
  bullet("Saturated fatty acid-rich oils: coconut, palm kernel oil"),
  bullet("Monounsaturated (MUFA)-rich oils: olive oil, peanut oil (oleic acid dominant)"),
  bullet("Polyunsaturated (PUFA)-rich oils: cottonseed oil (linoleic acid), linseed oil (α-linolenic acid)"),
  bullet("Hydroxylated fatty acid oils: castor oil (ricinoleic acid)"),
  bullet("Erucic acid-rich oils: mustard oil (variable by cultivar)"),
  spacer(100, 60),

  // ═══ SECTION 3 — INDIVIDUAL OILS ═══
  h1("3. Individual Fixed Oils — Detail"),
  hr(),

  // ── 3.1 CASTOR OIL ──
  h2("3.1 Castor Oil"),
  spacer(40, 40),
  oilDetailTable([
    ["Synonyms", "Oleum Ricini, Ricini Oleum"],
    ["Biological Source", "Fixed oil expressed from the seeds of Ricinus communis Linn."],
    ["Family", "Euphorbiaceae"],
    ["Geographical Source", "India (largest producer), Brazil, China, Ethiopia, Thailand"],
    ["Part Used", "Ripe seeds (endosperm)"],
    ["Method of Extraction", "Cold expression (pharma grade); hot expression (industrial grade)"],
    ["Appearance", "Colourless to pale yellow, viscous, oily liquid; characteristic odour; slightly acrid taste"],
    ["Specific Gravity", "0.954 – 0.968"],
    ["Solubility", "Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform; insoluble in water"],
    ["Iodine Value", "82 – 90 (non-drying oil)"],
    ["Saponification Value", "176 – 187"],
  ]),
  spacer(120, 60),
  h3("Active Constituents"),
  bullet("Ricinoleic acid (12-hydroxy-9-octadecenoic acid) — 85 to 90% of total fatty acids"),
  bullet("Oleic acid — approx. 3–5%"),
  bullet("Linoleic acid — approx. 3–5%"),
  bullet("Palmitic acid, stearic acid — minor amounts"),
  body("Note: Ricinoleic acid is a unique hydroxylated unsaturated fatty acid and is responsible for most pharmacological activities of castor oil.", { color: "555555", italics: true, justify: true }),
  spacer(100, 60),
  h3("Pharmacological Uses"),
  bullet("Stimulant purgative / laxative: ricinoleic acid (released after intestinal hydrolysis) irritates intestinal mucosa and promotes peristalsis"),
  bullet("Emollient: used in creams, lotions, lip balms, and hair products"),
  bullet("Pharmaceutical vehicle and base for several ointments and plasters"),
  bullet("Manufacture of undecylenic acid and zinc undecylenate (antifungal agent)"),
  bullet("Industrial uses: lubricants, polyurethane resins, coatings"),
  bullet("Castor oil pack used in traditional medicine for abdominal conditions"),
  spacer(160, 80),

  // ── 3.2 MUSTARD OIL ──
  h2("3.2 Mustard Oil"),
  spacer(40, 40),
  oilDetailTable([
    ["Synonyms", "Oleum Sinapis, Expressed Mustard Oil"],
    ["Biological Source", "Fixed oil expressed from seeds of Brassica juncea, Brassica nigra, Brassica campestris"],
    ["Family", "Brassicaceae (Cruciferae)"],
    ["Geographical Source", "India, Bangladesh, China, Canada, Russia"],
    ["Part Used", "Seeds (after removal of volatile mustard oil)"],
    ["Method of Extraction", "Cold expression; solvent extraction for industrial grade"],
    ["Appearance", "Yellow to brownish-yellow, oily liquid; pungent odour (residual allyl isothiocyanate)"],
    ["Specific Gravity", "0.910 – 0.920"],
    ["Iodine Value", "96 – 107 (semi-drying)"],
    ["Saponification Value", "170 – 184"],
  ]),
  spacer(120, 60),
  h3("Active Constituents"),
  bullet("Erucic acid (cis-13-docosenoic acid) — variable, up to 40% in traditional cultivars; low-erucic varieties developed for safety"),
  bullet("Oleic acid — 10 to 30%"),
  bullet("Linoleic acid — 12 to 24%"),
  bullet("Linolenic acid — 5 to 14%"),
  bullet("Eicosenoic acid — minor amounts"),
  body("Seeds also contain glucosinolates (sinigrin, gluconapin) which yield allyl isothiocyanate (volatile mustard oil) on hydrolysis — this is a separate component from the fixed oil.", { color: "555555", italics: true, justify: true }),
  spacer(100, 60),
  h3("Pharmacological Uses"),
  bullet("Rubefacient: applied externally it increases blood flow and produces warmth — used in arthritis, rheumatic pain, muscular aches"),
  bullet("Counterirritant in liniments and embrocations"),
  bullet("Base for oil massages (traditional Indian medicine — Ayurveda)"),
  bullet("Culinary oil (low-erucic acid varieties) — widely consumed in South Asia"),
  bullet("Antifungal and antimicrobial activity reported (phenolics and glucosinolate derivatives)"),
  bullet("Traditional use as nasal drop base (Nasya therapy in Ayurveda)"),
  spacer(160, 80),

