types of fractures forensic medicine toxicology FMT classification medicolegal

https://med.sohag-univ.edu.eg/main/wp-content/uploads/2023/0…

mkdir -p /home/daytona/workspace/fmt-fractures && cd /home/daytona/workspace/fmt…

~/fmt-fractures/generate_pdf.py

from reportlab.lib.pagesizes import A4
from reportlab.lib.styles import getSampleStyleSheet, ParagraphStyle
from reportlab.lib.units import cm, mm
from reportlab.lib import colors
from reportlab.platypus import (
    SimpleDocTemplate, Paragraph, Spacer, Image, Table, TableStyle,
    HRFlowable, PageBreak, KeepTogether
)
from reportlab.lib.enums import TA_CENTER, TA_LEFT, TA_JUSTIFY
from reportlab.platypus import Flowable
import os

OUTPUT = "/home/daytona/workspace/fmt-fractures/Types_of_Fractures_FMT.pdf"
IMG_BONE = "/home/daytona/workspace/fmt-fractures/bone_fractures.png"
IMG_SKULL = "/home/daytona/workspace/fmt-fractures/skull_fractures.png"

doc = SimpleDocTemplate(
    OUTPUT,
    pagesize=A4,
    rightMargin=2*cm,
    leftMargin=2*cm,
    topMargin=2.5*cm,
    bottomMargin=2*cm,
    title="Types of Fractures in Forensic Medicine & Toxicology",
    author="Orris Medical",
)

W, H = A4
CW = W - 4*cm  # content width

styles = getSampleStyleSheet()

# Custom styles
title_style = ParagraphStyle(
    "Title",
    parent=styles["Title"],
    fontSize=20,
    textColor=colors.HexColor("#1a2a4a"),
    spaceAfter=4,
    spaceBefore=0,
    alignment=TA_CENTER,
    fontName="Helvetica-Bold",
)
subtitle_style = ParagraphStyle(
    "Subtitle",
    parent=styles["Normal"],
    fontSize=11,
    textColor=colors.HexColor("#4a6080"),
    spaceAfter=12,
    alignment=TA_CENTER,
    fontName="Helvetica-Oblique",
)
h1_style = ParagraphStyle(
    "H1",
    parent=styles["Heading1"],
    fontSize=14,
    textColor=colors.white,
    backColor=colors.HexColor("#1a2a4a"),
    spaceBefore=14,
    spaceAfter=6,
    leftIndent=-2,
    rightIndent=-2,
    fontName="Helvetica-Bold",
    borderPad=5,
)
h2_style = ParagraphStyle(
    "H2",
    parent=styles["Heading2"],
    fontSize=12,
    textColor=colors.HexColor("#1a2a4a"),
    spaceBefore=10,
    spaceAfter=4,
    fontName="Helvetica-Bold",
    borderPad=2,
)
h3_style = ParagraphStyle(
    "H3",
    parent=styles["Heading3"],
    fontSize=10.5,
    textColor=colors.HexColor("#2e5090"),
    spaceBefore=8,
    spaceAfter=3,
    fontName="Helvetica-Bold",
)
body_style = ParagraphStyle(
    "Body",
    parent=styles["Normal"],
    fontSize=9.5,
    textColor=colors.HexColor("#222222"),
    spaceAfter=4,
    spaceBefore=2,
    leading=14,
    alignment=TA_JUSTIFY,
    fontName="Helvetica",
)
bullet_style = ParagraphStyle(
    "Bullet",
    parent=body_style,
    leftIndent=14,
    bulletIndent=4,
    spaceAfter=2,
    spaceBefore=1,
)
caption_style = ParagraphStyle(
    "Caption",
    parent=styles["Normal"],
    fontSize=8.5,
    textColor=colors.HexColor("#555555"),
    spaceAfter=6,
    alignment=TA_CENTER,
    fontName="Helvetica-Oblique",
)
note_style = ParagraphStyle(
    "Note",
    parent=body_style,
    fontSize=8.5,
    textColor=colors.HexColor("#555555"),
    fontName="Helvetica-Oblique",
)

def b(text):
    return f"<b>{text}</b>"

def heading_block(text):
    """Returns a shaded heading paragraph."""
    return Paragraph(f"&nbsp;&nbsp;{text}", h1_style)

def bullet(text):
    return Paragraph(f"• {text}", bullet_style)

story = []

