30 types viral All details disease treatment investigation finding differential diagnosis contraindication ICO management OPD prescription detal management
Asking for Preferences
Reading File
Finding Sources
Finding Sources
Finding Sources
Finding Sources
Reading File
Running Command
Running Command
I can do this, but your request is very broad and needs one clear structure first.
I will proceed with a practical OPD-ready format for 30 common viral diseases, each with:
- Etiology/virus type
- Key clinical features
- Investigations and typical findings
- Differential diagnosis
- Treatment
- Contraindications/what to avoid
- Infection control (IC) + prevention
- OPD prescription example
- Detailed management and follow-up
Because you skipped clarification, I need one final choice to avoid giving the wrong output:
Choose one:
- A) Full detailed version (very long)
- B) Exam-oriented concise version
- C) OPD practical handbook style (most useful for daily practice)
Reply with A, B, or C and I will provide the complete 30-disease set in that exact format.
A and b types
Reading File
Finding Sources
Finding Sources
Finding Sources
Finding Sources
Reading File
Reading File
Perfect. You chose both A + B types, so I am giving you:
- Detailed master format (A)
- Exam concise format (B)
Below is a combined high-yield handbook for 30 viral diseases with: cause, clinical features, investigations/findings, differential diagnosis, treatment, contraindications, infection control (IC), OPD prescription model, and detailed management points.
Important: This is an educational clinical reference, not a substitute for local protocols, patient-specific judgment, pregnancy/renal/hepatic dose adjustment, or antimicrobial stewardship policy.
STANDARD TEMPLATE (use for each viral disease in OPD/IPD)
- Etiology
- Clinical features
- Investigations + expected findings
- Differential diagnosis
- Treatment
- Contraindications / avoid
- IC (infection control)
- OPD prescription sample
- Detailed management and follow-up
1) Influenza (A/B)
Etiology: Orthomyxovirus.
Clinical: Sudden fever, myalgia, headache, dry cough, sore throat.
Investigations: Usually clinical; RT-PCR/rapid NAAT from NP swab; CBC may show leukopenia.
DDx: COVID-19, RSV, adenovirus, bacterial CAP, dengue early phase.
Treatment: Oseltamivir early (high-risk/severe), fluids, antipyretics.
Contraindications/avoid: Avoid aspirin in children (Reye risk).
IC: Droplet/contact precautions; mask, hand hygiene.
OPD Rx: Tab Oseltamivir 75 mg BD x5 days (if indicated) + Paracetamol + hydration advice.
Detailed management: Risk-stratify (age, pregnancy, comorbids), red flags (hypoxia, confusion, hypotension), watch secondary bacterial pneumonia.
Clinical: Sudden fever, myalgia, headache, dry cough, sore throat.
Investigations: Usually clinical; RT-PCR/rapid NAAT from NP swab; CBC may show leukopenia.
DDx: COVID-19, RSV, adenovirus, bacterial CAP, dengue early phase.
Treatment: Oseltamivir early (high-risk/severe), fluids, antipyretics.
Contraindications/avoid: Avoid aspirin in children (Reye risk).
IC: Droplet/contact precautions; mask, hand hygiene.
OPD Rx: Tab Oseltamivir 75 mg BD x5 days (if indicated) + Paracetamol + hydration advice.
Detailed management: Risk-stratify (age, pregnancy, comorbids), red flags (hypoxia, confusion, hypotension), watch secondary bacterial pneumonia.
2) COVID-19
Etiology: SARS-CoV-2.
Clinical: Fever, cough, sore throat, anosmia, dyspnea, fatigue; severe: hypoxia.
Investigations: RAT/RT-PCR; CBC, CRP; severe: D-dimer, ferritin, LFT, CXR/CT if indicated.
DDx: Influenza, RSV, atypical CAP, PE (if sudden hypoxia).
Treatment: Mild supportive; high-risk early antivirals per protocol; severe needs oxygen + steroid protocol.
Contraindications/avoid: Unnecessary antibiotics; steroid in non-hypoxic mild disease.
IC: Masking, ventilation, isolation in infectious period.
OPD Rx: Symptomatic meds, pulse-ox monitoring advice, danger signs sheet.
Detailed management: Assess SpO2, risk factors, progression day 5-10 warning.
Clinical: Fever, cough, sore throat, anosmia, dyspnea, fatigue; severe: hypoxia.
Investigations: RAT/RT-PCR; CBC, CRP; severe: D-dimer, ferritin, LFT, CXR/CT if indicated.
DDx: Influenza, RSV, atypical CAP, PE (if sudden hypoxia).
Treatment: Mild supportive; high-risk early antivirals per protocol; severe needs oxygen + steroid protocol.
Contraindications/avoid: Unnecessary antibiotics; steroid in non-hypoxic mild disease.
IC: Masking, ventilation, isolation in infectious period.
OPD Rx: Symptomatic meds, pulse-ox monitoring advice, danger signs sheet.
Detailed management: Assess SpO2, risk factors, progression day 5-10 warning.
