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Compliance of Lungs and Thorax Together
Definition of Compliance
Compliance is the change in volume produced per unit change in pressure (C = ΔV / ΔP), expressed in mL/cm H₂O. It reflects how easily the respiratory system can be distended.
Individual Compliances
| Structure | Normal Compliance |
|---|
| Lungs alone | ~200 mL/cm H₂O |
| Chest wall (thorax) alone | ~200 mL/cm H₂O |
| Lungs + thorax together | ~110 mL/cm H₂O |
Why the Combined Compliance Is Lower - The "Springs in Series" Concept
The lungs and thorax are mechanically coupled and act like two springs in series (not in parallel). For springs in series, the total compliance follows:
1/C(total) = 1/C(lungs) + 1/C(thorax)
Substituting:
1/C(total) = 1/200 + 1/200 = 2/200 → C(total) = 100 mL/cm H₂O
Experimentally, this works out to approximately 110 mL/cm H₂O - essentially half the compliance of the lungs alone. To inflate the total pulmonary system, almost twice as much pressure is needed compared to expanding the lungs alone (after removal from the chest cage).
- Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, p. 531
Measurement
Combined lung-thorax compliance is measured by forcing air into the lungs of a totally relaxed or paralyzed subject in small increments and recording pressure and volume at each step. The paralysis eliminates any active muscle contribution, ensuring you are measuring purely passive elastic properties.
The Coupling Mechanism: Pleural Pressure
The key to understanding why the two structures are mechanically coupled is the pleural space:
- The inward recoil of the lungs and the outward recoil of the chest wall act in opposite directions.
- At FRC (functional residual capacity), these two recoil forces are balanced, and pleural pressure is negative (approximately -3 to -4 cm H₂O).
- Any change in volume during breathing requires overcoming the elastic recoil of both structures simultaneously.
Campbell Diagram (Graphical Integration)
The diagram below (from Murray & Nadel's Textbook of Respiratory Medicine) illustrates how lung and chest wall mechanics integrate:
Panel A - The point where the lung recoil curve and the relaxed chest wall curve intersect is FRC. In COPD (increased lung compliance), FRC shifts upward (A). In fibrosis (reduced lung compliance), FRC shifts downward (B).
Panel B - During maximum inspiratory effort, the chest wall curve shifts rightward, increasing volume above FRC toward TLC. TLC is reached where the lung's elastic recoil is maximal and no further inspiratory muscle effort can overcome it.
- Murray & Nadel's Textbook of Respiratory Medicine, p. 256
Compliance at Extremes of Lung Volume
At normal tidal volumes, combined compliance (~110 mL/cm H₂O) applies. However:
- At high lung volumes (near TLC): the chest wall recoils strongly inward, and lung tissues reach their elastic limit. Combined compliance can fall to less than 20% of the lungs-alone value.
- At low lung volumes (near RV): the chest wall becomes very stiff as it tries to recoil outward below its resting volume.
This is why breathing at extremes of the volume range requires disproportionately more muscular effort.
Clinical Significance
| Condition | Effect on Compliance | Mechanism |
|---|
| Pulmonary fibrosis | Reduced lung compliance | Stiff parenchyma; FRC decreases |
| Emphysema / COPD | Increased lung compliance | Tissue destruction; FRC increases |
| Severe kyphoscoliosis | Reduced chest wall compliance | Deformed thoracic cage |
| Obesity | Reduced chest wall compliance | Excess fat on thorax/abdomen |
| Burns (skin eschar) | Reduced chest wall compliance | Inelastic chest wall |
| Paralysis/anesthesia | FRC decreases ~20% | Loss of inspiratory muscle tone reduces resting chest wall outward recoil |
| ARDS | Severely reduced lung compliance | Alveolar flooding, surfactant dysfunction |
- Murray & Nadel's Textbook of Respiratory Medicine, p. 257; Barash Clinical Anesthesia, 9e
Work of Breathing and Compliance
Reduced combined compliance means the respiratory muscles must generate more pressure per unit volume - this increases the elastic (compliance) work of breathing. In extreme low-compliance states (e.g., severe ARDS or fibrosis), the increased work leads to:
- Progressive respiratory muscle fatigue
- Hypoventilation
- Respiratory acidosis
During normal quiet breathing, only 3-5% of total body energy expenditure goes to breathing; this can increase up to 50-fold in diseases with severely reduced compliance.
- Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, p. 531