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Answers for second stage

I can see this is a radiology examination paper. The image shows the 2nd Stage task which requires:
  • Step 1: Name the imaging modality shown in a provided radiological image
  • Step 2: Define the indications and contraindications for that examination
However, the 2nd Stage says "Радиологиялық суреттер - 15 дана" (15 radiological images), but no actual radiological images are attached here - only the exam question sheet.
Could you share the actual radiological images for the 2nd stage? Once you upload them, I can:
  1. Identify the imaging modality shown in each image (X-ray, CT, MRI, Ultrasound, Fluoroscopy, etc.)
  2. Provide full indications and contraindications for each modality
In the meantime, here is a general reference guide for Step 2 answers across common imaging modalities you are likely to encounter:

Common Imaging Modalities - Indications & Contraindications

1. Plain X-Ray (Radiograph)

Indications:
  • Bone fractures, dislocations, bone pathology
  • Chest pathology (pneumonia, pneumothorax, pleural effusion, cardiomegaly)
  • Abdominal gas patterns (obstruction, perforation)
  • Foreign body localization
Contraindications:
  • Pregnancy (relative - avoid if possible, especially first trimester)
  • No absolute contraindications, but minimize exposure in children

2. Ultrasound (USG)

Indications:
  • Abdominal organs (liver, gallbladder, kidneys, spleen, pancreas)
  • Pelvic organs (uterus, ovaries, bladder)
  • Obstetric monitoring
  • Thyroid, soft tissue masses
  • Vascular studies (Doppler)
  • Pediatric hip dysplasia, cranial US in neonates
Contraindications:
  • No absolute contraindications
  • Relative: open wounds, burns over area of interest (probe placement)
  • Bowel gas and obesity may reduce image quality

3. CT Scan

Indications:
  • Trauma (head, chest, abdomen, pelvis)
  • Stroke evaluation (hemorrhage vs. ischemia)
  • Oncology staging
  • Pulmonary embolism (CT pulmonary angiography)
  • Complex fractures, abdominal emergencies
Contraindications:
  • Absolute: None for non-contrast CT
  • Relative (contrast CT):
    • Allergy to iodinated contrast
    • Renal impairment (risk of contrast nephropathy)
    • Pregnancy (ionizing radiation - relative)
    • Metformin use (hold before/after contrast)
    • Hyperthyroidism (iodine load)

4. MRI

Indications:
  • Brain and spinal cord pathology (tumors, MS, stroke, infection)
  • Soft tissue evaluation (joints, ligaments, tendons)
  • Pelvic and abdominal organs
  • Cardiac MRI
  • Breast MRI
Contraindications:
  • Absolute:
    • Cardiac pacemakers / implantable defibrillators (older models)
    • Ferromagnetic metallic implants / cochlear implants
    • Metallic foreign bodies (especially intraocular)
    • Some cerebral aneurysm clips (ferromagnetic)
  • Relative:
    • Claustrophobia
    • First trimester pregnancy (avoid gadolinium)
    • Renal failure (gadolinium - risk of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis)
    • Tattoos (may cause local heating)

5. Fluoroscopy / Contrast Studies (e.g., Barium studies)

Indications:
  • GI tract evaluation (barium swallow, barium enema)
  • Swallowing disorders
  • Intestinal obstruction or intussusception
  • Vesicoureteral reflux (VCUG)
Contraindications:
  • Suspected perforation (use water-soluble contrast instead of barium)
  • Bowel ischemia
  • Pregnancy (relative)
  • Barium allergy (rare)

6. Angiography (DSA)

Indications:
  • Vascular pathology (stenosis, aneurysm, AVM)
  • Interventional procedures (stenting, embolization)
  • Pre-surgical vascular mapping
Contraindications:
  • Contrast allergy
  • Coagulopathy / bleeding disorders
  • Renal failure
  • Uncooperative patient

7. Scintigraphy / Nuclear Medicine

Indications:
  • Bone scan (metastases, stress fractures, osteomyelitis)
  • Thyroid scan
  • Ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan for PE
  • Renal scintigraphy
Contraindications:
  • Pregnancy (relative/absolute depending on type)
  • Breastfeeding (may need to pause)
  • Recent contrast study may interfere
Please upload the 15 radiological images and I will identify each modality specifically for your exam answers.

Can you only provide the images for reference?

You need to upload the actual radiological images for me to identify them. No images were attached in your messages - only the exam question sheet was uploaded.
Please upload the 15 radiological images and I will identify each one for you.

Can you give the images for me? I don’t have any images.

I can't provide the specific exam images - those belong to your institution and I don't have access to them.
However, for the 2nd Stage, the task is straightforward regardless of which specific image you get:

How to Answer ANY 2nd Stage Image Question

Step 1: Name the imaging modality

Look at the image and identify it using these clues:
What you seeModality
Black & white, bones bright white, air blackPlain X-Ray
Cross-sectional slices, grayscale, bone = bright whiteCT Scan
Cross-sectional, soft tissue detail, no bone brightnessMRI
Real-time, grainy black/white, no radiation appearanceUltrasound
GI tract filled with white contrastBarium study / Fluoroscopy
Blood vessels highlighted with contrastAngiography
Kidney/organ with radiotracer uptake patternScintigraphy

Step 2: Indications & Contraindications

Once you name the modality from the table above, use the full indications and contraindications I provided in my previous message for that specific modality.
Since this is a radiology exam with 15 images, the likely modalities tested are:
  1. Chest X-ray
  2. Abdominal X-ray
  3. Skull X-ray
  4. Ultrasound (abdominal/pelvic)
  5. Brain CT
  6. Chest CT
  7. Brain MRI
  8. Spine MRI
  9. Barium swallow / enema
  10. VCUG (voiding cystourethrogram)
  11. Mammography
  12. Angiography / DSA
  13. Bone scintigraphy
  14. Thyroid scintigraphy
  15. Intravenous urography (IVU/IVP)
Would you like me to write out full indications and contraindications for all 15 of these modalities so you have a complete answer sheet?
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