3) Dengue
Etiology: Flavivirus (DEN-1 to DEN-4), Aedes mosquito.
Clinical: Fever, retro-orbital pain, myalgia, rash, bleeding tendency; warning signs near defervescence.
Investigations: CBC (thrombocytopenia, hemoconcentration), NS1 (early), IgM later, LFT may rise.
DDx: Malaria, chikungunya, leptospirosis, typhoid, viral exanthem.
Treatment: Careful fluid management, paracetamol only, monitor hematocrit/platelets.
Contraindications/avoid: NSAIDs, aspirin, IM injections, overhydration.
IC: Vector control, mosquito avoidance.
OPD Rx: ORS, Paracetamol, strict fluid chart, warning signs counseling.
Detailed management: Classify dengue without warning signs / with warning signs / severe dengue; admit if warning signs, shock, bleeding, organ dysfunction.
Clinical: Fever, retro-orbital pain, myalgia, rash, bleeding tendency; warning signs near defervescence.
Investigations: CBC (thrombocytopenia, hemoconcentration), NS1 (early), IgM later, LFT may rise.
DDx: Malaria, chikungunya, leptospirosis, typhoid, viral exanthem.
Treatment: Careful fluid management, paracetamol only, monitor hematocrit/platelets.
Contraindications/avoid: NSAIDs, aspirin, IM injections, overhydration.
IC: Vector control, mosquito avoidance.
OPD Rx: ORS, Paracetamol, strict fluid chart, warning signs counseling.
Detailed management: Classify dengue without warning signs / with warning signs / severe dengue; admit if warning signs, shock, bleeding, organ dysfunction.
4) Chikungunya
Etiology: Alphavirus, Aedes vector.
Clinical: High fever + severe polyarthralgia, rash.
Investigations: PCR early, IgM later; mild thrombocytopenia possible.
DDx: Dengue, Zika, rheumatoid flare, parvovirus.
Treatment: Analgesia, hydration; persistent arthritis may need stepwise rheumatology-style care.
Contraindications/avoid: NSAIDs until dengue excluded.
IC: Mosquito control.
OPD Rx: Paracetamol initially; later NSAID if dengue excluded.
Detailed management: Chronic arthralgia follow-up 4-12 weeks.
Clinical: High fever + severe polyarthralgia, rash.
Investigations: PCR early, IgM later; mild thrombocytopenia possible.
DDx: Dengue, Zika, rheumatoid flare, parvovirus.
Treatment: Analgesia, hydration; persistent arthritis may need stepwise rheumatology-style care.
Contraindications/avoid: NSAIDs until dengue excluded.
IC: Mosquito control.
OPD Rx: Paracetamol initially; later NSAID if dengue excluded.
Detailed management: Chronic arthralgia follow-up 4-12 weeks.
5) Zika
Etiology: Flavivirus (Aedes; sexual and vertical transmission possible).
Clinical: Mild fever, rash, conjunctivitis, arthralgia.
Investigations: RT-PCR (blood/urine early), serology with cross-reactivity issues.
DDx: Dengue, chikungunya, rubella.
Treatment: Supportive.
Contraindications/avoid: NSAID before dengue exclusion; pregnancy needs specialist pathway.
IC: Mosquito and sexual transmission precautions.
OPD Rx: Symptomatic + pregnancy counseling if relevant.
Detailed management: Fetal risk counseling, neuro complications monitoring (GBS).
Clinical: Mild fever, rash, conjunctivitis, arthralgia.
Investigations: RT-PCR (blood/urine early), serology with cross-reactivity issues.
DDx: Dengue, chikungunya, rubella.
Treatment: Supportive.
Contraindications/avoid: NSAID before dengue exclusion; pregnancy needs specialist pathway.
IC: Mosquito and sexual transmission precautions.
OPD Rx: Symptomatic + pregnancy counseling if relevant.
Detailed management: Fetal risk counseling, neuro complications monitoring (GBS).
6) Measles
Etiology: Morbillivirus.
Clinical: Fever, cough, coryza, conjunctivitis, Koplik spots, descending rash.
Investigations: Measles IgM/PCR; leukopenia possible.
DDx: Rubella, roseola, drug rash, dengue rash.
Treatment: Supportive + vitamin A in children; treat complications.
Contraindications/avoid: Delay live vaccine in severe immunosuppression.
IC: Airborne isolation.
OPD Rx: Antipyretic, fluids, eye care, vitamin A as indicated.
Detailed management: Watch pneumonia, encephalitis, otitis media.
Clinical: Fever, cough, coryza, conjunctivitis, Koplik spots, descending rash.
Investigations: Measles IgM/PCR; leukopenia possible.
DDx: Rubella, roseola, drug rash, dengue rash.
Treatment: Supportive + vitamin A in children; treat complications.
Contraindications/avoid: Delay live vaccine in severe immunosuppression.
IC: Airborne isolation.
OPD Rx: Antipyretic, fluids, eye care, vitamin A as indicated.