# ── TITLE PAGE ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
story.append(Spacer(1, 1.5*cm))
story.append(Paragraph("Types of Fractures", title_style))
story.append(Paragraph("Forensic Medicine &amp; Toxicology (FMT)", title_style))
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.3*cm))
story.append(HRFlowable(width="80%", thickness=2, color=colors.HexColor("#2e5090"), hAlign="CENTER"))
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.2*cm))
story.append(Paragraph(
    "Based on P.C. Dikshit Textbook of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology &amp; "
    "The Essentials of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, 36th Ed. (2026)",
    subtitle_style
))
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.8*cm))

# ── INTRO ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
story.append(Paragraph(
    "Fractures are among the most important topics in Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, "
    "covering both general bone fractures and skull fractures. The mechanism, pattern, "
    "and timing of a fracture carry significant medicolegal implications including identification "
    "of the weapon, cause of death, and whether the injury was antemortem, perimortem, or postmortem.",
    body_style
))
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.3*cm))

# ── SECTION A: GENERAL ────────────────────────────────────────────────────
story.append(heading_block("A. GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF BONE FRACTURES"))
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.2*cm))
story.append(Paragraph(
    "Fracture is classified based on five major forces that act on bone: "
    "<b>tension (stretching), compression, torsion (twisting), flexion (bending), and shearing</b>. "
    "A combination of these forces causes most injuries.",
    body_style
))
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.3*cm))

# Bone fractures image
img_bone = Image(IMG_BONE, width=CW * 0.85, height=CW * 0.85 * (559/1181))
img_bone.hAlign = "CENTER"
story.append(img_bone)
story.append(Paragraph("Fig. 1: Types of bone fractures (Greenstick, Transverse, Comminuted, Spiral, Compound)", caption_style))
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.3*cm))

# General fracture table
gen_data = [
    [b("Type"), b("Description"), b("Medicolegal Note")],
    ["Greenstick", "Incomplete fracture; bone bends and cracks on one side only.", "Common in children; pliable bones."],
    ["Transverse", "Fracture line perpendicular to bone axis.", "Caused by direct force."],
    ["Oblique", "Fracture line runs at an angle across the bone.", "Angulated force mechanism."],
    ["Spiral", "Fracture spirals around the bone shaft.", "Torsion/twisting injury. Key sign of child abuse."],
    ["Comminuted", "Bone broken into 3+ fragments.", "Significant force; vehicle accidents, falls."],
    ["Compound (Open)", "Bone fragments pierce the skin.", "Risk of infection; external wound present."],
    ["Simple (Closed)", "Overlying skin intact.", "No external wound."],
    ["Impacted", "One fragment driven into another.", "Seen in falls from height."],
    ["Avulsion", "Fragment pulled off by muscle/ligament force.", "Sports injuries; tendon attachment sites."],
    ["Stress/Fatigue", "Repeated low-force loading.", "March fracture (2nd metatarsal)."],
    ["Pathological", "Through diseased bone with minimal force.", "Metastasis, osteoporosis, TB of bone."],
    ["Greenstick (Pond)", "Concave dent in infant skull; no fracture line.", "Obstetric forceps; birth trauma."],
]
gen_col_widths = [CW*0.22, CW*0.44, CW*0.34]
gen_table = Table(gen_data, colWidths=gen_col_widths, repeatRows=1)
gen_table.setStyle(TableStyle([
    ("BACKGROUND", (0,0), (-1,0), colors.HexColor("#1a2a4a")),
    ("TEXTCOLOR", (0,0), (-1,0), colors.white),
    ("FONTNAME", (0,0), (-1,0), "Helvetica-Bold"),
    ("FONTSIZE", (0,0), (-1,0), 9),
    ("FONTNAME", (0,1), (-1,-1), "Helvetica"),
    ("FONTSIZE", (0,1), (-1,-1), 8.5),
    ("ROWBACKGROUNDS", (0,1), (-1,-1), [colors.HexColor("#f4f7fb"), colors.white]),
    ("GRID", (0,0), (-1,-1), 0.4, colors.HexColor("#b0bdd0")),
    ("VALIGN", (0,0), (-1,-1), "TOP"),
    ("TOPPADDING", (0,0), (-1,-1), 4),
    ("BOTTOMPADDING", (0,0), (-1,-1), 4),
    ("LEFTPADDING", (0,0), (-1,-1), 5),
    ("RIGHTPADDING", (0,0), (-1,-1), 5),
    ("WORDWRAP", (0,0), (-1,-1), True),
]))
story.append(gen_table)
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.4*cm))

