Give me all the answers to the question on septum, nasal septum, and all of its disorders for 10 marks each, each consisting of definition, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, stages, complications, treatment, investigations, and management separately for each of the diseases coming under the chapter nasal septum and its disorders. It should mainly consist of deviated nasal septum, nasal perforation, nasal septal hematoma, septal perforation, septal abscess, etc.
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All five comprehensive 10-mark answers are compiled above. Here's a quick guide to what's covered:
What's Included
1. Deviated Nasal Septum (DNS)
- Full Mladina classification (Types I-VII) and C/S-shaped/spur types
- Pathogenesis of nasal cycle, paradoxical obstruction, compensatory turbinate hypertrophy
- Investigations: rhinoscopy, endoscopy, CT, rhinomanometry
- Septoplasty technique in detail (L-strut, Killian's incision, mattress sutures) vs. SMR
2. Nasal Septal Hematoma
- Pathogenesis of ischemic cartilage necrosis (perichondrium as sole blood supply)
- 4-stage progression (acute → organizing → abscess → calcified)
- Step-by-step I&D procedure from Tintinalli's
- Key clinical sign: does NOT shrink with vasoconstrictors
3. Septal Abscess
- Causative organisms with percentages (S. aureus 70%)
- Full complication spectrum up to cavernous sinus thrombosis and intracranial abscess
- Antibiotic regimens including MRSA coverage
- Management of late saddle nose (delayed reconstruction ≥6 months)
4. Septal Perforation
- Complete etiology (trauma, cocaine, chrome salts, syphilis, TB, GPA, iatrogenic)
- Targeted investigations (c-ANCA for GPA, VDRL for syphilis, urine tox for cocaine)
- Conservative (saline, ointments), prosthetic (septal button), and surgical options (bilateral mucoperichondrial flaps + interposition graft)
5. Differential Table comparing hematoma vs. abscess side-by-side for quick revision
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