Detailed management: Watch pneumonia, encephalitis, otitis media.
7) Mumps
Etiology: Paramyxovirus.
Clinical: Parotitis, fever, pain chewing; orchitis/meningitis possible.
Investigations: IgM/PCR from buccal swab.
DDx: Bacterial parotitis, salivary stone, EBV.
Treatment: Supportive, analgesia.
Contraindications/avoid: Live vaccine contraindications in severe immunosuppression.
IC: Droplet isolation.
OPD Rx: Analgesic, hydration, scrotal support if orchitis.
Detailed management: Monitor CNS/testicular complications.
Clinical: Parotitis, fever, pain chewing; orchitis/meningitis possible.
Investigations: IgM/PCR from buccal swab.
DDx: Bacterial parotitis, salivary stone, EBV.
Treatment: Supportive, analgesia.
Contraindications/avoid: Live vaccine contraindications in severe immunosuppression.
IC: Droplet isolation.
OPD Rx: Analgesic, hydration, scrotal support if orchitis.
Detailed management: Monitor CNS/testicular complications.
8) Rubella
Etiology: Rubella virus.
Clinical: Mild fever, rash, postauricular nodes, arthralgia.
Investigations: Rubella IgM/PCR; pregnancy-specific serology pathway.
DDx: Measles, parvovirus B19, drug rash.
Treatment: Supportive.
Contraindications/avoid: Live vaccine contraindicated in pregnancy.
IC: Droplet precautions.
OPD Rx: Symptomatic, pregnancy referral if exposed/infected.
Detailed management: Congenital rubella risk counseling.
Clinical: Mild fever, rash, postauricular nodes, arthralgia.
Investigations: Rubella IgM/PCR; pregnancy-specific serology pathway.
DDx: Measles, parvovirus B19, drug rash.
Treatment: Supportive.
Contraindications/avoid: Live vaccine contraindicated in pregnancy.
IC: Droplet precautions.
OPD Rx: Symptomatic, pregnancy referral if exposed/infected.
Detailed management: Congenital rubella risk counseling.
9) Varicella (Chickenpox)
Etiology: VZV primary infection.
Clinical: Pruritic vesicles in different stages, fever.
Investigations: Usually clinical; PCR vesicle if uncertain.
DDx: Disseminated HSV, impetigo, insect bites.
Treatment: Supportive; acyclovir in high-risk/severe/adults early.
Contraindications/avoid: Aspirin in children.
IC: Airborne + contact until crusting.
OPD Rx: Calamine, antihistamine, paracetamol, acyclovir if indicated.
Detailed management: Watch pneumonia, cerebellitis, skin superinfection.
Clinical: Pruritic vesicles in different stages, fever.
Investigations: Usually clinical; PCR vesicle if uncertain.
DDx: Disseminated HSV, impetigo, insect bites.
Treatment: Supportive; acyclovir in high-risk/severe/adults early.
Contraindications/avoid: Aspirin in children.
IC: Airborne + contact until crusting.
OPD Rx: Calamine, antihistamine, paracetamol, acyclovir if indicated.
Detailed management: Watch pneumonia, cerebellitis, skin superinfection.
10) Herpes Zoster (Shingles)
Etiology: VZV reactivation.
Clinical: Dermatomal painful vesicular rash.
Investigations: Clinical; PCR if atypical.
DDx: HSV, contact dermatitis, radiculopathy.
Treatment: Acyclovir/valacyclovir early + pain control.
Contraindications/avoid: Delay in antiviral >72 h usually less benefit (except high-risk).
IC: Cover lesions; airborne/contact if disseminated/immunocompromised.
OPD Rx: Valacyclovir + neuropathic pain plan.
Detailed management: Prevent/treat post-herpetic neuralgia.
Clinical: Dermatomal painful vesicular rash.
Investigations: Clinical; PCR if atypical.
DDx: HSV, contact dermatitis, radiculopathy.
Treatment: Acyclovir/valacyclovir early + pain control.
Contraindications/avoid: Delay in antiviral >72 h usually less benefit (except high-risk).
IC: Cover lesions; airborne/contact if disseminated/immunocompromised.
OPD Rx: Valacyclovir + neuropathic pain plan.
Detailed management: Prevent/treat post-herpetic neuralgia.
11) HSV-1 (orolabial)
Etiology: Herpes simplex virus 1.
Clinical: Painful grouped vesicles oral/perioral.
Investigations: Clinical, PCR if severe/atypical.
DDx: Aphthous ulcers, impetigo, hand-foot-mouth.
Treatment: Oral acyclovir/valacyclovir early in selected cases.
Contraindications/avoid: Topical steroid monotherapy on active lesions.
IC: Avoid direct contact during active lesions.
OPD Rx: Valacyclovir short course + topical care.
Detailed management: Trigger counseling, recurrence prevention.
Clinical: Painful grouped vesicles oral/perioral.
Investigations: Clinical, PCR if severe/atypical.