# Timing table
story.append(Paragraph(b("Timing Classification (Medicolegal Importance):"), h3_style))
timing_data = [
    [b("Timing"), b("Features")],
    ["Antemortem", "Evidence of bone repair: callus, periosteal reaction (visible after 10-14 days). Hemorrhage in soft tissue."],
    ["Perimortem", "Fracture around time of death. Edges appear wet/green, bone bends before breaking. No healing response."],
    ["Postmortem", "Edges appear dry, irregular, jagged. No bleeding. Often incomplete fracture lines."],
]
timing_col_widths = [CW*0.22, CW*0.78]
timing_table = Table(timing_data, colWidths=timing_col_widths, repeatRows=1)
timing_table.setStyle(TableStyle([
    ("BACKGROUND", (0,0), (-1,0), colors.HexColor("#2e5090")),
    ("TEXTCOLOR", (0,0), (-1,0), colors.white),
    ("FONTNAME", (0,0), (-1,0), "Helvetica-Bold"),
    ("FONTSIZE", (0,0), (-1,0), 9),
    ("FONTNAME", (0,1), (-1,-1), "Helvetica"),
    ("FONTSIZE", (0,1), (-1,-1), 8.5),
    ("ROWBACKGROUNDS", (0,1), (-1,-1), [colors.HexColor("#eef2f8"), colors.white]),
    ("GRID", (0,0), (-1,-1), 0.4, colors.HexColor("#b0bdd0")),
    ("VALIGN", (0,0), (-1,-1), "TOP"),
    ("TOPPADDING", (0,0), (-1,-1), 4),
    ("BOTTOMPADDING", (0,0), (-1,-1), 4),
    ("LEFTPADDING", (0,0), (-1,-1), 5),
    ("RIGHTPADDING", (0,0), (-1,-1), 5),
]))
story.append(timing_table)
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.2*cm))

story.append(PageBreak())

# ── SECTION B: SKULL FRACTURES ───────────────────────────────────────────
story.append(heading_block("B. TYPES OF SKULL FRACTURES"))
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.2*cm))
story.append(Paragraph(
    "Skull fractures are the most important topic in FMT exams. They are divided into "
    "<b>fractures of the cranial vault</b> and <b>fractures of the skull base</b>.",
    body_style
))
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.3*cm))

# Skull fractures image
img_skull = Image(IMG_SKULL, width=CW * 0.72, height=CW * 0.72 * (900/800))
img_skull.hAlign = "CENTER"
story.append(img_skull)
story.append(Paragraph(
    "Fig. 2: Types of skull fractures — (A) Diastatic, (B) Depressed, (C) Linear, (D) Basilar\n"
    "(The Essentials of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, 36th Ed.)",
    caption_style
))
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.4*cm))

# ── B1: Cranial Vault ────────────────────────────────────────────────────
story.append(Paragraph("B.1 Fractures of the Cranial Vault", h2_style))

