Station 3 - Capillary Tube (Plain / Unheparinized)

• In clinical labs: used to determine Packed Cell Volume (PCV) / Hematocrit - a small blood sample is drawn in by capillary action, one end sealed with clay, then spun in a micro-hematocrit centrifuge. The ratio of packed red cells to total blood volume is read off a chart.
• In chemistry labs: used to load samples onto a TLC plate, or to hold solid samples for melting point determination.
• (Note: a plain/uncoated tube is used with blood that is already anticoagulated, e.g. from an EDTA tube. A red-banded tube = heparinized, for direct fingerprick collection.)

Station 4 - Heparinized Capillary Tube

• Same as above for PCV/Hematocrit determination, but this tube is coated internally with sodium heparin (anticoagulant).
• Used for direct fingerprick/capillary blood collection where blood has no pre-added anticoagulant. The heparin prevents clotting inside the tube before centrifugation.
• The red stripe is the standard international color code for heparinized capillary tubes.

Station 6 - Schiotz Tonometer

• Ophthalmic instrument for measuring intraocular pressure (IOP).
• Works on the principle of indentation tonometry: a plunger of known weight is placed on the anesthetized cornea; the depth of corneal indentation is read on a graduated scale and converted to mmHg using a conversion table.
• Used to screen for and monitor glaucoma.
• Interchangeable weights (5.5 g, 7.5 g, 10 g) are loaded on top to increase indentation force when IOP is very high.

Station 7 - Mosso's Ergograph

• Used in physiology/pharmacology practicals to study and record skeletal muscle fatigue.
• The subject's forearm and hand are strapped to the support to isolate movement of one finger (usually the middle finger). The finger repeatedly lifts a known weight via a cord-and-pulley system.
• Each contraction moves a pointer along the graduated curved arc, recording the height of each lift.
• The resulting tracing (ergogram) shows progressively decreasing contraction height - demonstrating muscle fatigue over time.
• Also used to study the effects of drugs, rest, and stimulants on muscular work.

Chest X-ray - PA View

Type

Findings

Likely Diagnosis (for exam purposes)

1. Left lower lobe pneumonia (consolidation) - most common cause
2. Left pleural effusion - fluid causing homogeneous opacity
3. Left lower lobe collapse/atelectasis - with volume loss

Note: The image is photographed at an angle from a lightbox and the lower chest is partially cut off, limiting full assessment. Formal radiologist reporting and clinical correlation are needed for a definitive diagnosis.