DDx: Aphthous ulcers, impetigo, hand-foot-mouth.
Treatment: Oral acyclovir/valacyclovir early in selected cases.
Contraindications/avoid: Topical steroid monotherapy on active lesions.
IC: Avoid direct contact during active lesions.
OPD Rx: Valacyclovir short course + topical care.
Detailed management: Trigger counseling, recurrence prevention.
12) HSV-2 (genital herpes)
Etiology: Herpes simplex virus 2 (or HSV-1 genital).
Clinical: Painful genital ulcers, dysuria, recurrent episodes.
Investigations: Lesion PCR preferred; HIV/syphilis screening.
DDx: Syphilis, chancroid, Behçet, fixed drug eruption.
Treatment: Acyclovir/valacyclovir episodic or suppressive therapy.
Contraindications/avoid: Unprotected sex during active lesions.
IC: STI counseling, partner testing strategy.
OPD Rx: Valacyclovir + pain relief + STI counseling.
Detailed management: Pregnancy-specific delivery planning if active lesions near labor.
Clinical: Painful genital ulcers, dysuria, recurrent episodes.
Investigations: Lesion PCR preferred; HIV/syphilis screening.
DDx: Syphilis, chancroid, Behçet, fixed drug eruption.
Treatment: Acyclovir/valacyclovir episodic or suppressive therapy.
Contraindications/avoid: Unprotected sex during active lesions.
IC: STI counseling, partner testing strategy.
OPD Rx: Valacyclovir + pain relief + STI counseling.
Detailed management: Pregnancy-specific delivery planning if active lesions near labor.
13) Epstein-Barr Virus (Infectious mononucleosis)
Etiology: EBV.
Clinical: Fever, pharyngitis, posterior cervical nodes, fatigue, splenomegaly.
Investigations: CBC atypical lymphocytes, heterophile test/EBV serology, LFT mild rise.
DDx: CMV mono-like illness, streptococcal pharyngitis, acute HIV.
Treatment: Supportive.
Contraindications/avoid: Avoid contact sports (splenic rupture risk).
IC: Saliva precautions.
OPD Rx: Antipyretic, hydration, rest; no unnecessary antibiotics.
Detailed management: If severe tonsillar edema, short steroid course in selected cases.
Clinical: Fever, pharyngitis, posterior cervical nodes, fatigue, splenomegaly.
Investigations: CBC atypical lymphocytes, heterophile test/EBV serology, LFT mild rise.
DDx: CMV mono-like illness, streptococcal pharyngitis, acute HIV.
Treatment: Supportive.
Contraindications/avoid: Avoid contact sports (splenic rupture risk).
IC: Saliva precautions.
OPD Rx: Antipyretic, hydration, rest; no unnecessary antibiotics.
Detailed management: If severe tonsillar edema, short steroid course in selected cases.
14) CMV infection
Etiology: Cytomegalovirus.
Clinical: Mono-like illness, severe disease in immunocompromised, congenital disease.
Investigations: PCR viral load, serology context-dependent, organ-specific tests.
DDx: EBV, toxoplasmosis, other opportunistic infections.
Treatment: Ganciclovir/valganciclovir in significant disease.
Contraindications/avoid: Monitor marrow suppression and renal function with therapy.
IC: Standard precautions; transplant protocols.
OPD Rx: Specialist-guided antiviral + CBC/renal monitoring.
Detailed management: High-risk groups need close follow-up.
Clinical: Mono-like illness, severe disease in immunocompromised, congenital disease.
Investigations: PCR viral load, serology context-dependent, organ-specific tests.
DDx: EBV, toxoplasmosis, other opportunistic infections.
Treatment: Ganciclovir/valganciclovir in significant disease.
Contraindications/avoid: Monitor marrow suppression and renal function with therapy.
IC: Standard precautions; transplant protocols.
OPD Rx: Specialist-guided antiviral + CBC/renal monitoring.
Detailed management: High-risk groups need close follow-up.
15) Viral Hepatitis A
Etiology: HAV (fecal-oral).
Clinical: Fever, malaise, jaundice, dark urine.
Investigations: Anti-HAV IgM, LFT (high ALT/AST), bilirubin rise.
DDx: HEV, drug hepatitis, leptospirosis.
Treatment: Supportive.
Contraindications/avoid: Alcohol/hepatotoxins.
IC: Hand hygiene, food-water safety.
OPD Rx: Hydration, antiemetic, LFT follow-up.
Detailed management: Usually self-limited; monitor for acute liver failure signs.
Clinical: Fever, malaise, jaundice, dark urine.
Investigations: Anti-HAV IgM, LFT (high ALT/AST), bilirubin rise.
DDx: HEV, drug hepatitis, leptospirosis.
Treatment: Supportive.
Contraindications/avoid: Alcohol/hepatotoxins.
IC: Hand hygiene, food-water safety.
OPD Rx: Hydration, antiemetic, LFT follow-up.
Detailed management: Usually self-limited; monitor for acute liver failure signs.
