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Make me a structured concise exam ready format answer of all the questions attached in the picture above, designed to be written in 15minutes each , covering all key scoring points for answering my MS General Surgery exam from Bailey and love textbook of general surgery.

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All 16 questions answered. Here's a summary of what's covered:

What You Got

16 complete exam answers directly from Bailey & Love's 28th Edition, structured for 15-minute exam writing:

Section A - Nutrition (Q21-Q26)

  • Q21 - TPN 3:1 formula calculation (with the actual numbers for 70 kg) + monitoring schedule
  • Q22 - NRS-2002 scoring tool explained + nutritional augmentation methods
  • Q23 - Metabolic response to surgery, all routes of nutritional support (enteral > parenteral hierarchy)
  • Q24 - Full PN indications/contraindications, 3-category complications, catheter issues, Home PN (HPN)
  • Q25 - 4 key immunonutrients (glutamine, arginine, omega-3, nucleotides) with mechanisms + ESPEN evidence
  • Q26 - PEG - indications, step-by-step pull technique, complications table, replacement

Section B - Fluid, Electrolytes & Acid-Base (Q27-Q34)

  • Q27 - ABG normal values, MUDPILES for high-AG acidosis, chloride-responsive vs. resistant alkalosis table
  • Q28 - Hypokalemia: U waves on ECG, IV K+ rate limits (20 mmol/hr peripheral, 40 central), Mg co-replacement
  • Q29 - Hyponatremia by osmolality+volume classification, post-op mechanism, 8-10 mmol/24hr correction rule
  • Q30 - GDFT algorithm, SAFE/CHEST trial evidence against colloids
  • Q31 - 5-tier monitoring strategy, NICE 5Rs, lactate targets
  • Q32 - Perioperative 4-phase fluid management + RL vs. NS comparison table
  • Q33 - Zero fluid balance concept, ERAS integration, physiological basis
  • Q34 - Post-major GI surgery 4-phase IV fluid protocol + Hartmann's exact composition table

Section C - Shock (Q35-Q36)

  • Q35 - 5-type classification, full septic shock pathophysiology, surviving sepsis 1-hour and 6-hour bundles, stages table
  • Q36 - Full drug classification table with receptors, doses, and shock-type-specific protocols
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