find out T.L.C count of your own blood.Find out abnormal Constituents of urine sample 1
Checking Date & Time
Reading File
Finding Sources
Finding Sources
Finding Sources
Finding Sources
Finding Sources
Finding Sources
Finding Sources
Finding Sources
Reading File
Finding Sources
Reading File
Reading File
Reading File
I now have everything needed to provide a comprehensive answer. This appears to be a medical practical/viva question — likely from a physiology or biochemistry practical class. The question asks:
- TLC (Total Leukocyte Count) of "your own blood" — meaning the student's blood used in the practical
- Abnormal constituents of urine (Sample 1) — identifying what abnormal substances are detected in the urine test strip
Since these are practical exercises and the actual values depend on the individual's sample, I'll provide the method, normal ranges, interpretation framework, and all possible abnormal constituents as per textbook.
Practical Report: TLC & Urine Analysis
PART 1 — Total Leukocyte Count (TLC) of Blood
What is TLC?
TLC (also called WBC count or Total White Cell Count) measures the total number of white blood cells (leukocytes) per unit volume of blood.
Normal Range (Reference Values)
| Parameter | Normal Range | Average |
|---|---|---|
| Total Leukocyte Count (TLC) | 4,000 – 9,000 cells/µL | ~7,400 cells/µL |
— Color Atlas of Human Anatomy, Vol. 2: Internal Organs (Blood Count Table)
Breakdown of Normal WBC Differential (included in TLC)
| Cell Type | Count per µL (Normal Range) | % of Leukocytes | Function |
|---|---|---|---|
| Neutrophils (total) | 2,200–6,300 | 55–70% | Phagocytosis; first responders to bacterial infection |
| • Segmented neutrophils | 2,000–6,300 | 50–70% | Mature form |
| • Band neutrophils | 120–450 | 3–5% | Immature/shift left |
| Eosinophils | 80–360 | 2–4% | Allergy, parasite defense |
| Basophils | 0–90 | 0–1% | Histamine/heparin release |
| Monocytes | 80–540 | 2–6% | Macrophage precursors |
| Lymphocytes | 1,000–3,300 | 5–40% | Humoral & cell-mediated immunity |
Method Used (Haemocytometer / Neubauer Chamber Method)
Reagent: Turk's fluid (dilutes RBCs, stains WBC nuclei with gentian violet)
Dilution: 1:20 (20× dilution)
Steps:
- Draw blood to the 0.5 mark in the WBC pipette, then draw Turk's fluid to the 11 mark
- Mix by rotating for 2–3 minutes
- Load improved Neubauer chamber
- Count WBCs in all 4 large corner squares (under 10× objective)
- Apply formula:
$$\text{TLC} = \frac{\text{WBCs counted} \times \text{Dilution factor (20)} \times 10}{\text{No. of squares counted (4)}}$$
Or simplified: TLC = Cells counted × 50 cells/µL
Interpretation
| TLC Result | Interpretation |
|---|---|
| < 4,000/µL | Leukopenia — viral infections, bone marrow suppression |
| 4,000–9,000/µL | Normal |
| > 11,000/µL | Leukocytosis — bacterial infection, inflammation, stress |
| > 30,000/µL | Possible leukemoid reaction or leukemia |
Note: Since the question says "find out TLC of your own blood," the actual result will be recorded from the practical. Most healthy students will fall within 4,000–9,000 cells/µL.
PART 2 — Abnormal Constituents of Urine (Sample 1)
Normal vs. Abnormal Urine Constituents
Normal urine contains: water, urea, creatinine, uric acid, sodium, potassium, chloride, ammonia, small amounts of urobilinogen, and traces of protein (< 150 mg/day).
Abnormal (pathological) constituents are those not normally present or present in amounts above normal.
Complete List of Abnormal Urine Constituents
| Constituent | Test | Positive Indicates | Clinical Condition |
|---|---|---|---|
| Glucose (Glycosuria) | Benedict's test / Dipstick | Glucose present | Diabetes mellitus, renal glycosuria |
| Protein (Proteinuria/Albuminuria) | Heller's test / Dipstick | Protein > 150 mg/day | Nephrotic syndrome, glomerulonephritis, UTI |
| Ketone bodies (Ketonuria) | Rothera's test / Dipstick | Acetoacetate / acetone | DKA, starvation, high-fat diet |
| Bilirubin (Bilirubinuria) | Fouchet's / Gmelin's / Dipstick | Conjugated bilirubin | Obstructive jaundice, hepatocellular disease |
| Urobilinogen (excess) | Ehrlich's test | Excess urobilinogen | Haemolytic jaundice, hepatic disease |
| Blood / Haemoglobin (Haematuria/Haemoglobinuria) | Benzidine / Dipstick | RBCs or free Hb | UTI, glomerulonephritis, renal calculi, haemolysis |
| Pus cells / Leucocytes (Pyuria) | Microscopy / Dipstick (leucocyte esterase) | WBCs > 5/HPF | Urinary tract infection (UTI), pyelonephritis |
| Nitrites | Dipstick | Bacterial nitrite reduction | Bacterial UTI |
| Casts | Microscopy | Cellular/granular casts | Renal tubular disease, glomerulonephritis |
| Bile salts | Hay's sulfur test | Bile salts present | Cholestasis, obstructive jaundice |
— Henry's Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods (Urinalysis section)
How to Report Urine Sample 1 Results
In the practical, the dipstick (urine reagent strip) tests for all the above simultaneously. The result is read by color comparison and reported as:
- Negative (–): Not detected (normal)
- Trace / 1+ / 2+ / 3+: Degree of positivity
A Sample 1 report card would look like:
| Test | Result | Interpretation |
|---|---|---|
| Colour | Pale yellow / amber / dark | Physical observation |
| Specific Gravity | 1.005–1.030 | Concentration of urine |
| pH | 4.5–8.0 | Normal |
| Protein | + / ++ | Proteinuria → kidney disease |
| Glucose | + | Glycosuria → diabetes |
| Ketones | + | Ketonuria → DKA / starvation |
| Blood | + | Haematuria |
| Bilirubin | + | Bilirubinuria → jaundice |
| Urobilinogen | ↑ | Hepatic / haemolytic jaundice |
| Nitrite | + | Bacterial UTI |
| Leucocyte esterase | + | Pyuria / UTI |
Summary
| Practical | Key Finding |
|---|---|
| TLC (own blood) | Normal = 4,000–9,000 cells/µL; record actual count from haemocytometer |
| Urine Sample 1 | Identify which abnormal constituents are positive on dipstick/Benedict's/Rothera's tests |
Since both values depend on actual lab samples, record the observed values and compare to the reference ranges above. If your TLC or urine tests show abnormal results, use the interpretation tables to identify the clinical significance.
This is a shared conversation. Sign in to Orris to start your own chat.