Kindly answer as per md medicine university exam , add flow charts and diagrams and relevant examples and make notes in word format Long question 1)Discuss the approach to a case with broad QRS tachycardia & its management. 2)Pathophysiology of acute coronary syndrome with physiology of coagulation.
mkdir -p /home/daytona/workspace/md-medicine-notes && ls /home/daytona/workspace…
~/md-medicine-notes/create_notes.js
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// ─── DOCUMENT CONTENT ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
const children = [];
// =================== TITLE PAGE ===================
children.push(new Paragraph({
children: [new TextRun({ text: 'MD MEDICINE UNIVERSITY EXAM NOTES', bold: true, size: 48, color: '1F3864' })],
alignment: AlignmentType.CENTER,
spacing: { before: 1400, after: 200 },
}));
children.push(new Paragraph({
children: [new TextRun({ text: 'Cardiology Module', bold: true, size: 32, color: '2E75B6' })],
alignment: AlignmentType.CENTER,
spacing: { before: 0, after: 200 },
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children.push(new Paragraph({
children: [new TextRun({ text: 'Long Question Answers', size: 28, color: '595959' })],
alignment: AlignmentType.CENTER,
spacing: { before: 0, after: 100 },
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children.push(new Paragraph({
children: [new TextRun({ text: 'July 2026', size: 24, color: '595959' })],
alignment: AlignmentType.CENTER,
spacing: { before: 0, after: 800 },
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children.push(divider());
children.push(new Paragraph({
children: [new TextRun({ text: 'Contents', bold: true, size: 28, color: '1F3864' })],
alignment: AlignmentType.CENTER,
spacing: { before: 400, after: 200 },
}));
children.push(bullet('Q1. Approach to Broad QRS Tachycardia & Management'));
children.push(bullet('Q2. Pathophysiology of ACS with Physiology of Coagulation'));
children.push(pageBreak());
// =================== QUESTION 1 ===================
children.push(new Paragraph({
children: [new TextRun({ text: 'QUESTION 1', bold: true, size: 32, color: 'FFFFFF' })],
alignment: AlignmentType.CENTER,
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alignment: AlignmentType.CENTER,
shading: { type: ShadingType.SOLID, color: '2E75B6', fill: '2E75B6' },
spacing: { before: 0, after: 300 },
}));
// DEFINITION
children.push(heading2('1. DEFINITION'));
children.push(body('Broad (wide) QRS tachycardia is defined as a tachycardia (HR > 100 bpm) with a QRS duration ≥ 120 ms (≥ 0.12 s or ≥ 3 small squares on ECG).'));
children.push(noteBox('Threshold for "broad" QRS = 120 ms. In exam, if QRS > 0.14 s → strongly suggests VT over SVT.'));
// CAUSES
children.push(heading2('2. CAUSES / CLASSIFICATION'));
children.push(body('Broad QRS tachycardia has three main etiological categories:', true));
children.push(heading3('A. Ventricular Tachycardia (VT) — Most Common (80%)'));
children.push(boldBullet('Monomorphic VT', 'All QRS complexes have same morphology. Most common. Usually from scar-related re-entry after MI.'));
children.push(boldBullet('Polymorphic VT', 'QRS morphology varies beat to beat. Includes Torsades de Pointes (TdP).'));
children.push(boldBullet('Ventricular Flutter', 'Rate 250-350 bpm, sine-wave morphology, haemodynamically unstable.'));
children.push(heading3('B. SVT with Aberrant Conduction (~15-20%)'));
children.push(boldBullet('SVT + RBBB / LBBB', 'Pre-existing or rate-dependent bundle branch block widens QRS.'));
children.push(boldBullet('SVT + Metabolic', 'Hyperkalaemia, antiarrhythmic drug toxicity (Class Ic, tricyclics) widens QRS.'));
children.push(heading3('C. Pre-excitation Syndromes (~1-5%)'));
children.push(boldBullet('WPW with AF/AFL', 'Delta wave + rapid ventricular rate + irregular RR. Extremely dangerous — can degenerate to VF.'));
children.push(boldBullet('Antidromic AVRT', 'Wide QRS (fully pre-excited) tachycardia via accessory pathway.'));
children.push(divider());
// KEY CLINICAL RULE
children.push(new Paragraph({
children: [
new TextRun({ text: '⚠ GOLDEN RULE: ', bold: true, size: 22, color: 'C00000' }),
new TextRun({ text: 'All broad QRS tachycardias should be treated as VT until proven otherwise.', size: 22, bold: true }),
],
shading: { type: ShadingType.SOLID, color: 'FFE4E1', fill: 'FFE4E1' },
spacing: { before: 100, after: 200 },
indent: { left: 360 },
}));
// CLINICAL APPROACH
children.push(heading2('3. SYSTEMATIC CLINICAL APPROACH'));
// FLOWCHART 1 — Initial Assessment
children.push(heading3('Flowchart 1: Initial Assessment of Broad QRS Tachycardia'));
children.push(new Paragraph({ spacing: { before: 100, after: 0 } }));
children.push(flowRow('PATIENT PRESENTS WITH BROAD QRS TACHYCARDIA (QRS ≥ 120ms, HR > 100 bpm)'));
children.push(flowArrow());
children.push(flowDiamond('HAEMODYNAMICALLY STABLE?'));
children.push(new Paragraph({
children: [
new TextRun({ text: 'YES → Proceed to diagnosis ', bold: true, color: '2E75B6', size: 22 }),
new TextRun({ text: 'NO → IMMEDIATE ELECTRICAL CARDIOVERSION', bold: true, color: 'C00000', size: 22 }),
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alignment: AlignmentType.CENTER,
spacing: { before: 40, after: 40 },