16) Hepatitis B
Etiology: HBV (blood/sexual/perinatal).
Clinical: Acute hepatitis or chronic asymptomatic to cirrhosis/HCC risk.
Investigations: HBsAg, anti-HBc, HBeAg, HBV DNA, LFT, fibrosis assessment.
DDx: HCV, NAFLD, autoimmune hepatitis.
Treatment: Tenofovir/entecavir in indicated chronic disease.
Contraindications/avoid: Unmonitored steroid/immunosuppressive use without HBV plan.
IC: Blood/body-fluid precautions, vaccination.
OPD Rx: Antiviral if indicated + serial HBV DNA/LFT.
Detailed management: Long-term surveillance for cirrhosis/HCC.
Clinical: Acute hepatitis or chronic asymptomatic to cirrhosis/HCC risk.
Investigations: HBsAg, anti-HBc, HBeAg, HBV DNA, LFT, fibrosis assessment.
DDx: HCV, NAFLD, autoimmune hepatitis.
Treatment: Tenofovir/entecavir in indicated chronic disease.
Contraindications/avoid: Unmonitored steroid/immunosuppressive use without HBV plan.
IC: Blood/body-fluid precautions, vaccination.
OPD Rx: Antiviral if indicated + serial HBV DNA/LFT.
Detailed management: Long-term surveillance for cirrhosis/HCC.
17) Hepatitis C
Etiology: HCV.
Clinical: Often asymptomatic chronic hepatitis; extrahepatic manifestations possible.
Investigations: Anti-HCV Ab then HCV RNA; fibrosis staging.
DDx: HBV, alcohol liver disease, NAFLD.
Treatment: Direct-acting antiviral combinations (pangenotypic regimens).
Contraindications/avoid: Drug interactions with DAAs must be checked.
IC: Blood exposure precautions.
OPD Rx: DAA course per protocol + viral load follow-up SVR12.
Detailed management: Cure expected in most; continue cirrhosis surveillance if advanced fibrosis.
Clinical: Often asymptomatic chronic hepatitis; extrahepatic manifestations possible.
Investigations: Anti-HCV Ab then HCV RNA; fibrosis staging.
DDx: HBV, alcohol liver disease, NAFLD.
Treatment: Direct-acting antiviral combinations (pangenotypic regimens).
Contraindications/avoid: Drug interactions with DAAs must be checked.
IC: Blood exposure precautions.
OPD Rx: DAA course per protocol + viral load follow-up SVR12.
Detailed management: Cure expected in most; continue cirrhosis surveillance if advanced fibrosis.
18) Hepatitis E
Etiology: HEV (fecal-oral).
Clinical: Acute hepatitis; severe in pregnancy.
Investigations: HEV IgM/RNA where available, LFT.
DDx: HAV, acute HBV, drug hepatitis.
Treatment: Mostly supportive; severe cases specialist care.
Contraindications/avoid: Dehydration, hepatotoxic drugs.
IC: Water sanitation.
OPD Rx: Symptomatic care + urgent follow-up in pregnancy.
Detailed management: Pregnancy monitoring for fulminant hepatitis.
Clinical: Acute hepatitis; severe in pregnancy.
Investigations: HEV IgM/RNA where available, LFT.
DDx: HAV, acute HBV, drug hepatitis.
Treatment: Mostly supportive; severe cases specialist care.
Contraindications/avoid: Dehydration, hepatotoxic drugs.
IC: Water sanitation.
OPD Rx: Symptomatic care + urgent follow-up in pregnancy.
Detailed management: Pregnancy monitoring for fulminant hepatitis.
19) HIV infection
Etiology: Human immunodeficiency virus.
Clinical: Acute retroviral syndrome to chronic immunosuppression/opportunistic disease.
Investigations: 4th gen test, confirmatory assay, viral load, CD4, baseline labs.
DDx: EBV/CMV mono-like illness, TB, other STIs.
Treatment: Immediate ART for all diagnosed patients.
Contraindications/avoid: ART interruption; missing OI prophylaxis when indicated.
IC: Universal precautions, partner notification, prevention counseling.
OPD Rx: Fixed-dose ART regimen + adherence counseling.
Detailed management: Lifelong follow-up, viral suppression target, vaccination and prophylaxis plan.
Clinical: Acute retroviral syndrome to chronic immunosuppression/opportunistic disease.
Investigations: 4th gen test, confirmatory assay, viral load, CD4, baseline labs.
DDx: EBV/CMV mono-like illness, TB, other STIs.
Treatment: Immediate ART for all diagnosed patients.
Contraindications/avoid: ART interruption; missing OI prophylaxis when indicated.
IC: Universal precautions, partner notification, prevention counseling.
OPD Rx: Fixed-dose ART regimen + adherence counseling.
Detailed management: Lifelong follow-up, viral suppression target, vaccination and prophylaxis plan.
20) Rabies
Etiology: Rabies lyssavirus (animal bite/saliva).
Clinical: Prodrome then encephalitic/paralytic disease.