  // ── 3.3 COTTONSEED OIL ──
  h2("3.3 Cottonseed Oil"),
  spacer(40, 40),
  oilDetailTable([
    ["Synonyms", "Oleum Gossypii Seminis"],
    ["Biological Source", "Fixed oil obtained from seeds of Gossypium hirsutum and other Gossypium species"],
    ["Family", "Malvaceae"],
    ["Geographical Source", "USA, India, China, Pakistan, Brazil"],
    ["Part Used", "Seeds (cottonseed after removal of cotton lint)"],
    ["Method of Extraction", "Expeller pressing followed by solvent extraction; refining is essential for pharma use"],
    ["Appearance", "Pale yellow, clear, oily liquid (after refining); crude oil is dark reddish-brown"],
    ["Specific Gravity", "0.914 – 0.921"],
    ["Iodine Value", "99 – 119 (semi-drying)"],
    ["Saponification Value", "189 – 198"],
  ]),
  spacer(120, 60),
  h3("Active Constituents"),
  bullet("Linoleic acid — 48 to 58% (major polyunsaturated fatty acid)"),
  bullet("Palmitic acid — 21 to 26%"),
  bullet("Oleic acid — 15 to 20%"),
  bullet("Stearic acid — 2 to 3%"),
  bullet("Tocopherols (Vitamin E) — important antioxidant fraction"),
  body("Crude cottonseed oil contains gossypol, a toxic polyphenolic pigment that must be removed by refining before pharmaceutical or nutritional use.", { color: "555555", italics: true, justify: true }),
  spacer(100, 60),
  h3("Pharmacological Uses"),
  bullet("Pharmaceutical vehicle: refined cottonseed oil used as oily vehicle in intramuscular and subcutaneous preparations"),
  bullet("Emollient base in topical creams, ointments, and lotions"),
  bullet("Source of essential fatty acid (linoleic acid) in nutritional therapy"),
  bullet("Used in suppository and enema formulations"),
  bullet("Soap manufacturing and cosmetics industry"),
  bullet("Refined hydrogenated form used in pharmaceutical solid dosage form coatings"),
  spacer(160, 80),

  // ── 3.4 LINSEED OIL ──
  h2("3.4 Linseed Oil"),
  spacer(40, 40),
  oilDetailTable([
    ["Synonyms", "Oleum Lini, Flaxseed Oil, Linum Oil"],
    ["Biological Source", "Fixed oil obtained from dried ripe seeds of Linum usitatissimum Linn."],
    ["Family", "Linaceae"],
    ["Geographical Source", "Russia, Canada, India, Argentina, USA, Kazakhstan"],
    ["Part Used", "Dried ripe seeds"],
    ["Method of Extraction", "Cold expression (nutritional grade); hot pressing or solvent extraction (industrial grade)"],
    ["Appearance", "Yellowish liquid; characteristic odour; mild, slightly bitter taste"],
    ["Specific Gravity", "0.925 – 0.935"],
    ["Iodine Value", "170 – 204 (high — drying oil)"],
    ["Saponification Value", "188 – 196"],
  ]),
  spacer(120, 60),
  h3("Active Constituents"),
  bullet("α-Linolenic acid (ALA, omega-3) — 45 to 60% — the highest plant source"),
  bullet("Linoleic acid (omega-6) — 12 to 18%"),
  bullet("Oleic acid — 12 to 18%"),
  bullet("Palmitic acid — 4 to 7%"),
  bullet("Stearic acid — 2 to 5%"),
  bullet("Lignans (plant phenolics, especially in whole seeds) — minor in oil"),
  body("The very high α-linolenic acid content gives linseed oil the highest iodine value among common fixed oils, making it the classic drying oil in pharmacy and industry.", { color: "555555", italics: true, justify: true }),
  spacer(100, 60),
  h3("Pharmacological Uses"),
  bullet("Mild laxative: whole seeds used as bulk laxative; oil used traditionally to relieve constipation"),
  bullet("Anti-inflammatory and cardioprotective: omega-3 ALA reduces pro-inflammatory eicosanoids and supports cardiovascular health"),
  bullet("Skin protectant and emollient: applied topically to soothe dry, inflamed skin"),
  bullet("Nutritional omega-3 supplement in vegetarian diets"),
  bullet("Linseed poultice (boiled seeds) used traditionally for boils and skin inflammations"),
  bullet("Industrial uses: vehicle in paints, varnishes, printer's inks (due to its drying nature)"),
  spacer(160, 80),