}));
children.push(flowArrow());
children.push(flowRow('ECG ANALYSIS → Brugada / Griffith / Vereckei Criteria'));
children.push(flowArrow());
children.push(flowDiamond('VT vs SVT with Aberrancy vs Pre-excitation?'));
children.push(flowArrow());
children.push(flowRow('TARGETED TREATMENT BASED ON DIAGNOSIS'));
children.push(new Paragraph({ spacing: { before: 100, after: 200 } }));
// HAEMODYNAMIC STATUS
children.push(heading2('4. HAEMODYNAMIC STATUS — FIRST ASSESSMENT'));
children.push(body('Assess IMMEDIATELY on patient contact:'));
children.push(boldBullet('Signs of HAEMODYNAMIC INSTABILITY (any one → immediate cardioversion):', ''));
children.push(bullet('Hypotension (SBP < 90 mmHg)', 1));
children.push(bullet('Altered consciousness / syncope', 1));
children.push(bullet('Signs of pulmonary oedema / acute heart failure', 1));
children.push(bullet('Severe chest pain / ongoing ischaemia', 1));
children.push(bullet('HR > 200 bpm', 1));
children.push(divider());
// ECG DIAGNOSIS
children.push(heading2('5. ECG DIAGNOSIS — DISTINGUISHING VT FROM SVT'));
children.push(heading3('Brugada 4-Step Algorithm (Gold Standard)'));
children.push(body('Answer each question in sequence. If "YES" at any step → VT. Only "NO" to ALL 4 → SVT.'));
const brugadaRows = [
['Step 1', 'Is there ABSENCE of RS complex in ALL precordial leads (V1-V6)?', 'YES → VT', 'NO → next step'],
['Step 2', 'Is the RS interval (nadir of S) > 100 ms in any precordial lead?', 'YES → VT', 'NO → next step'],
['Step 3', 'Is there AV dissociation?', 'YES → VT', 'NO → next step'],
['Step 4', 'Are VT morphology criteria met in V1 & V6?', 'YES → VT', 'NO → SVT'],
];
children.push(makeTable(['Step', 'Question', 'YES', 'NO'], brugadaRows, [10, 50, 20, 20]));
children.push(new Paragraph({ spacing: { before: 100, after: 100 } }));
children.push(noteBox('Brugada criteria: Sensitivity 98.7%, Specificity 96.5% for VT. However, Class I drugs (flecainide) reduce reliability.'));
children.push(heading3('Key ECG Features Favouring VT'));
const vtEcgFeatures = [
['QRS Duration', '> 140 ms (RBBB pattern) or > 160 ms (LBBB pattern)', 'Usually < 140 ms'],
['QRS Axis', 'Extreme left axis (-90° to ±180°)', 'Normal / near-normal'],
['AV Dissociation', 'P waves independent of QRS (pathognomonic of VT)', 'P before each QRS'],
['Fusion Beats', 'Hybrid QRS — sinus + ectopic (PATHOGNOMONIC)', 'Absent'],
['Capture Beats', 'Narrow QRS during tachycardia (PATHOGNOMONIC)', 'Absent'],
['Precordial Concordance', 'All V1-V6 positive or all negative', 'Variable'],
['V1 morphology (RBBB)', 'R, qR, or RS (monophasic/biphasic)', 'Triphasic rSR' (rabbit ears)'],
['V6 morphology (RBBB)', 'S, rS, or QS pattern', 'qRS'],
];
children.push(makeTable(['Parameter', 'Ventricular Tachycardia', 'SVT + Aberrancy'], vtEcgFeatures, [22, 39, 39]));
children.push(new Paragraph({ spacing: { before: 100, after: 200 } }));
// CLINICAL FEATURES COMPARISON
children.push(heading2('6. CLINICAL FEATURES: VT vs SVT'));
const clinicalRows = [
['Age', '≥ 50 years', '≤ 35 years'],
['H/O Ischaemic Heart Disease', 'Common (post-MI, CHF, CABG)', 'Usually absent'],
['Previous VT', 'Present', 'Absent (previous SVT)'],
['Cannon A waves (JVP)', 'Present (AV dissociation)', 'Absent'],
['Arterial pulse variation', 'Yes (beat-to-beat variation)', 'No variation'],
['S1 variability', 'Variable intensity', 'Constant intensity'],
['Response to Adenosine', 'No effect (or minor change)', 'Slows / terminates SVT'],
['Response to Valsalva', 'No effect', 'May slow or terminate'],
];
children.push(makeTable(['Parameter', 'VT', 'SVT + Aberrancy'], clinicalRows, [30, 35, 35]));
children.push(new Paragraph({ spacing: { before: 100, after: 200 } }));
// SPECIAL SCENARIOS
children.push(heading2('7. SPECIAL SCENARIOS'));
children.push(heading3('A. Pre-excitation (WPW) with Broad QRS Tachycardia'));
children.push(boldBullet('Antidromic AVRT', 'Delta wave + fully pre-excited wide QRS. Regular rhythm.'));
children.push(boldBullet('WPW + AF', 'IRREGULAR broad QRS tachycardia. Rate > 200 bpm. Life-threatening.'));
children.push(new Paragraph({
children: [
new TextRun({ text: '⚠ DANGER: ', bold: true, color: 'C00000', size: 22 }),
new TextRun({ text: 'AV nodal blockers (adenosine, verapamil, digoxin, beta-blockers) are ABSOLUTELY CONTRAINDICATED in WPW+AF — they can accelerate accessory pathway conduction and cause VF.', size: 22 }),
],
shading: { type: ShadingType.SOLID, color: 'FFE4E1', fill: 'FFE4E1' },
spacing: { before: 80, after: 80 },
indent: { left: 360 },
}));
children.push(heading3('B. Torsades de Pointes (TdP)'));
children.push(boldBullet('Definition', 'Polymorphic VT with QRS complexes twisting around baseline. "Twisting of the points."'));
children.push(boldBullet('Substrate', 'Prolonged QT interval (acquired or congenital — Long QT Syndrome)'));
children.push(boldBullet('Causes', 'Drugs (quinidine, amiodarone, antihistamines, macrolides, haloperidol), hypokalaemia, hypomagnesaemia'));
children.push(boldBullet('Treatment', 'IV Magnesium sulfate 2g over 10 min (DOC). Withdraw offending drug. Pacing to suppress.'));
children.push(noteBox('TdP mnemonic: "CQUA" — Class Ia/III drugs, QT prolongation, Underlying hypo-K/Mg, Atypical polymorphic VT with "twisting."'));
