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Give correct answers
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I now have all the questions. Let me provide the correct answers based on my medical knowledge for all three exam papers.
CORRECT ANSWERS
Paper II - Section A (15-minute paper, 20 questions)
| Q | Question | Correct Answer | Explanation |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Renshaw cell inhibition is an example of: | C - Postsynaptic inhibition | Renshaw cells are inhibitory interneurons that release glycine, causing postsynaptic inhibition (recurrent inhibition) of motor neurons |
| 2 | Infertility is usually: | A - Present when sperm count in ejaculate is <10,000,000/mL | Oligospermia is defined as <20 million/mL; <10 million/mL is severe oligospermia associated with infertility |
| 3 | Ovulation occurs: | D - About 16 hours after LH surge | Ovulation occurs approximately 16-24 hours after the LH surge (peak) |
| 4 | Olfactory receptors are: | B - Rapidly replaced | Olfactory receptor cells are replaced every ~60 days by basal cells; they are bipolar neurons (not "slowly adapting" - olfactory receptors adapt rapidly) |
| 5 | Taste buds for taste receptors are: | C - Modified epithelial cells | Taste receptor cells are modified epithelial cells (not neurons), derived from epithelium |
| 6 | Ear is most sensitive to frequency (Hz) of: | B - 1000-3000 Hz | Human ear is most sensitive to frequencies between 1000-3000 Hz (speech range) |
| 7 | Impaired Glucose Tolerance (GTT): | D - Fasting and PP values are above upper limits of normal but below diabetic GTT values | IGT = fasting <126 mg/dL + 2-hr PP 140-199 mg/dL (above normal but below diabetic threshold) |
| 8 | Loop diuretics block which transporter? | C - Na⁺-K⁺-2Cl⁻ channels | Loop diuretics (furosemide) block the NKCC2 (Na⁺-K⁺-2Cl⁻) cotransporter in the thick ascending limb of Loop of Henle |
| 9 | Renin is secreted by: | D - Granular cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus | Renin is secreted by juxtaglomerular (JG) granular cells, also called myoepithelioid cells |
| 10 | Regarding thyroid hormone, false statement: | B - T₃ has maximum plasma concentration | T₄ has the maximum plasma concentration (~95% of circulating thyroid hormone); T₃ is more potent and active but present in lower concentration. Also D is false - T₃ has a shorter half-life than T₄ (T₃ = 1 day; T₄ = 7 days) - the answer is B |
| 11 | For calcium metabolism, NOT required: | D - Thyroxine | Calcium metabolism requires Vitamin D, PTH, and Calcitonin. Thyroxine does not directly regulate calcium metabolism |
| 12 | In sympathetic ganglion, neurons are: | C - Multipolar | Sympathetic postganglionic neurons are multipolar neurons |
| 13 | All-or-none response holds true for: | A - A single nerve fiber | All-or-none law applies to individual nerve fibers or muscle fibers, not whole nerves or muscles |
| 14 | Depolarizing blocker: | B - Carbamylcholine (Carbachol) | Carbamylcholine is a depolarizing agent. Curare, gallamine, and botulinum toxin are non-depolarizing or pre-synaptic blockers |
| 15 | GH secretion is: | C - Increase on prolonged fasting | GH increases with fasting, hypoglycemia, exercise, and deep sleep. GH secretion is greatest during sleep (Stage III/IV NREM), not early morning |
| 16 | Somatomedin mediates: | A - Deposition of chondroitin sulphate | Somatomedins (IGF-1) mediate anabolic effects of GH including cartilage/bone growth (chondroitin sulfate deposition) |
| 17 | Nightmare is seen in: | A - REM sleep | Nightmares (vivid, frightening dreams) occur during REM sleep. Night terrors occur in Stage IV NREM sleep |
| 18 | Gate for pain impulses to lateral spinothalamic tract is closed by: | D - Fine touch | Gate control theory: large fiber activity (touch, vibration) closes the gate to pain transmission via inhibitory interneurons in substantia gelatinosa |
| 19 | Spinothalamic tract does NOT transmit: | A - Proprioception | Spinothalamic tract carries pain, temperature, and crude touch. Proprioception is carried by the dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway |
| 20 | Tracts NOT mainly involved in posture regulation: | C - Rubrospinal tract | Rubrospinal tract mainly controls skilled limb movements, not posture. Vestibulospinal, reticulospinal, and tectospinal tracts regulate posture |
GS University Paper - Section A (20 questions, Pages 1 & 2)
Page 1 (Q1-Q5, Q11-Q15)
| Q | Question | Correct Answer | Explanation |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Umami taste is due to? | A - Glutamic acid | Umami (savory) taste is stimulated by glutamate, specifically L-glutamic acid (MSG) |
| 2 | Olfactory receptor cells are: | C - Bipolar neurons | Olfactory receptor cells are true bipolar neurons; they are modified epithelial cells only in a general sense, but their neuronal classification is bipolar |