Investigations: Clinical exposure category; advanced tests for suspected disease.
DDx: Viral encephalitis, tetanus, toxic/metabolic encephalopathy.
Treatment: Post-exposure prophylaxis (wound wash + vaccine ± RIG based on category).
Contraindications/avoid: Do not delay PEP after high-risk exposure.
IC: Standard precautions; exposure management.
OPD Rx: Day-wise vaccine schedule + wound care + tetanus update.
Detailed management: Document bite category and complete schedule strictly.
Clinical: Prodrome then encephalitic/paralytic disease.
Investigations: Clinical exposure category; advanced tests for suspected disease.
DDx: Viral encephalitis, tetanus, toxic/metabolic encephalopathy.
Treatment: Post-exposure prophylaxis (wound wash + vaccine ± RIG based on category).
Contraindications/avoid: Do not delay PEP after high-risk exposure.
IC: Standard precautions; exposure management.
OPD Rx: Day-wise vaccine schedule + wound care + tetanus update.
Detailed management: Document bite category and complete schedule strictly.
21) Polio
Etiology: Poliovirus (enterovirus).
Clinical: Fever, aseptic meningitis, acute flaccid paralysis.
Investigations: Stool PCR, CSF supportive findings.
DDx: GBS, transverse myelitis, botulism.
Treatment: Supportive, rehabilitation, respiratory support if needed.
Contraindications/avoid: Inadequate isolation in outbreak settings.
IC: Enteric precautions, vaccination.
OPD Rx: Supportive + urgent referral if weakness.
Detailed management: Neurologic and rehab follow-up.
Clinical: Fever, aseptic meningitis, acute flaccid paralysis.
Investigations: Stool PCR, CSF supportive findings.
DDx: GBS, transverse myelitis, botulism.
Treatment: Supportive, rehabilitation, respiratory support if needed.
Contraindications/avoid: Inadequate isolation in outbreak settings.
IC: Enteric precautions, vaccination.
OPD Rx: Supportive + urgent referral if weakness.
Detailed management: Neurologic and rehab follow-up.
22) Hand-Foot-Mouth Disease (enteroviruses)
Etiology: Coxsackie/EV71.
Clinical: Fever, oral ulcers, vesicles on hands/feet.
Investigations: Usually clinical.
DDx: Herpetic gingivostomatitis, varicella, aphthous ulcers.
Treatment: Supportive, oral hydration.
Contraindications/avoid: Dehydration risk in children.
IC: Hand hygiene, daycare exclusion during fever/active lesions.
OPD Rx: Paracetamol, oral gel, hydration schedule.
Detailed management: Monitor for neurologic signs (rare severe EV71 disease).
Clinical: Fever, oral ulcers, vesicles on hands/feet.
Investigations: Usually clinical.
DDx: Herpetic gingivostomatitis, varicella, aphthous ulcers.
Treatment: Supportive, oral hydration.
Contraindications/avoid: Dehydration risk in children.
IC: Hand hygiene, daycare exclusion during fever/active lesions.
OPD Rx: Paracetamol, oral gel, hydration schedule.
Detailed management: Monitor for neurologic signs (rare severe EV71 disease).
23) Rotavirus gastroenteritis
Etiology: Rotavirus.
Clinical: Vomiting, watery diarrhea, fever in children.
Investigations: Usually clinical; stool antigen in outbreaks/hospital cases.
DDx: Norovirus, bacterial gastroenteritis, food poisoning.
Treatment: ORS, zinc (pediatric protocols), IV fluids if severe dehydration.
Contraindications/avoid: Unnecessary antibiotics/antidiarrheals in young children.
IC: Contact precautions, hand hygiene.
OPD Rx: ORS + zinc + danger signs.
Detailed management: Dehydration grading and rehydration plan.
Clinical: Vomiting, watery diarrhea, fever in children.
Investigations: Usually clinical; stool antigen in outbreaks/hospital cases.
DDx: Norovirus, bacterial gastroenteritis, food poisoning.
Treatment: ORS, zinc (pediatric protocols), IV fluids if severe dehydration.
Contraindications/avoid: Unnecessary antibiotics/antidiarrheals in young children.
IC: Contact precautions, hand hygiene.
OPD Rx: ORS + zinc + danger signs.
Detailed management: Dehydration grading and rehydration plan.
24) Norovirus gastroenteritis
Etiology: Norovirus.
Clinical: Acute vomiting and diarrhea, outbreaks common.
Investigations: Usually clinical; PCR in outbreak investigation.
DDx: Rotavirus, bacterial toxin-mediated illness.
Treatment: Rehydration and supportive care.
Contraindications/avoid: Unneeded antibiotics.
IC: Strict hand hygiene and environmental disinfection.
OPD Rx: ORS, antiemetic if needed.
Detailed management: Isolation advice for food handlers.
Clinical: Acute vomiting and diarrhea, outbreaks common.
Investigations: Usually clinical; PCR in outbreak investigation.