children.push(divider());
// MANAGEMENT FLOWCHART
children.push(heading2('8. MANAGEMENT OF BROAD QRS TACHYCARDIA'));
children.push(heading3('Flowchart 2: Management Algorithm'));
children.push(new Paragraph({ spacing: { before: 80, after: 0 } }));
children.push(flowRow('BROAD QRS TACHYCARDIA CONFIRMED'));
children.push(flowArrow());
children.push(flowDiamond('PULSELESS?'));
children.push(new Paragraph({
children: [new TextRun({ text: 'YES → CPR + Unsynchronised Defibrillation (VF/pulseless VT) — Follow ACLS', bold: true, color: 'C00000', size: 22 })],
alignment: AlignmentType.CENTER,
spacing: { before: 40, after: 40 },
}));
children.push(flowArrow());
children.push(flowDiamond('HAEMODYNAMICALLY UNSTABLE? (Hypotension, Altered consciousness, Pulmonary oedema, Severe chest pain)'));
children.push(new Paragraph({
children: [new TextRun({ text: 'YES → Immediate Synchronised Electrical Cardioversion (100J biphasic, escalate if needed)', bold: true, color: 'C00000', size: 22 })],
alignment: AlignmentType.CENTER,
spacing: { before: 40, after: 40 },
}));
children.push(flowArrow());
children.push(flowRow('HAEMODYNAMICALLY STABLE — ECG DIAGNOSIS'));
children.push(flowArrow());
children.push(flowDiamond('VT CONFIRMED (or cannot exclude VT)?'));
children.push(new Paragraph({
children: [new TextRun({ text: 'YES → Pharmacological Cardioversion: Amiodarone or Procainamide', bold: true, color: '2E75B6', size: 22 })],
alignment: AlignmentType.CENTER,
spacing: { before: 40, after: 40 },
}));
children.push(flowArrow());
children.push(flowDiamond('SVT + Aberrancy CONFIRMED?'));
children.push(new Paragraph({
children: [new TextRun({ text: 'YES → Adenosine IV 6mg rapid bolus (if no pre-excitation)', bold: true, color: '375623', size: 22 })],
alignment: AlignmentType.CENTER,
spacing: { before: 40, after: 40 },
}));
children.push(new Paragraph({ spacing: { before: 80, after: 200 } }));
// PHARMACOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT
children.push(heading2('9. PHARMACOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT'));
children.push(heading3('A. Confirmed / Presumed VT'));
const vtDrugs = [
['Amiodarone', '150 mg IV over 10 min, then 1 mg/min × 6h, then 0.5 mg/min × 18h', 'First-line for haemodynamically stable VT. Safe in structural heart disease.'],
['Procainamide', '15-17 mg/kg IV at ≤50 mg/min', 'Effective for VT and WPW. Avoid in heart failure.'],
['Lidocaine', '1-1.5 mg/kg IV bolus', 'Adjunct. Preferred in ischaemic VT (post-MI). Less effective than amiodarone.'],
['Sotalol', '100 mg IV over 5 min', 'Alternative; avoid in QT prolongation.'],
['MgSO4', '2 g IV over 10 min', 'DRUG OF CHOICE for Torsades de Pointes.'],
];
children.push(makeTable(['Drug', 'Dose', 'Notes'], vtDrugs, [20, 40, 40]));
children.push(new Paragraph({ spacing: { before: 100, after: 100 } }));
children.push(heading3('B. SVT with Aberrancy (once VT excluded)'));
const svtDrugs = [
['Adenosine', '6 mg rapid IV bolus → 12 mg → 18 mg if needed', 'DOC for AVNRT/AVRT. Avoid in pre-excitation (WPW).'],
['Verapamil', '5-10 mg IV slow over 2 min', 'Alternative for SVT without pre-excitation. CONTRAINDICATED in VT.'],
['Beta-blockers', 'Metoprolol 5 mg IV over 5 min', 'Rate control. Avoid in decompensated HF.'],
['Flecainide', 'Oral for paroxysmal SVT, NOT for structural heart disease', 'Sodium channel blocker.'],
];
children.push(makeTable(['Drug', 'Dose', 'Notes'], svtDrugs, [20, 40, 40]));
children.push(new Paragraph({ spacing: { before: 100, after: 100 } }));
children.push(heading3('C. WPW with Broad QRS Tachycardia'));
children.push(boldBullet('Drug of Choice', 'Procainamide IV or Ibutilide IV (block accessory pathway)'));
children.push(boldBullet('If unstable', 'Immediate DC cardioversion'));
children.push(new Paragraph({
children: [
new TextRun({ text: 'CONTRAINDICATED: ', bold: true, color: 'C00000', size: 22 }),
new TextRun({ text: 'Adenosine, Verapamil, Diltiazem, Digoxin, IV Amiodarone in WPW+AF (all can cause VF)', size: 22 }),
],
shading: { type: ShadingType.SOLID, color: 'FFE4E1', fill: 'FFE4E1' },
spacing: { before: 80, after: 80 },
indent: { left: 360 },
}));
children.push(divider());
// NON-PHARMACOLOGICAL / LONG-TERM
children.push(heading2('10. NON-PHARMACOLOGICAL & LONG-TERM MANAGEMENT'));
children.push(boldBullet('Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator (ICD)', 'Primary prevention (EF ≤ 35%, NYHA II/III on optimal medical therapy) and secondary prevention (survivor of VF/VT)'));
children.push(boldBullet('Catheter Ablation', 'Radiofrequency ablation for recurrent VT, WPW (accessory pathway), bundle branch re-entry VT'));
children.push(boldBullet('Treat Reversible Causes', 'Correct hypokalaemia, hypomagnesaemia, withdraw QT-prolonging drugs, treat ischaemia'));
children.push(boldBullet('Beta-blockers', 'Reduce recurrent VT post-MI; reduce mortality'));
children.push(boldBullet('Anti-ischaemic therapy', 'Revascularisation (PCI/CABG) for VT in context of ischaemia'));
children.push(heading3('Surgical Options'));
children.push(bullet('Surgical ablation/aneurysmectomy for scar-related VT'));
children.push(bullet('Surgical disconnection of accessory pathway in WPW (historical; now replaced by catheter ablation)'));