vault_fractures = [
    (
        "I. Linear (Fissured) Fracture",
        "Most common (~70% of all skull fractures). Straight or curved fracture lines of considerable length.",
        [
            "May involve one or both tables of the skull",
            "Common in weak areas: temporal, frontal, parietal, occipital bones",
            "Caused by forcible contact with a broad surface (ground), or fall on feet/buttocks",
            "Fracture line may extend to base of skull or across supraorbital ridges",
            "Also called 'motorcyclist's fracture'",
        ]
    ),
    (
        "II. Diastatic (Sutural) Fracture",
        "Linear fracture that passes into a suture line, causing separation (diastasis) of bones at the suture.",
        [
            "Most commonly involves the sagittal suture; metopic suture may reopen",
            "More common in children and young adults",
            "Medicolegally important: marker of child abuse syndrome",
        ]
    ),
    (
        "III. Depressed Fracture ('Fracture a la Signature' / Signature Fracture)",
        "Produced by an object with relatively large kinetic energy but small surface area. Fractured bone is driven inward into the skull cavity.",
        [
            "Outer table driven into the diploe; inner table fractured more extensively",
            "Shape often resembles the weapon — hence 'signature fracture'",
            "Hammer blow → circular fracture arc",
            "Firearm butt (full face) → rectangular fracture",
            "Stone → irregular/triangular fracture",
            "Deepest part of depression = where weapon first struck; 'terracing' at margins",
            "Antemortem depressed fractures in homicide show shelving inward of the outer table",
        ]
    ),
    (
        "IV. Elevated Fracture",
        "One end of fractured fragment is elevated above skull surface; the other is depressed into cranial cavity.",
        [
            "Caused by a blow from a heavy sharp weapon (axe, chopper)",
            "Fragment elevated due to lateral pull of weapon while retrieving it",
        ]
    ),
    (
        "V. Comminuted Fracture",
        "Two or more intersecting lines divide the skull into three or more fragments.",
        [
            "Caused by significant force over broad area: crushing head injuries, vehicle accidents, fall from height",
            "Also from repeated blows with heavy instruments (iron bar, poker, axe, thick stick)",
            "When no displacement: resembles spider's web or mosaic pattern",
            "Often a complication of fissured or depressed fracture",
        ]
    ),
    (
        "VI. Pond (Indented) Fracture",
        "Shallow depressed fracture forming a concave 'pond'. Most common in pliable bones of infants.",
        [
            "Depression can occur without a fracture line",
            "Analogous to squeezing a table tennis ball",
            "Caused by obstetric forceps blade or birth trauma",
        ]
    ),
    (
        "VII. Mosaic (Spider Web) Fracture",
        "Comminuted depressed fracture with multiple fissures radiating from it, forming a spider web or mosaic pattern.",
        [
            "Results when severe local impact causes both focal and general deformation of skull",
            "Classic appearance: central depression with radiating and concentric fracture lines",
        ]
    ),
    (
        "VIII. Gutter Fracture",
        "A groove-like or trough-shaped fracture caused by a tangential/grazing bullet.",
        [
            "Bullet does not penetrate skull; creates a furrow along the outer table",
            "The groove runs in the direction of the bullet",
        ]
    ),
    (
        "IX. Perforating Fracture",
        "A small circular hole punched through the skull, classically from a firearm projectile.",
        [
            "Entry wound: small, clean, punched-out, internal beveling (inner table beveled more than outer)",
            "Exit wound: larger, irregular, external beveling (outer table beveled more than inner)",
            "Entry–Exit pattern helps determine direction of fire",
        ]
    ),
    (
        "X. Blow-out Fracture",
        "Fracture of the orbital floor/walls due to blunt trauma to the eye causing increased intraorbital pressure.",
        [
            "Orbital contents herniate into maxillary sinus",
            "Signs: diplopia, enophthalmos, infraorbital nerve anaesthesia",
        ]
    ),
]

for title, desc, bullets in vault_fractures:
    block = []
    block.append(Paragraph(title, h3_style))
    block.append(Paragraph(desc, body_style))
    for b_text in bullets:
        block.append(bullet(b_text))
    block.append(Spacer(1, 0.15*cm))
    story.append(KeepTogether(block))

story.append(PageBreak())

# ── B2: Skull Base ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
story.append(heading_block("C. FRACTURES OF THE SKULL BASE"))
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.2*cm))
story.append(Paragraph(
    "Skull base fractures are often caused by indirect force transmission (falls from height, "
    "crush injuries) and carry characteristic clinical signs that are important medicolegally.",
    body_style
))
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.3*cm))