  // ── 3.5 OLIVE OIL ──
  h2("3.5 Olive Oil"),
  spacer(40, 40),
  oilDetailTable([
    ["Synonyms", "Oleum Olivae, Sweet Oil"],
    ["Biological Source", "Fixed oil obtained from ripe or nearly ripe fruits (pericarp) of Olea europaea Linn."],
    ["Family", "Oleaceae"],
    ["Geographical Source", "Spain (largest producer), Italy, Greece, Tunisia, Morocco, Turkey"],
    ["Part Used", "Fruit (pericarp/mesocarp — the fleshy part)"],
    ["Method of Extraction", "Cold pressing — yields virgin/extra-virgin olive oil; subsequent pressing or solvent extraction — yields refined grades"],
    ["Appearance", "Pale yellow or greenish-yellow, oily liquid; faint fruity odour; mild taste (extra-virgin has slight peppery note)"],
    ["Specific Gravity", "0.907 – 0.915"],
    ["Iodine Value", "75 – 94 (non-drying)"],
    ["Saponification Value", "184 – 196"],
  ]),
  spacer(120, 60),
  h3("Active Constituents"),
  bullet("Oleic acid (omega-9, monounsaturated) — 55 to 83% — predominant fatty acid"),
  bullet("Linoleic acid — 4 to 16%"),
  bullet("Palmitic acid — 7 to 16%"),
  bullet("Stearic acid — 1 to 5%"),
  bullet("Squalene — up to 1% (triterpene; significant in virgin oil)"),
  bullet("Tocopherols (Vitamin E) — alpha-tocopherol (antioxidant)"),
  bullet("Polyphenols: oleuropein, hydroxytyrosol, oleocanthal (virgin olive oil; anti-inflammatory)"),
  bullet("Phytosterols: beta-sitosterol (minor)"),
  spacer(100, 60),
  h3("Pharmacological Uses"),
  bullet("Nutritive / dietary oil: the cornerstone of the Mediterranean diet; high MUFA content is cardioprotective and reduces LDL oxidation"),
  bullet("Mild laxative: oral administration increases intestinal peristalsis and softens stools; used in biliary colic"),
  bullet("Demulcent and emollient: soothes mucous membranes when ingested; softens inflamed skin externally"),
  bullet("Pharmaceutical vehicle: official vehicle for many oily preparations, medicated oils, ear drops"),
  bullet("Ear drops: softens earwax (cerumen)"),
  bullet("Ointment and cream base"),
  bullet("Oleocanthal (polyphenol): COX inhibitory (NSAID-like) anti-inflammatory effect — unique to extra-virgin olive oil"),
  bullet("Squalene fraction: potential antioxidant and chemopreventive agent (ongoing research)"),
  spacer(160, 80),

  // ── 3.6 PEANUT OIL ──
  h2("3.6 Peanut Oil (Groundnut Oil)"),
  spacer(40, 40),
  oilDetailTable([
    ["Synonyms", "Oleum Arachidis, Arachis Oil, Groundnut Oil"],
    ["Biological Source", "Fixed oil obtained from seeds (kernels) of Arachis hypogaea Linn."],
    ["Family", "Fabaceae (Leguminosae)"],
    ["Geographical Source", "China, India, Nigeria, USA, Sudan"],
    ["Part Used", "Seeds (kernels)"],
    ["Method of Extraction", "Cold expression (pharma grade); hot pressing or solvent extraction (edible grade)"],
    ["Appearance", "Pale yellow, clear, oily liquid; faint characteristic odour; bland, nutty taste"],
    ["Specific Gravity", "0.912 – 0.920"],
    ["Iodine Value", "80 – 106 (non-drying)"],
    ["Saponification Value", "185 – 196"],
  ]),
  spacer(120, 60),
  h3("Active Constituents"),
  bullet("Oleic acid (omega-9) — 36 to 67%"),
  bullet("Linoleic acid (omega-6) — 13 to 43%"),
  bullet("Palmitic acid — 8 to 16%"),
  bullet("Stearic acid — 1 to 7%"),
  bullet("Arachidic acid (C20:0) — minor (gives the oil its name 'arachidis')"),
  bullet("Behenic acid (C22:0) — trace"),
  bullet("Tocopherols (Vitamin E): gamma-tocopherol predominantly"),
  spacer(100, 60),
  h3("Pharmacological Uses"),
  bullet("Pharmaceutical vehicle (depot injections): official in pharmacopoeias (BP, IP, USP) as vehicle for oil-based depot intramuscular injections (e.g., testosterone, progesterone, oily penicillin preparations)"),
  bullet("Emollient: used in creams, lotions, and ointments for dry skin"),
  bullet("Nutritional supplement: good source of monounsaturated fatty acids and Vitamin E"),
  bullet("Wax and base for suppositories and pessaries"),
  bullet("Solvent for fat-soluble vitamins (Vitamins A, D, E, K) in pharmaceutical preparations"),
  bullet("Industrial use: soap, lubricants, paints"),
  body("CAUTION: Peanut oil may cause severe allergic reactions including anaphylaxis in peanut-allergic individuals. Pharmaceutical preparations using peanut oil must carry clear labelling.", { color: "AA0000", bold: true, justify: true }),
  spacer(160, 80),