children.push(noteBox('ICD indications (exam): EF ≤ 35% + NYHA II-III on optimal medical therapy for ≥ 3 months (primary prevention). Survivor of VF/cardiac arrest (secondary prevention).'));
children.push(divider());
// EXAMPLE
children.push(heading2('11. CLINICAL EXAMPLE'));
children.push(new Paragraph({
children: [new TextRun({ text: 'Case Vignette:', bold: true, size: 22, color: '2E75B6' })],
spacing: { before: 80, after: 40 },
}));
children.push(body('A 62-year-old man with known anterior MI 3 years ago presents with sudden-onset palpitations and presyncope. HR 160 bpm. BP 85/60 mmHg. ECG shows broad QRS (0.18 s), positive concordance in V1-V6, AV dissociation.'));
children.push(body('Diagnosis: Monomorphic VT — haemodynamically unstable.'));
children.push(body('Management:', true));
children.push(bullet('Immediate IV sedation (Midazolam 2.5mg IV)'));
children.push(bullet('Synchronised DC cardioversion — 100J biphasic'));
children.push(bullet('Post-cardioversion: IV Amiodarone infusion'));
children.push(bullet('Assess EF (Echo) → if EF ≤ 35% → ICD'));
children.push(bullet('Optimise medical therapy: BB, ACEi, Aldosterone antagonist'));
children.push(pageBreak());
// =================== QUESTION 2 ===================
children.push(new Paragraph({
children: [new TextRun({ text: 'QUESTION 2', bold: true, size: 32, color: 'FFFFFF' })],
alignment: AlignmentType.CENTER,
shading: { type: ShadingType.SOLID, color: '1F3864', fill: '1F3864' },
spacing: { before: 200, after: 0 },
}));
children.push(new Paragraph({
children: [new TextRun({ text: 'Pathophysiology of Acute Coronary Syndrome with Physiology of Coagulation', bold: true, size: 28, color: 'FFFFFF' })],
alignment: AlignmentType.CENTER,
shading: { type: ShadingType.SOLID, color: '2E75B6', fill: '2E75B6' },
spacing: { before: 0, after: 300 },
}));
// INTRODUCTION
children.push(heading2('1. INTRODUCTION & SPECTRUM OF ACS'));
children.push(body('Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) is a spectrum of clinical conditions from unstable angina (UA) to NSTEMI and STEMI, all sharing the same underlying mechanism: acute disruption of a coronary artery atherosclerotic plaque leading to thrombus formation and myocardial ischaemia.'));
const acsSpectrum = [
['Unstable Angina (UA)', 'No troponin rise, no ST elevation', 'Partial occlusion; no necrosis', 'Non-occlusive thrombus'],
['NSTEMI', 'Troponin RISE, no persistent ST elevation', 'Subendocardial necrosis', 'Non-occlusive / occlusive with collaterals'],
['STEMI', 'Troponin RISE + persistent ST elevation (>20 min)', 'Transmural necrosis', 'Occlusive thrombus'],
];
children.push(makeTable(['Type', 'Biomarkers / ECG', 'Pathology', 'Thrombus Type'], acsSpectrum, [20, 30, 25, 25]));
children.push(new Paragraph({ spacing: { before: 100, after: 200 } }));
// NORMAL CORONARY ARTERY
children.push(heading2('2. NORMAL CORONARY ARTERY vs ATHEROSCLEROSIS'));
children.push(boldBullet('Intima', 'Single layer of endothelium resting on basal lamina. Key barrier.'));
children.push(boldBullet('Media', 'Smooth muscle cells — maintain vasomotor tone.'));
children.push(boldBullet('Adventitia', 'Outer connective tissue layer.'));
children.push(body('Healthy endothelium: anti-thrombotic, anti-inflammatory, produces NO (vasodilator) and prostacyclin (anti-platelet).'));
// ATHEROSCLEROSIS DEVELOPMENT
children.push(heading2('3. ATHEROSCLEROSIS — STEP BY STEP PATHOGENESIS'));
children.push(heading3('Flowchart 3: Formation of Atherosclerotic Plaque'));
children.push(new Paragraph({ spacing: { before: 80, after: 0 } }));
children.push(flowRow('RISK FACTORS: Hypertension, Dyslipidaemia, Diabetes, Smoking, Obesity, Family History'));
children.push(flowArrow());
children.push(flowRow('ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION — Loss of protective barrier; reduced NO; increased ICAM-1, VCAM-1'));
children.push(flowArrow());
children.push(flowRow('LDL enters intima → OXIDISED LDL (oxLDL) by reactive oxygen species'));
children.push(flowArrow());
children.push(flowRow('oxLDL → Monocyte recruitment via MCP-1 → Differentiation to MACROPHAGES'));
children.push(flowArrow());
children.push(flowRow('Macrophages engulf oxLDL via Scavenger Receptors → FOAM CELLS → FATTY STREAK'));
children.push(flowArrow());
children.push(flowRow('Smooth Muscle Cell migration from media → Collagen secretion → FIBROUS CAP'));
children.push(flowArrow());
children.push(flowRow('FIBROUS PLAQUE: Fibrous cap + Lipid core + Inflammatory cells + Calcification'));
children.push(new Paragraph({ spacing: { before: 80, after: 200 } }));
// PLAQUE VULNERABILITY
children.push(heading2('4. VULNERABLE PLAQUE — KEY CONCEPT'));
children.push(body('Not all plaques are equal. The VULNERABLE PLAQUE is the one that precipitates ACS.'));
const plaqueRows = [
['Stable Plaque', 'Thick fibrous cap', 'Small lipid core', 'Few inflammatory cells', 'Causes stable angina when stenosis > 70%'],
['Vulnerable Plaque', 'THIN fibrous cap (< 65 μm)', 'LARGE necrotic lipid core (> 40% of plaque volume)', 'Many macrophages / T cells', 'Ruptures at stenosis often < 50% — "non-flow-limiting"'],
];
children.push(makeTable(['Type', 'Cap', 'Core', 'Inflammation', 'Clinical Impact'], plaqueRows, [20, 20, 20, 20, 20]));