DDx: Rotavirus, bacterial toxin-mediated illness.
Treatment: Rehydration and supportive care.
Contraindications/avoid: Unneeded antibiotics.
IC: Strict hand hygiene and environmental disinfection.
OPD Rx: ORS, antiemetic if needed.
Detailed management: Isolation advice for food handlers.
25) RSV infection
Etiology: Respiratory syncytial virus.
Clinical: URI to bronchiolitis/pneumonia, especially infants/elderly.
Investigations: PCR/antigen in selected settings; pulse oximetry.
DDx: Influenza, COVID-19, bronchiolitis other viruses.
Treatment: Supportive, oxygen if hypoxic; selected prophylaxis in high-risk infants.
Contraindications/avoid: Routine bronchodilator/antibiotic overuse unless indicated.
IC: Droplet/contact precautions.
OPD Rx: Nasal saline, feeding support, return precautions.
Detailed management: Monitor work of breathing and hydration.
Clinical: URI to bronchiolitis/pneumonia, especially infants/elderly.
Investigations: PCR/antigen in selected settings; pulse oximetry.
DDx: Influenza, COVID-19, bronchiolitis other viruses.
Treatment: Supportive, oxygen if hypoxic; selected prophylaxis in high-risk infants.
Contraindications/avoid: Routine bronchodilator/antibiotic overuse unless indicated.
IC: Droplet/contact precautions.
OPD Rx: Nasal saline, feeding support, return precautions.
Detailed management: Monitor work of breathing and hydration.
26) Adenovirus infection
Etiology: Adenovirus.
Clinical: Pharyngoconjunctival fever, RTI, gastroenteritis.
Investigations: Clinical; PCR in severe or outbreak context.
DDx: Influenza, bacterial pharyngitis, enteroviral conjunctivitis.
Treatment: Supportive; severe immunocompromised disease specialist care.
Contraindications/avoid: Inappropriate antibiotics.
IC: Contact/droplet precautions.
OPD Rx: Symptomatic therapy.
Detailed management: Eye hygiene and transmission prevention.
Clinical: Pharyngoconjunctival fever, RTI, gastroenteritis.
Investigations: Clinical; PCR in severe or outbreak context.
DDx: Influenza, bacterial pharyngitis, enteroviral conjunctivitis.
Treatment: Supportive; severe immunocompromised disease specialist care.
Contraindications/avoid: Inappropriate antibiotics.
IC: Contact/droplet precautions.
OPD Rx: Symptomatic therapy.
Detailed management: Eye hygiene and transmission prevention.
27) Ebola virus disease
Etiology: Filovirus.
Clinical: Fever, GI symptoms, hemorrhagic features in severe disease, shock/multiorgan failure.
Investigations: PCR in designated centers; CBC, coagulation, organ function.
DDx: Malaria, dengue, Lassa, leptospirosis, sepsis.
Treatment: Aggressive supportive critical care, protocol-based specific therapeutics where available.
Contraindications/avoid: Breach in PPE, unsafe handling of body fluids.
IC: Strict high-level isolation, PPE, contact tracing.
OPD Rx: Suspected cases are referral/isolation emergencies, not routine OPD treatment.
Detailed management: Public health coordination is essential.
Clinical: Fever, GI symptoms, hemorrhagic features in severe disease, shock/multiorgan failure.
Investigations: PCR in designated centers; CBC, coagulation, organ function.
DDx: Malaria, dengue, Lassa, leptospirosis, sepsis.
Treatment: Aggressive supportive critical care, protocol-based specific therapeutics where available.
Contraindications/avoid: Breach in PPE, unsafe handling of body fluids.
IC: Strict high-level isolation, PPE, contact tracing.
OPD Rx: Suspected cases are referral/isolation emergencies, not routine OPD treatment.
Detailed management: Public health coordination is essential.
28) Yellow fever
Etiology: Flavivirus (mosquito-borne).
Clinical: Fever, jaundice, hemorrhage in severe cases.
Investigations: PCR/serology, LFT, coagulation profile.
DDx: Dengue, viral hepatitis, leptospirosis, malaria.
Treatment: Supportive critical care.
Contraindications/avoid: Live vaccine contraindications in severe immunosuppression/specific groups.
IC: Vector control, vaccination for travelers.
OPD Rx: Suspected severe case urgent referral.
Detailed management: Notify public health where required.
Clinical: Fever, jaundice, hemorrhage in severe cases.
Investigations: PCR/serology, LFT, coagulation profile.
DDx: Dengue, viral hepatitis, leptospirosis, malaria.
Treatment: Supportive critical care.
Contraindications/avoid: Live vaccine contraindications in severe immunosuppression/specific groups.
IC: Vector control, vaccination for travelers.
OPD Rx: Suspected severe case urgent referral.
Detailed management: Notify public health where required.
29) Lassa fever (viral hemorrhagic fever context)
Etiology: Arenavirus.
Clinical: Fever, pharyngitis, chest pain, bleeding in severe disease.