| 3 | True for visual acuity, EXCEPT: | B - Increase with increased plasticity of lens | Visual acuity increases with brightness, increases with larger visual angle (decreases with smaller angle), decreases with distance. Lens plasticity decreasing with age doesn't increase visual acuity - but the correct exception is B (increased lens plasticity is not a determinant of visual acuity in the standard sense) |
| 4 | Pain is carried: | A - By anterolateral column | Pain is carried via the spinothalamic tract which runs in the anterolateral column/funiculus. It reaches area 3, 1, 2 (somatosensory cortex), NOT area 4 (motor cortex) |
| 5 | Dorsal column fibres carry: | C - Fine touch | Dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway carries fine/discriminative touch, vibration, proprioception, and pressure |
| 11 | Early and reliable indicator of ovulation: | A - LH surge | The LH surge is the most reliable and earliest indicator of impending ovulation (ovulation occurs ~16 hrs after LH peak) |
| 12 | Spermatogenesis is promoted by: | B - Gonadotropins | FSH (a gonadotropin) acts on Sertoli cells to promote spermatogenesis; LH stimulates testosterone production |
| 13 | Acrosome of sperm contains: | A - Enzymes | The acrosome contains hydrolytic enzymes (hyaluronidase, acrosin/proacrosin, proteases) needed for fertilization. Fructose is in seminal plasma |
| 14 | Renal calculi seen in: | B - Hyperparathyroidism | Hyperparathyroidism causes hypercalciuria → calcium oxalate/phosphate kidney stones |
| 15 | Anion Gap is due to: | A - Proteins | The normal anion gap (8-12 mEq/L) is primarily due to unmeasured anions, mainly plasma proteins (albumin) |
Page 2 (Q6-Q10, Q16-Q20)
| Q | Question | Correct Answer | Explanation |
|---|---|---|---|
| 6 | Lesion in substantia nigra does NOT produce: | D - Athetosis | Substantia nigra lesion causes Parkinson's disease: rigidity, resting tremor, bradykinesia, and shuffling gait. Athetosis is a feature of basal ganglia disease affecting the putamen/caudate, not specifically substantia nigra |
| 7 | Wernicke's area does NOT interpret information from: | A - Motor cortex | Wernicke's area (posterior superior temporal gyrus) receives and integrates information from auditory, visual, and somatic sensory areas. It does not receive input from the motor cortex |
| 8 | Active form of calcium: | A - Ionised calcium | Ionized (free) calcium is the biologically active form (~50% of total serum calcium) |
| 9 | NOT a known hyperglycemic hormone: | D - Prolactin | Glucagon, cortisol, and growth hormone are all counterregulatory (hyperglycemic) hormones. Prolactin does not have a primary hyperglycemic role |
| 10 | NOT a step of thyroid hormone synthesis: | C - Thyrotropin synthesis and secretion | Thyroid hormone synthesis steps: iodide trapping → oxidation to iodine → organification (iodination of tyrosine) → coupling reaction → storage/secretion. TSH/Thyrotropin synthesis occurs in the pituitary, it regulates but is not a step in thyroid hormone synthesis |
| 16 | Drug with renal clearance > GFR implies: | B - Drug is secreted in the tubules | If clearance > GFR, the drug is being actively secreted by tubules (in addition to filtration), resulting in more drug cleared per unit time than is filtered |
| 17 | Dehydrated patient excreting hypertonic urine - water absorption in which part? | D - Descending Loop | The descending limb of the loop of Henle is freely permeable to water (passive reabsorption), concentrating the tubular fluid. This is essential for producing hypertonic urine |
| 18 | Maximum Na⁺ channels per square micrometer present in: | A - Node of Ranvier | Nodes of Ranvier have the highest density of voltage-gated Na⁺ channels (~10,000/µm²), enabling saltatory conduction |
| 19 | NOT a cause of muscle weakness: | D - Neostigmine in therapeutic doses | Neostigmine is an anticholinesterase used to TREAT myasthenia gravis - it improves neuromuscular transmission. Myasthenia gravis, Lambert-Eaton syndrome, and curare all cause muscle weakness |
| 20 | Woman with jaw muscle weakness, worse with activity, better with rest: | C - Myasthenia gravis | Classic presentation of MG - fatigable weakness that worsens with repeated use and improves with rest, due to acetylcholine receptor antibodies at the neuromuscular junction |
Summary of key points to remember:
- Loop diuretics block NKCC2 (Na-K-2Cl cotransporter), not Na-Cl
- Nightmares = REM sleep; Night terrors = Stage IV NREM
- Renin is from JG granular cells, not macula densa (macula densa senses NaCl)
- Somatomedins (IGF-1) mediate chondroitin sulfate deposition (anabolic effects)
- T₄ has higher plasma concentration; T₃ is more potent and has shorter half-life
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