children.push(new Paragraph({ spacing: { before: 100, after: 100 } }));
children.push(noteBox('Key exam point: 2/3 of AMI culprit lesions had < 50% stenosis prior to rupture — unstable plaques, not the most severely stenosed!'));
// TRIGGERS OF PLAQUE RUPTURE
children.push(heading2('5. TRIGGERS OF PLAQUE RUPTURE'));
children.push(boldBullet('Intrinsic factors', 'Thin fibrous cap; large necrotic core; MMP activity by macrophages (degrade collagen); high lipid content'));
children.push(boldBullet('Extrinsic factors', 'High shear stress at plaque shoulder; systemic inflammation (CRP, IL-6, TNF); sympathetic surges (morning peak)'));
children.push(boldBullet('Plaque erosion', 'NO RUPTURE — endothelial cell apoptosis/loss exposes subendothelial matrix; more common in women, younger patients, smokers'));
children.push(boldBullet('MMP (Matrix Metalloproteinases)', 'Collagenases elaborated by macrophages that degrade Type I/III collagen in fibrous cap → destabilise plaque'));
children.push(divider());
// PHYSIOLOGY OF COAGULATION (DETAILED)
children.push(heading2('6. PHYSIOLOGY OF COAGULATION — DETAILED'));
children.push(body('Coagulation is the process by which soluble fibrinogen is converted to insoluble fibrin, forming a stable clot. It involves PRIMARY hemostasis (platelet plug) and SECONDARY hemostasis (coagulation cascade).'));
children.push(heading3('A. Primary Haemostasis — The Platelet Plug'));
children.push(heading3('Flowchart 4: Primary Haemostasis'));
children.push(new Paragraph({ spacing: { before: 80, after: 0 } }));
children.push(flowRow('VASCULAR INJURY → Subendothelial collagen & vWF EXPOSED'));
children.push(flowArrow());
children.push(flowRow('Platelet GpIb binds vWF → PLATELET ADHESION'));
children.push(flowArrow());
children.push(flowRow('PLATELET ACTIVATION: Shape change (disc → spiky spheroid) + Granule release'));
children.push(new Paragraph({
children: [
new TextRun({ text: 'Dense granules: ADP, Serotonin (5-HT), Ca²⁺ | Alpha granules: Fibrinogen, vWF, P-selectin, Factor V', size: 20 }),
],
alignment: AlignmentType.CENTER,
shading: { type: ShadingType.SOLID, color: 'E8F4FD', fill: 'E8F4FD' },
spacing: { before: 20, after: 20 },
}));
children.push(flowArrow());
children.push(flowRow('ADP + TXA₂ → GpIIb-IIIa receptor conformational change → Fibrinogen bridges platelets'));
children.push(flowArrow());
children.push(flowRow('PRIMARY HAEMOSTATIC PLUG formed (fragile, platelet-rich, "white clot")'));
children.push(new Paragraph({ spacing: { before: 80, after: 200 } }));
children.push(heading3('Platelet Activation Pathways (Summary)'));
const plateletRows = [
['Collagen', 'GPVI receptor', 'Adhesion, TXA₂ generation, platelet activation'],
['ADP', 'P2Y1 (Gq) + P2Y12 (Gi)', 'Amplifies aggregation; P2Y12 is target of Clopidogrel/Ticagrelor'],
['Thromboxane A₂ (TXA₂)', 'TP receptor', 'Potent platelet activator & vasoconstrictor; target of Aspirin'],
['Thrombin', 'PAR-1 + PAR-4 (protease-activated)', 'Most potent physiologic platelet activator'],
['Epinephrine', 'α2-adrenergic receptor', 'Synergistic activator'],
];
children.push(makeTable(['Agonist', 'Receptor', 'Effect'], plateletRows, [25, 35, 40]));
children.push(new Paragraph({ spacing: { before: 100, after: 200 } }));
children.push(heading3('B. Secondary Haemostasis — The Coagulation Cascade'));
children.push(body('The coagulation cascade generates THROMBIN (Factor IIa), which converts fibrinogen to fibrin, consolidating the platelet plug.'));
children.push(new Paragraph({ spacing: { before: 80, after: 0 } }));
children.push(flowRow('TISSUE FACTOR (TF/Factor III) Exposed at injury site (subendothelial cells: fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells)'));
children.push(flowArrow());
children.push(flowRow('TF + Factor VIIa → TF-VIIa Complex (Extrinsic Tenase)'));
children.push(flowArrow());
children.push(flowRow('TF-VIIa activates Factor X → Xa AND Factor IX → IXa'));
children.push(flowArrow());
children.push(flowRow('INTRINSIC PATHWAY: Factor IXa + VIIIa (Intrinsic Tenase) → more Factor Xa'));
children.push(new Paragraph({
children: [new TextRun({ text: ' (Contact activation XII → XI → IX supplements but NOT essential in vivo)', size: 20, color: '595959' })],
spacing: { before: 10, after: 10 },
}));
children.push(flowArrow());
children.push(flowRow('COMMON PATHWAY: Factor Xa + Va (Prothrombinase complex) → Prothrombin (II) → THROMBIN (IIa)'));
children.push(flowArrow());
children.push(flowRow('THROMBIN: Fibrinogen → Fibrin monomers → Fibrin polymer + Factor XIII → CROSSLINKED FIBRIN CLOT'));
children.push(new Paragraph({ spacing: { before: 80, after: 200 } }));
// KEY COAGULATION FACTORS TABLE
children.push(heading3('Key Coagulation Factors'));
const factorRows = [
['I', 'Fibrinogen', 'Substrate for fibrin formation', 'PT, aPTT'],
['II', 'Prothrombin', 'Becomes Thrombin (IIa)', 'PT, aPTT'],
['III', 'Tissue Factor', 'Initiates extrinsic pathway', '-'],
['IV', 'Calcium (Ca²⁺)', 'Cofactor for multiple steps', '-'],
['V', 'Labile factor (Cofactor)', 'Accelerates Xa → IIa conversion', 'PT, aPTT'],
['VII', 'Proconvertin', 'Extrinsic pathway; shortest half-life', 'PT only'],
['VIII', 'Anti-haemophilic factor A', 'Cofactor for IXa; deficient in Haemophilia A', 'aPTT only'],
