Quick Index

RENAL (Q1-7)

• Q1 - Glomerular filtration, Starling forces, GFR (normal 125 mL/min), factors affecting GFR
• Q2 - Tubular reabsorption: PCT (65%), Loop of Henle (25%), DCT, Collecting duct (ADH/aldosterone)
• Q3 - Renal function tests with normal ranges (creatinine, BUN, GFR, urinalysis)
• Q4 - Micturition reflex: detrusor, sphincters, PMC, spinal coordination
• Q5 - 10 kidney functions: excretion, water/electrolyte/acid-base balance, BP, EPO, vitamin D, gluconeogenesis
• Q6 - Urine composition and physical properties
• Q7 - Urine formation: filtration → reabsorption → secretion → countercurrent concentration

GIT (Q8-23)

• Q8 - Gastric digestion; digestive and non-digestive functions
• Q9 - Oral digestion, saliva (1-1.5 L/day, composition, role, regulation via CN VII/IX)
• Q10 - Gastric juice (2-3 L/day, pH 1.5-2); HCl functions (activates pepsin, bactericidal, Fe²⁺ absorption)
• Q11 - Pancreatic juice (1.5-3 L/day, pH 7.6-8.2); regulation by secretin and CCK
• Q12 - Role of pancreas in duodenal digestion: neutralization + all enzyme classes
• Q13 - Bile composition, emulsification, micelle formation, enterohepatic circulation
• Q14 - Small intestinal digestion and absorption; structural adaptations
• Q15-17 - Digestion, absorption, and metabolism of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates
• Q18 - Duodenal digestion; succus entericus composition
• Q19 - BMR: values, factors (thyroid hormones are the main regulator)
• Q20 - Absorption mechanisms: passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, pinocytosis
• Q21 - Liver in digestion: bile, protein/carbohydrate/fat metabolism, detoxification
• Q22 - GIT hormones table: gastrin, secretin, CCK, GIP, motilin, somatostatin, GLP-1, PYY
• Q23 - GI wall layers: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa/adventitia

ENDOCRINE (Q24-36)

• Q24 - Endocrine glands, hormone properties, classification (peptide, steroid, amine)
• Q25 - T3/T4 biosynthesis (NIS → TPO → coupling), transport (TBG), physiological role
• Q26 - Pancreatic hormones: insulin (anabolic, lowers glucose), glucagon (catabolic, raises glucose), somatostatin
• Q27 - Anterior pituitary: GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, Prolactin
• Q28 - Hypothalamus: pituitary control, ADH/oxytocin synthesis, temperature, hunger, thirst, circadian clock
• Q29 - Ca²⁺/PO₄ regulation: PTH (↑Ca², ↓PO₄), calcitriol (↑both), calcitonin (↓both)
• Q30 - Adrenal cortex: cortisol (glucocorticoid), aldosterone (mineralocorticoid), adrenal androgens
• Q31 - Thyroid hormone effects and HPT axis (TRH → TSH → T3/T4 → negative feedback)
• Q32 - Epinephrine/NE: synthesis, fight-or-flight effects, metabolic effects, receptor pharmacology
• Q33 - Hypothyroidism (weight gain, bradycardia, myxedema) vs. hyperthyroidism (weight loss, tachycardia, exophthalmos)
• Q34 - Hormone mechanisms: GPCRs (cAMP, IP₃/DAG), tyrosine kinase, JAK-STAT, nuclear receptors
• Q35 - ADH (V2: AQP2 → concentrated urine; V1: vasoconstriction) and Oxytocin (labor, milk ejection, bonding)
• Q36 - Prostaglandins: synthesis via COX, roles in inflammation, fever, pain, gastric protection, platelet function

NERVOUS SYSTEM (Q37-54)

• Q37 - Synapse structure, chemical vs. electrical, EPSP (Na⁺/K⁺ channels) vs. IPSP (Cl⁻/K⁺ channels)
• Q38 - Reflex arc, classification: unconditioned/conditioned, monosynaptic/polysynaptic, somatic/autonomic
• Q39 - Spinal cord reflexes (stretch, withdrawal), ascending/descending tracts
• Q40 - Spinal cord anatomy: gray matter (dorsal/ventral/lateral horns), white matter funiculi
• Q41 - CNS/PNS; somatic vs. autonomic (sympathetic, parasympathetic, enteric)
• Q42 - Retina layers, rods vs. cones, phototransduction (cGMP → channel closure → hyperpolarization)
• Q43 - Medulla (cardiovascular, respiratory, vomiting, swallowing centers) and pons (pneumotaxic, CN V-VIII)
• Q44/53 - Excitatory synapses (glutamate, depolarization) vs. inhibitory (GABA/glycine, hyperpolarization)
• Q45 - Sympathetic vs. parasympathetic effects table on all organ systems
• Q46 - Neurotransmitter classification: amino acids, monoamines, ACh, neuropeptides, purines, gaseous
• Q47 - Cerebellum: coordination, tone, balance, motor learning; mossy/climbing fiber inputs; dentate → thalamus → cortex output
• Q48 - Thalamus: sensory relay (VPL, VPM, LGN, MGN), motor relay (VL), consciousness, attention, memory
• Q49 - Cerebral cortex layers, somatosensory (S1), motor (M1), visual (V1), auditory (A1), Wernicke's, Broca's areas
• Q50 - Sensory receptor types, transduction: receptor potential → AP encoding → adaptation (RA vs. SA)
• Q51 - Limbic system: memory (hippocampus), emotion (amygdala), reward, autonomic, olfaction, social behavior
• Q52 - ANS morpho-functional: sympathetic (thoracolumbar, NE), parasympathetic (craniosacral, ACh), enteric

REPRODUCTIVE (Q55-60)

• Q55 - Ovarian cycle: follicular phase (FSH, estrogen rise, LH surge) → ovulation (day 14) → luteal phase (CL, progesterone)
• Q56 - Androgens: testosterone, DHT (5α-reductase); roles in development, spermatogenesis, anabolism, libido, erythropoiesis
• Q57 - Estrogens: estradiol, bone protection, endometrial proliferation, CVD protection, CNS effects
• Q58 - Progesterone: secretory endometrium, uterine quiescence, cervical mucus, thermogenic, anxiolytic
• Q59 - Spermatogenesis: spermatogonia → meiosis → spermiogenesis (acrosome, flagellum) → spermiation; FSH/LH/testosterone control
• Q60 - Ovarian hormones: estrogens, progesterone, androgens, inhibin (↓FSH), activin (↑FSH), AMH (ovarian reserve), relaxin