base_data = [
    [b("Type"), b("Mechanism"), b("Clinical / Medicolegal Signs")],
    [
        "Ring Fracture",
        "Fall from height onto feet or buttocks. Kinetic energy travels up cervical spine, ramming it into the occipital bone.",
        "Encircles the foramen magnum. Indicates fall from considerable height.",
    ],
    [
        "Hinge Fracture",
        "Lateral compression of skull between two objects (e.g., car wheel and road). Divides skull into front and back halves.",
        "Transverse fracture across base. Seen in run-over cases.",
    ],
    [
        "Anterior Cranial Fossa",
        "Blow to frontal region; fractures through orbital plates.",
        "Raccoon eyes (bilateral periorbital ecchymosis), CSF rhinorrhea, anosmia.",
    ],
    [
        "Middle Cranial Fossa",
        "Blow to temporal region; fractures through petrous temporal bone.",
        "Battle's sign (mastoid ecchymosis), CSF/blood otorrhea, hemotympanum, facial nerve palsy.",
    ],
    [
        "Posterior Cranial Fossa",
        "Blow to occipital region; fractures extend toward foramen magnum.",
        "Nuchal bruising, lower cranial nerve palsies.",
    ],
]
base_col_widths = [CW*0.20, CW*0.38, CW*0.42]
base_table = Table(base_data, colWidths=base_col_widths, repeatRows=1)
base_table.setStyle(TableStyle([
    ("BACKGROUND", (0,0), (-1,0), colors.HexColor("#1a2a4a")),
    ("TEXTCOLOR", (0,0), (-1,0), colors.white),
    ("FONTNAME", (0,0), (-1,0), "Helvetica-Bold"),
    ("FONTSIZE", (0,0), (-1,0), 9),
    ("FONTNAME", (0,1), (-1,-1), "Helvetica"),
    ("FONTSIZE", (0,1), (-1,-1), 8.5),
    ("ROWBACKGROUNDS", (0,1), (-1,-1), [colors.HexColor("#f4f7fb"), colors.white]),
    ("GRID", (0,0), (-1,-1), 0.4, colors.HexColor("#b0bdd0")),
    ("VALIGN", (0,0), (-1,-1), "TOP"),
    ("TOPPADDING", (0,0), (-1,-1), 5),
    ("BOTTOMPADDING", (0,0), (-1,-1), 5),
    ("LEFTPADDING", (0,0), (-1,-1), 5),
    ("RIGHTPADDING", (0,0), (-1,-1), 5),
]))
story.append(base_table)
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.5*cm))

# ── SECTION D: MEDICOLEGAL IMPORTANCE ───────────────────────────────────
story.append(heading_block("D. MEDICOLEGAL IMPORTANCE OF FRACTURES"))
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.2*cm))

ml_points = [
    ("<b>Signature (Depressed) fractures</b> can identify the weapon/agent used based on shape and dimensions of the depression.",),
    ("<b>Spiral fractures</b> in children raise strong suspicion of non-accidental injury (child abuse).",),
    ("<b>Ring fractures</b> indicate fall from height onto feet or buttocks.",),
    ("<b>Diastatic fractures</b> are common in child abuse syndrome (sagittal suture separation).",),
    ("<b>Timing</b> (ante-, peri-, postmortem) determines whether injury occurred before or after death — critical for reconstructing events.",),
    ("<b>Direction of force:</b> Linear fractures run parallel to the direction of force when head is free; from point of impact outward when head is supported.",),
    ("<b>Perforating fractures:</b> Beveling of tables identifies entry vs. exit wound and direction of fire.",),
    ("<b>Hinge fractures</b> are seen in run-over cases (vehicle running over the head).",),
    ("<b>Force estimation:</b> ~5 foot-pounds causes a simple fissured fracture; falling from erect posture generates ~60 ft/lb and can produce skull fractures.",),
    ("<b>Scalp and hair</b> markedly cushion the impact on the vault — a much heavier blow is required to cause vault fracture compared to base fracture.",),
]

for (pt,) in ml_points:
    story.append(bullet(pt))

story.append(Spacer(1, 0.5*cm))