['IX', 'Christmas factor', 'Intrinsic tenase; deficient in Haemophilia B', 'aPTT only'],
['X', 'Stuart-Prower factor', 'Common pathway — prothrombinase complex', 'PT, aPTT'],
['XI', 'PTA', 'Contact activation pathway', 'aPTT only'],
['XII', 'Hageman factor', 'Contact activation; not essential in vivo', 'aPTT only'],
['XIII', 'Fibrin stabilising factor', 'Crosslinks fibrin monomers', 'Neither (special test)'],
];
children.push(makeTable(['Factor', 'Name', 'Function', 'Lab Test'], factorRows, [10, 25, 45, 20]));
children.push(new Paragraph({ spacing: { before: 100, after: 100 } }));
children.push(noteBox('Vitamin K-dependent factors: II, VII, IX, X (+ Protein C, S). Remember: "1972" → factors 1, 9, 7, 2 (reverse) or mnemonic "Ten Two Nine Seven."'));
// ANTICOAGULANT MECHANISMS
children.push(heading3('C. Natural Anticoagulant Mechanisms'));
children.push(boldBullet('Antithrombin III (AT-III)', 'Inhibits Thrombin, Xa, IXa, XIa, XIIa. Enhanced 1000x by Heparin (clinical use!).'));
children.push(boldBullet('Protein C + Protein S', 'Vitamin K-dependent. Thrombomodulin-Thrombin complex activates Protein C → inactivates Va and VIIIa.'));
children.push(boldBullet('Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor (TFPI)', 'Inhibits TF-VIIa complex and Xa. Limits extent of extrinsic pathway activation.'));
children.push(boldBullet('Fibrinolysis (t-PA / u-PA)', 'Endothelial cells release t-PA → Plasminogen → PLASMIN → digests fibrin → FDPs/D-dimers.'));
children.push(noteBox('Heparin works via AT-III (enhances it). Warfarin inhibits Vitamin K epoxide reductase → reduces II, VII, IX, X, Protein C & S.'));
children.push(divider());
// LINKING COAGULATION TO ACS
children.push(heading2('7. HOW COAGULATION CAUSES ACS — INTEGRATED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY'));
children.push(heading3('Flowchart 5: Integrated ACS Pathophysiology'));
children.push(new Paragraph({ spacing: { before: 80, after: 0 } }));
children.push(flowRow('CHRONIC ATHEROSCLEROSIS: Vulnerable Plaque in Coronary Artery'));
children.push(flowArrow());
children.push(flowRow('TRIGGER: Haemodynamic stress / Inflammation / MMP activation'));
children.push(flowArrow());
children.push(flowRow('PLAQUE RUPTURE or EROSION → Subendothelial collagen + Tissue Factor EXPOSED to flowing blood'));
children.push(flowArrow());
children.push(flowRow('PRIMARY HAEMOSTASIS: Platelet adhesion (GpIb-vWF) → Activation → GpIIb-IIIa → Platelet aggregation'));
children.push(flowArrow());
children.push(flowRow('SECONDARY HAEMOSTASIS: TF → Extrinsic pathway → Thrombin → Fibrin → THROMBUS'));
children.push(flowArrow());
children.push(flowDiamond('DEGREE OF OCCLUSION?'));
children.push(new Paragraph({
children: [
new TextRun({ text: 'Partial → NSTEMI/UA | Complete → STEMI', bold: true, size: 22, color: '1F3864' }),
],
alignment: AlignmentType.CENTER,
spacing: { before: 40, after: 40 },
}));
children.push(flowArrow());
children.push(flowRow('Myocardial Ischaemia → Necrosis → Troponin release → Cardiac biomarker elevation'));
children.push(new Paragraph({ spacing: { before: 80, after: 200 } }));
// CONSEQUENCES OF ISCHAEMIA
children.push(heading2('8. CELLULAR CONSEQUENCES OF ISCHAEMIA'));
const ischemiaRows = [
['0-2 min', 'ATP depletion begins; K⁺ efflux; Na⁺/Ca²⁺ influx starts', 'Reversible; contractile dysfunction'],
['2-20 min', 'Cellular swelling; glycogen depletion; anaerobic glycolysis; lactic acid', 'Reversible with reperfusion'],
['20-40 min', 'Irreversible injury threshold; mitochondrial dysfunction; Ca²⁺ overload', 'POINT OF NO RETURN'],
['> 1 hour', 'Coagulation necrosis begins; myocyte death; enzyme release (Troponin, CK-MB)', 'Transmural necrosis if sustained'],
['6-24 hours', 'Neutrophil infiltration; early inflammatory changes', 'Macroscopic infarct area visible'],
['1-3 days', 'Macrophage infiltration; phagocytosis of dead cells', 'Infarct expansion risk'],
['1-2 weeks', 'Granulation tissue; collagen deposition begins', 'Remodelling phase'],
['Weeks-months', 'Dense fibrous scar formation', 'Completed healing / dysfunction'],
];
children.push(makeTable(['Time', 'Cellular Event', 'Clinical Significance'], ischemiaRows, [18, 47, 35]));
children.push(new Paragraph({ spacing: { before: 100, after: 200 } }));
// BIOMARKERS
children.push(heading2('9. CARDIAC BIOMARKERS IN ACS'));
const biomarkerRows = [
['Cardiac Troponin I/T (cTnI/T)', '3-6 hrs', '12-24 hrs', '7-14 days', 'GOLD STANDARD; most sensitive & specific; detected by hs-Troponin assay at 1 hr'],
['CK-MB', '3-6 hrs', '12-24 hrs', '48-72 hrs', 'Reinfarction detection (early return); less specific than troponin'],
['Myoglobin', '1-3 hrs', '6-9 hrs', '24-36 hrs', 'Earliest marker; NOT cardiac specific; useful for EARLY RULE-OUT'],
['LDH (LDH1)', '24-48 hrs', '3-6 days', '14 days', 'Historical; LDH1 > LDH2 ("flip") = MI. Rarely used now.'],
];
children.push(makeTable(['Marker', 'Rises At', 'Peaks At', 'Returns to Normal', 'Notes'], biomarkerRows, [25, 12, 13, 20, 30]));
children.push(new Paragraph({ spacing: { before: 100, after: 200 } }));
children.push(noteBox('h-Troponin (high-sensitivity): Rise ≥ 5 ng/L within 1 hour = high-sensitivity protocol. HEART Score > 6 = high risk ACS.'));