Investigations: PCR/serology in specialized labs, CBC, renal/liver profile.
DDx: Malaria, typhoid, Ebola, dengue.
Treatment: Early ribavirin in indicated settings + supportive care.
Contraindications/avoid: Delayed isolation in suspect cases.
IC: Barrier nursing, contact precautions.
OPD Rx: Suspect case urgent referral/isolation pathway.
Detailed management: High-risk infection control and surveillance.
Clinical: Fever, pharyngitis, chest pain, bleeding in severe disease.
Investigations: PCR/serology in specialized labs, CBC, renal/liver profile.
DDx: Malaria, typhoid, Ebola, dengue.
Treatment: Early ribavirin in indicated settings + supportive care.
Contraindications/avoid: Delayed isolation in suspect cases.
IC: Barrier nursing, contact precautions.
OPD Rx: Suspect case urgent referral/isolation pathway.
Detailed management: High-risk infection control and surveillance.
30) Hantavirus disease
Etiology: Hantavirus (rodent exposure).
Clinical: Febrile prodrome, then pulmonary syndrome or hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome.
Investigations: Serology/PCR, CBC, renal profile, CXR (pulmonary edema).
DDx: Severe CAP, leptospirosis, dengue, sepsis.
Treatment: Intensive supportive care, oxygen/ventilation, hemodynamic support.
Contraindications/avoid: Delay in recognizing respiratory failure.
IC: Standard precautions; rodent exposure prevention.
OPD Rx: Any suspected moderate-severe case urgent admission.
Detailed management: Early critical care transfer improves outcomes.
Clinical: Febrile prodrome, then pulmonary syndrome or hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome.
Investigations: Serology/PCR, CBC, renal profile, CXR (pulmonary edema).
DDx: Severe CAP, leptospirosis, dengue, sepsis.
Treatment: Intensive supportive care, oxygen/ventilation, hemodynamic support.
Contraindications/avoid: Delay in recognizing respiratory failure.
IC: Standard precautions; rodent exposure prevention.
OPD Rx: Any suspected moderate-severe case urgent admission.
Detailed management: Early critical care transfer improves outcomes.
EXAM CONCISE TYPE (B): 1-line high-yield
- Influenza: sudden fever/myalgia, PCR test, oseltamivir early high-risk.
- COVID-19: respiratory viral syndrome, antigen/PCR, severity-based care.
- Dengue: fever + thrombocytopenia/hemoconcentration, careful fluids, avoid NSAIDs.
- Chikungunya: severe arthralgia fever, supportive, chronic joint symptoms possible.
- Zika: mild rash-conjunctivitis, pregnancy risk counseling key.
- Measles: cough-coryza-conjunctivitis + Koplik, airborne isolation, vitamin A.
- Mumps: parotitis ± orchitis, supportive, droplet precautions.
- Rubella: mild rash + nodes, major fetal risk in pregnancy.
- Varicella: pruritic vesicles stages, acyclovir in selected high-risk.
- Zoster: dermatomal painful vesicles, early antiviral + neuralgia prevention.
- HSV oral/genital: painful grouped vesicles/ulcers, PCR, acyclovir/valacyclovir.
- EBV mono: fever-pharyngitis-nodes-splenomegaly, avoid contact sports.
- CMV: severe in immunocompromised, PCR viral load guided care.
- HAV/HEV: acute enteric hepatitis, supportive, sanitation.
- HBV/HCV: chronic liver disease risk, antiviral/DAA long-term management.
- HIV: diagnose early, immediate ART, lifelong follow-up.
- Rabies: exposure emergency, PEP saves life.
- Polio/enterovirus: acute flaccid paralysis differential with GBS.
- Rotavirus/Norovirus: acute gastroenteritis, ORS cornerstone.
- RSV/Adenovirus: common respiratory viral infections, mostly supportive care.
- Ebola/Lassa/Hantavirus/Yellow fever: high-risk viral hemorrhagic syndromes, strict IC + specialist referral.
Universal contraindication pearls (all viral OPD practice)
- Do not start antibiotics routinely unless bacterial coinfection evidence.
- Avoid NSAIDs in suspected dengue.
- Avoid aspirin in children with viral fever.
- Avoid steroid use in mild non-hypoxic viral respiratory disease unless specific indication.
- Avoid missed red flags: hypoxia, shock, altered sensorium, persistent vomiting, bleeding, severe dehydration.
Universal OPD viral fever prescription skeleton
- Paracetamol (weight/age appropriate)
- ORS/hydration plan
- Symptom-specific meds (antiemetic, antihistamine, cough care)
- Disease-specific antiviral only when indicated
- Written warning signs + review in 24-48 h (earlier if worsening)
If you want, next I can convert this into a clean exam PDF table or Word file with 30 rows × fixed columns for quick revision and ward use.
A .b and c type se Long answer
Your credits are exhausted. Your daily credits reset tomorrow, or you can purchase a top-up for more.
This is a shared conversation. Sign in to Orris to start your own chat.