  // ═══ SECTION 4 — SUMMARY TABLE ═══
  pageBreak(),
  h1("4. Comparative Summary Table"),
  hr(),
  body("The table below provides a quick comparison of all six fixed oils studied:"),
  spacer(80, 60),
  summaryTable(),
  spacer(120, 60),

  // ═══ SECTION 5 — QUALITY & STORAGE ═══
  h1("5. Quality Standards and Storage"),
  hr(),
  h2("5.1 Pharmacopoeial Standards"),
  body("Fixed oils used in pharmacy must meet the specifications of official pharmacopoeias (Indian Pharmacopoeia — IP, British Pharmacopoeia — BP, United States Pharmacopeia — USP). Key parameters include:", { justify: true }),
  bullet("Specific gravity (density)"),
  bullet("Refractive index"),
  bullet("Acid value (measure of free fatty acids; indicates rancidity)"),
  bullet("Iodine value (degree of unsaturation)"),
  bullet("Saponification value (average molecular weight of fatty acids)"),
  bullet("Unsaponifiable matter (sterols, waxes, hydrocarbons)"),
  bullet("Peroxide value (primary oxidative rancidity)"),
  bullet("Moisture and volatile matter"),
  spacer(100, 60),
  h2("5.2 Rancidity"),
  body("Rancidity is the deterioration of oils due to chemical changes in fatty acids, producing off-flavours and potentially harmful peroxides:", { justify: true }),
  bullet("Hydrolytic rancidity: water + lipase → free fatty acids (increases acid value)"),
  bullet("Oxidative rancidity: unsaturated fatty acids + oxygen → peroxides → aldehydes, ketones (increases peroxide value)"),
  bullet("Preventive measures: antioxidants (BHT, BHA, tocopherols), airtight containers, cool dark storage"),
  spacer(100, 60),
  h2("5.3 Storage Conditions"),
  bullet("Store in well-filled, airtight, light-resistant containers"),
  bullet("Cool, dry place away from heat and direct sunlight"),
  bullet("Avoid metal containers (metal ions catalyse oxidation)"),
  bullet("Add antioxidants if required by pharmacopoeial monograph"),
  spacer(160, 80),

  // ═══ SECTION 6 — CONCLUSION ═══
  h1("6. Conclusion"),
  hr(),
  body(
    "Fixed oils occupy a critical position in pharmaceutical sciences. Their therapeutic applications range from laxation (castor oil) and cardiovascular nutrition (olive, linseed, peanut oils) to counterirritant and rubefacient action (mustard oil). As pharmaceutical excipients, they serve as vehicles for injections (peanut, cottonseed oils), ointment and cream bases (olive, peanut, castor oils), and emollient agents (most oils).",
    { justify: true }
  ),
  body(
    "A thorough understanding of the biological sources, active constituents, and pharmacological profile of these oils is essential for pharmacy students to rationally select and use them in dosage form design, patient counselling, and quality control.",
    { justify: true }
  ),
  spacer(160, 80),

  // ═══ SECTION 7 — REFERENCES ═══
  h1("7. References"),
  hr(),
  bullet("Evans WC. Trease and Evans' Pharmacognosy. 16th edition. Elsevier; 2009. Chapter on Fixed Oils."),
  bullet("Kokate CK, Purohit AP, Gokhale SB. Pharmacognosy. 54th edition. Nirali Prakashan; 2019."),
  bullet("Wallis TE. Textbook of Pharmacognosy. 5th edition. J&A Churchill Ltd; 1985."),
  bullet("Indian Pharmacopoeia 2018. Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Ghaziabad. Monographs on Fixed Oils."),
  bullet("British Pharmacopoeia 2023. Stationery Office, London. Monographs: Arachis Oil, Castor Oil, Olive Oil."),
  bullet("Bruneton J. Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants. 2nd edition. Lavoisier; 1999."),
  bullet("Harborne JB, Baxter H. Phytochemical Dictionary. 2nd edition. Taylor & Francis; 1995."),
  bullet("WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants. Vol. 1–4. WHO Press; 1999–2009."),
];

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