// MANAGEMENT OF ACS
children.push(heading2('10. MANAGEMENT OF ACS — OVERVIEW'));
children.push(heading3('A. General Initial Management (ALL ACS)'));
children.push(bullet('Aspirin 300 mg loading (irreversibly inhibits COX-1 → reduces TXA₂ → anti-platelet)'));
children.push(bullet('P2Y12 Inhibitor loading: Ticagrelor 180 mg OR Clopidogrel 300-600 mg (dual antiplatelet therapy — DAPT)'));
children.push(bullet('Anticoagulation: Heparin (UFH IV) or LMWH (enoxaparin SC) or Fondaparinux'));
children.push(bullet('Nitrates: GTN sublingual / IV for pain + vasodilation'));
children.push(bullet('Oxygen: if O₂ saturation < 94%'));
children.push(bullet('Morphine: cautiously (may reduce drug absorption)'));
children.push(bullet('Beta-blockers: if no contraindications (reduces myocardial O₂ demand)'));
children.push(heading3('B. STEMI — Reperfusion Strategy'));
children.push(boldBullet('Primary PCI (PPCI)', 'Preferred if door-to-balloon time < 90 min (or < 120 min from first medical contact). Gold standard.'));
children.push(boldBullet('Thrombolysis (Fibrinolysis)', 'If PPCI not available within 120 min. Use Tenecteplase or Streptokinase. Benefit if given within 12 hours of symptom onset.'));
children.push(boldBullet('Post-PCI care', 'DAPT for 12 months; Statin (high-intensity); ACEi/ARB; Eplerenone if EF ≤ 40%; ICD if EF remains ≤ 35% at 40 days'));
children.push(heading3('C. NSTEMI/UA — Risk Stratification & Management'));
children.push(boldBullet('High Risk (TIMI ≥ 3, GRACE > 140)', 'Early invasive strategy within 24 hours (PCI)'));
children.push(boldBullet('Intermediate Risk', 'Invasive strategy within 25-72 hours'));
children.push(boldBullet('Low Risk', 'Medical management; non-invasive stress test'));
// ANTIPLATELET / ANTICOAGULANT TABLE
children.push(heading3('D. Antiplatelet & Anticoagulant Drugs in ACS'));
const antiRows = [
['Aspirin', 'COX-1 inhibitor → ↓TXA₂', 'All ACS (loading + maintenance)', 'Bleeding, GI upset'],
['Clopidogrel', 'P2Y12 (ADP receptor) blocker — irreversible prodrug', 'DAPT with Aspirin', 'Slow onset; variable response (CYP2C19)'],
['Ticagrelor', 'P2Y12 blocker — direct, reversible', 'Preferred over Clopidogrel (PLATO trial)', 'Dyspnoea (bradycardia via adenosine)'],
['Prasugrel', 'P2Y12 blocker — irreversible prodrug (faster)', 'STEMI with known anatomy', 'Higher bleeding risk (avoid in stroke/TIA)'],
['Abciximab / Eptifibatide', 'GpIIb-IIIa inhibitor', 'Adjunct during PCI (high thrombus burden)', 'Major bleeding'],
['UFH (Unfractionated Heparin)', 'AT-III → inhibits Thrombin + Xa', 'During PCI; Dose by aPTT', 'HIT, variable dosing'],
['LMWH (Enoxaparin)', 'AT-III → mainly anti-Xa', 'NSTEMI/UA; predictable dosing', 'No HIT antidote'],
['Fondaparinux', 'Selective anti-Xa', 'NSTEMI/UA preferred (OASIS-5)', 'Do NOT use as sole agent during PCI'],
['Bivalirudin', 'Direct Thrombin Inhibitor', 'Alternative to Heparin during PCI', 'Lower bleeding vs Heparin+GPIIb/IIIa'],
];
children.push(makeTable(['Drug', 'Mechanism', 'Indication in ACS', 'Key Side Effects'], antiRows, [20, 25, 25, 30]));
children.push(new Paragraph({ spacing: { before: 100, after: 200 } }));
// PATHOPHYSIOLOGY INTEGRATION DIAGRAM
children.push(heading2('11. INTEGRATED SUMMARY DIAGRAM'));
children.push(heading3('Flowchart 6: ACS Pathophysiology to Management — At a Glance'));
children.push(new Paragraph({ spacing: { before: 80, after: 0 } }));
children.push(flowRow('RISK FACTORS (HTN + DM + Dyslipidaemia + Smoking + Obesity)'));
children.push(flowArrow());
children.push(flowRow('ATHEROSCLEROSIS: Foam cells → Fatty streak → Fibrous plaque → Vulnerable plaque'));
children.push(flowArrow());
children.push(flowRow('PLAQUE RUPTURE / EROSION (MMP activity, thin cap, large core)'));
children.push(flowArrow());
children.push(flowRow('COAGULATION CASCADE ACTIVATED: Primary (platelet plug) + Secondary (fibrin clot)'));
children.push(flowArrow());
children.push(flowDiamond('COMPLETE OCCLUSION?'));
children.push(new Paragraph({
children: [
new TextRun({ text: 'YES = STEMI (transmural MI) | NO = NSTEMI or UA', bold: true, size: 22, color: '1F3864' }),
],
alignment: AlignmentType.CENTER,
spacing: { before: 40, after: 40 },
}));
children.push(flowArrow());
children.push(flowRow('TREATMENT: DAPT + Anticoagulation + Reperfusion (PPCI or Thrombolysis for STEMI)'));
children.push(flowArrow());
children.push(flowRow('LONG-TERM: BB + Statin + ACEi/ARB + DAPT 12 months + ICD if EF ≤ 35%'));
children.push(new Paragraph({ spacing: { before: 80, after: 200 } }));
// COMPLICATIONS
children.push(heading2('12. COMPLICATIONS OF ACS (EXAM KEY POINTS)'));
const compRows = [
['< 24 hours', 'Arrhythmias', 'VF, VT (most common cause of death early); AF; Bradyarrhythmias (inferior MI — AV block)'],
['1-3 days', 'Acute LV failure / Cardiogenic Shock', 'Loss > 40% myocardium; IABP / Mechanical support'],
['2-5 days', 'Myocardial rupture — Free wall', 'Sudden haemopericardium & tamponade — fatal'],
['3-7 days', 'Papillary muscle rupture', 'Acute severe MR, pulmonary oedema, emergency surgery'],
['3-14 days', 'VSR (Ventricular Septal Rupture)', 'New loud pansystolic murmur; haemodynamic collapse'],
['Days-weeks', 'Pericarditis', 'Dressler syndrome at 2-10 weeks (immune-mediated)'],
