As discipline: Parents sometimes use it to deter unwanted behavior in children. It is controversial and increasingly discouraged by pediatric and psychological organizations (e.g., the American Academy of Pediatrics), which cite evidence that it is ineffective long-term and associated with negative outcomes such as aggression, anxiety, and damaged parent-child relationships.

Legal status: Legal in many countries as parental discipline, but banned in over 60 countries (including Sweden, Germany, and New Zealand) in all settings, including the home.

In adults (consensual): Also used in the context of consensual adult sexual activity (BDSM), where it is practiced between adults who have agreed to it.

Alternatives: Child development experts recommend positive reinforcement, time-outs, natural consequences, and clear communication as more effective disciplinary strategies.