PATHOLOGY QUESTIONS ORGANIZED BY SYSTEM

1. GENERAL PATHOLOGY

1.1 Cell Injury, Necrosis & Apoptosis

• Q4(C): Write definition of apoptosis.
• Q4(B): "Caseation necrosis seen in tuberculosis is only liquefactive type of necrosis." - True or False?

1.2 Inflammation & Wound Healing

• Q1 (Long Essay): Define shock. Enumerate the classification and etiology of shock. Describe pathogenesis of septic shock. Describe the stages of shock.
• Q2(A): Describe healing by first intension (primary union).
• Q3(A): Difference between transudate and exudate.

1.3 Edema & Fluid Disturbances

• Q2(D): Define Edema. Write pathophysiology of edema.

1.4 Pigments & Deposits

• Q3(B): Exogenous pigments.
• Q4(D): Pneumoconiosis.

1.5 Hypersensitivity & Immunology

• Q4(E): Write two examples of type I hypersensitivity reaction.

1.6 Genetics & Chromosomal Disorders

• Q3(C): Clinical features and cytogenetic abnormalities of Down Syndrome.

1.7 Nutritional Disorders

• Q3(D): Enumerate differences between Kwashiorkor disease and Marasmus.

2. NEOPLASIA / ONCOLOGY

• Q2(B): Enumerate the contrasting features of initiator and promoter carcinogens.
• Q2(C): Describe paraneoplastic syndrome.
• Q4(A): Write routes of tumor spread.

3. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

• Paper II - Q1 (Long Essay): Describe the Pathogenesis, Pathology, presenting and distinguishing features, and complications of Bacterial Endocarditis.
• Paper II - Q3(A): Rheumatic Heart Disease.

4. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

• Paper II - Q2(B): Emphysema.
• Paper II - Q3(D): Lobar Pneumonia.
• Paper II - Q4(A): "Commonly presents with salty sweat in infancy." - True or False in regard to cystic fibrosis?

5. GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM

• Paper II - Q2(A): Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).
• Paper II - Q3(C): Peptic ulcer.
• Paper II - Q4(B): Mention 2 complications of chronic Pancreatitis.

6. URINARY SYSTEM

• Paper II - Q2(C): Pyelonephritis.
• Paper II - Q4(C): Enumerate causes of small contracted kidney.

7. MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

• Paper II - Q4(D): Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia.

8. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

• Paper II - Q2(D): Classification of ovarian tumors.
• Paper II - Q3(B): Fibroadenoma.

9. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

• Paper II - Q4(E): Hypothyroidism.
• Paper II - Q4(F): Enumerate laboratory tests for gout.

10. HAEMATOLOGY

10.1 Anaemia

• Q5 (Long Essay): A 50-year male vegetarian presents with pallor and paresthesia - establish diagnosis, classify BC disorders by aetiology.
• Q7(D): A 20-year female with hematocrit 20%, reticulocytosis, hyperbilirubinemia, peripheral smear showing anisopoikilocytosis and target cells - write pathophysiology.

10.2 Haemostasis & Coagulation Disorders

• Q6(A): Haemophilia.
• Q7(B): Etiopathogenesis of ITP.
• Q7(C): PCV estimation and its significance.
• Q8(B): Enumerate two functional platelet disorders.
• Q8(E): Stains used in haematology.
• Q8(F): What is Coombs' test?

10.3 Sickle Cell Disease

• Q6(B): Write in detail about pathogenesis and investigation of sickle cell disease.

10.4 Lymphoma & Leukaemia

• Q6(C): How is Hodgkin's lymphoma classified? Name, describe and draw the hallmark cell of Hodgkin's Lymphoma.
• Q6(D): AETCOM - How will you empathize with an 18-year-old patient diagnosed with Hodgkin's lymphoma and his family?
• Q7(A): 30-year male with splenomegaly, TC 1,20,000/mm³, peripheral smear showing myeloid precursors - diagnosis, peripheral smear diagram, common genetic event.
• Q8(A): Two characteristic differences between myeloblasts and lymphoblasts.
• Q8(C): Name a diagnostic test in urine in multiple myeloma.
• Q8(D): What is eosinophilia? Enumerate two clinical conditions with eosinophilia.

11. CLINICAL PATHOLOGY / LABORATORY MEDICINE

11.1 Transfusion Medicine

• Q5 (Long Essay): Define adverse transfusion reaction. Write classification and explain the pathogenesis.
• Q6(D): Haemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN).
• Q8(A): Enumerate indications of platelet concentrate transfusion.
• Q8(B): Direct Antiglobulin Test (DAT).
• Q8(F): "Sodium heparin is an anticoagulant of choice for Fibrinogen level test" - True or False?

11.2 Biochemistry / Endocrine Function Tests

• Q6(A): Thyroid function tests.
• Q6(B): Enumerate WHO criteria for Normal semen analysis.
• Q6(C): What is APTT? Principle, normal value, and 2 conditions where it increases.
• Q8(C): Difference between fructosamine level test and Glucose Tolerance Test.
• Q8(E): What is ketonuria and its significance?

11.3 Renal & Liver Function Tests

• Q7(A): Describe Renal Function tests.
• Q7(B): Changes expected in LFT in a patient infected with Hepatitis A virus.
• Q7(C): Urinary crystals.
• Q7(D): Differences in CSF analysis between bacterial meningitis and tuberculous meningitis.