['Weeks-months', 'LV Remodelling / Aneurysm', 'Persistent ST elevation; mural thrombus → embolism; HF'],
];
children.push(makeTable(['Time', 'Complication', 'Notes'], compRows, [18, 30, 52]));
children.push(new Paragraph({ spacing: { before: 100, after: 100 } }));
children.push(noteBox('Dressler Syndrome: Post-MI pericarditis at 2-10 weeks. Autoimmune. Treat with NSAIDs/Aspirin. Avoid corticosteroids (impairs scar healing).'));
children.push(noteBox('Rupture sequence: Free wall (1-3 days peak) → Papillary muscle (3-7 days) → Ventricular septum (3-14 days).'));
children.push(divider());
// FINAL SUMMARY TABLE
children.push(heading2('13. QUICK REVISION: KEY POINTS FOR EXAM'));
children.push(bullet('Broad QRS tachycardia (> 120 ms + HR > 100): always treat as VT unless proven otherwise'));
children.push(bullet('Brugada criteria — best algorithm for VT diagnosis; 4 steps'));
children.push(bullet('VT management: unstable → DC cardioversion; stable → Amiodarone IV'));
children.push(bullet('TdP = polymorphic VT + QT prolongation → MgSO4 IV is DOC'));
children.push(bullet('WPW + AF → CONTRAINDICATED: Adenosine, Verapamil, Digoxin; use Procainamide/DC cardioversion'));
children.push(bullet('ACS mechanism: Vulnerable plaque rupture → TF exposed → Coagulation → Thrombus → Ischaemia'));
children.push(bullet('Vitamin K factors: II, VII, IX, X → remember "1972" or "Ten Two Nine Seven"'));
children.push(bullet('Primary haemostasis = platelet plug (GpIb-vWF adhesion, GpIIb-IIIa aggregation)'));
children.push(bullet('Secondary haemostasis = coagulation cascade → Thrombin → Fibrin clot'));
children.push(bullet('t-PA mechanism: Plasminogen → Plasmin → Fibrin degradation → FDPs + D-dimers'));
children.push(bullet('STEMI: Primary PCI < 90 min; else Thrombolysis if < 12 h symptom onset'));
children.push(bullet('Post-ACS: DAPT 12 months + High-intensity Statin + ACEi + BB + Aldosterone antagonist if EF ≤ 40%'));
// References
children.push(divider());
children.push(new Paragraph({
children: [new TextRun({ text: 'SOURCES & REFERENCES', bold: true, size: 24, color: '1F3864' })],
spacing: { before: 200, after: 100 },
}));
children.push(bullet('Robbins & Kumar Basic Pathology — Hemostasis, Thrombosis, Acute Coronary Syndrome, Myocardial Infarction'));
children.push(bullet("Rosen's Emergency Medicine — Broad Complex Tachycardia, Brugada Algorithm, Ventricular Tachycardia Management"));
children.push(bullet("Braunwald's Heart Disease — VT vs SVT differentiation, Pre-excitation, WPW"));
children.push(bullet("Goldman-Cecil Medicine — ACS Pathophysiology, Plaque Rupture, Anticoagulation"));
children.push(bullet("Lippincott Illustrated Reviews Pharmacology — ACS drugs, Coagulation"));
children.push(bullet("Fuster & Hurst's The Heart — Thin-cap fibroatheroma, Plaque Rupture"));
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cd /home/daytona/workspace/md-medicine-notes && node create_notes.js 2>&1
~/md-medicine-notes/create_notes.js
Successfully replaced 1 instance(s) of the string in '/home/daytona/workspace/md-medicine-notes/create_notes.js'
cd /home/daytona/workspace/md-medicine-notes && node create_notes.js 2>&1
ls -lh /home/daytona/workspace/md-medicine-notes/ && python /home/daytona/worksp…
python3 -c " import zipfile with zipfile.ZipFile('/home/daytona/workspace/md-med…
MD Medicine Cardiology Notes
Word Document · DOCX
| Category | Example |
|---|---|
| VT (80%) | Monomorphic VT, Polymorphic VT, Torsades de Pointes |
| SVT + Aberrancy (15-20%) | SVT + RBBB/LBBB, hyperkalaemia, drug toxicity |
| Pre-excitation (1-5%) | WPW + AF, Antidromic AVRT |
Golden Rule: Treat ALL broad QRS tachycardia as VT until proven otherwise.
BROAD QRS TACHYCARDIA (QRS ≥ 120ms, HR > 100)
▼
HAEMODYNAMICALLY STABLE?
NO → IMMEDIATE DC CARDIOVERSION (Synchronised 100J)
YES → ECG Analysis → Brugada/Griffith Criteria
▼
VT vs SVT vs Pre-excitation?
▼
TARGETED TREATMENT
| Type | ECG | Biomarkers | Thrombus |
|---|---|---|---|
| UA | No ST-elevation | Troponin normal | Non-occlusive |
| NSTEMI | ST-depression / T-inversion | Troponin RAISED | Partial occlusion |
| STEMI | Persistent ST elevation | Troponin RAISED | Complete occlusion |
Risk Factors (HTN, DM, Dyslipidaemia, Smoking)
▼
Endothelial dysfunction → LDL enters intima → oxLDL
▼
Monocyte recruitment → Foam cells → Fatty streak
▼
SMC migration → Collagen secretion → Fibrous plaque
▼
VULNERABLE PLAQUE (thin cap < 65 μm, large necrotic core)
▼
PLAQUE RUPTURE/EROSION (MMP from macrophages)
▼
Tissue Factor exposed → Coagulation cascade
▼
Platelet plug (Primary) + Fibrin clot (Secondary)
▼
Complete occlusion → STEMI
Partial occlusion → NSTEMI/UA
| Marker | Rises | Peaks | Normalises |
|---|---|---|---|
| hs-Troponin | 3-6 h | 12-24 h | 7-14 days |
| CK-MB | 3-6 h | 12-24 h | 48-72 h |
| Myoglobin | 1-3 h | 6-9 h | 24-36 h |
Kindly answer as per md medicine university exam , add flow charts and diagrams and relevant examples and take reference from Harrison textbook of internal medicine 22nd edition and make notes in word format Long question 1)Discuss the approach to a case with broad QRS tachycardia & its management. 2)Pathophysiology of acute coronary syndrome with physiology of coagulation.