# ── COMPLICATIONS ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
story.append(Paragraph("Complications of Skull Fractures", h2_style))
comp_points = [
    "Injury to brain: direct damage at fracture site or contrecoup.",
    "Haemorrhage: if fracture passes through the middle meningeal artery → extradural haematoma (fatal).",
    "Traumatic epilepsy: late complication of depressed fracture impinging on motor cortex.",
    "Meningitis: basal skull fractures communicate with sinuses/middle ear → CSF leak → ascending infection.",
    "Cranial nerve palsy: depending on location of base fracture.",
]
for c in comp_points:
    story.append(bullet(c))

story.append(Spacer(1, 0.5*cm))
story.append(HRFlowable(width="100%", thickness=0.5, color=colors.HexColor("#b0bdd0")))
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.2*cm))
story.append(Paragraph(
    "Sources: P.C. Dikshit Textbook of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology; "
    "The Essentials of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, 36th Ed. (2026); "
    "Forensic Anthropology: A Comprehensive Introduction, 2nd Ed.",
    note_style
))

# ── BUILD ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
doc.build(story)
print(f"PDF created: {OUTPUT}")

python /home/daytona/workspace/fmt-fractures/generate_pdf.py

ls -lh /home/daytona/workspace/fmt-fractures/Types_of_Fractures_FMT.pdf

fc-list | grep -i -E "hand|write|cursive|caveat|patrick|indie|shadows|dancing|pa…

fc-list | head -30 && echo "---" && python3 -c "from reportlab.pdfbase import pd…

cd /home/daytona/workspace/fmt-fractures && curl -sL "https://github.com/google/…

~/fmt-fractures/generate_handwritten_pdf.py

from reportlab.lib.pagesizes import A4
from reportlab.lib.styles import ParagraphStyle
from reportlab.lib.units import cm
from reportlab.lib import colors
from reportlab.platypus import (
    SimpleDocTemplate, Paragraph, Spacer, Image, Table, TableStyle,
    HRFlowable, PageBreak, KeepTogether
)
from reportlab.lib.enums import TA_CENTER, TA_LEFT, TA_JUSTIFY
from reportlab.pdfbase import pdfmetrics
from reportlab.pdfbase.ttfonts import TTFont
from reportlab.platypus import Flowable
from reportlab.lib.utils import ImageReader
import os

# ── Register handwriting fonts ──────────────────────────────────────────────
BASE = "/home/daytona/workspace/fmt-fractures"
pdfmetrics.registerFont(TTFont("Caveat",     f"{BASE}/Caveat-Regular.ttf"))
pdfmetrics.registerFont(TTFont("CaveatBold", f"{BASE}/Caveat-Bold.ttf"))

OUTPUT   = f"{BASE}/Types_of_Fractures_FMT_Handwritten.pdf"
IMG_BONE  = f"{BASE}/bone_fractures.png"
IMG_SKULL = f"{BASE}/skull_fractures.png"

W, H = A4
CW = W - 4.2*cm   # content width

# ── Colours ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
INK        = colors.HexColor("#1a1a1a")     # near-black ink
HEAD_INK   = colors.HexColor("#0d2a6e")     # dark blue heading ink
ACCENT     = colors.HexColor("#c0392b")     # red accent (underlining, bullet)
BOX_BG     = colors.HexColor("#f9f6f0")     # cream box background
BOX_BORDER = colors.HexColor("#aaaaaa")     # light border
TABLE_HEAD = colors.HexColor("#1a3a6a")     # table header bg
TABLE_ALT  = colors.HexColor("#eef1f7")     # table alt row

# ── Flowable: horizontal rule drawn by canvas ─────────────────────────────
class RuleFlowable(Flowable):
    def __init__(self, width, color=ACCENT, thickness=1.2, dash=None):
        Flowable.__init__(self)
        self.width = width
        self.color = color
        self.thickness = thickness
        self.dash = dash
        self.height = thickness + 2

    def draw(self):
        self.canv.saveState()
        self.canv.setStrokeColor(self.color)
        self.canv.setLineWidth(self.thickness)
        if self.dash:
            self.canv.setDash(*self.dash)
        self.canv.line(0, self.thickness/2, self.width, self.thickness/2)
        self.canv.restoreState()


# ── Styles ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
def S(name, font, size, color=INK, align=TA_LEFT,
      leading=None, spaceBefore=0, spaceAfter=4,
      leftIndent=0, rightIndent=0):
    return ParagraphStyle(
        name,
        fontName=font,
        fontSize=size,
        textColor=color,
        alignment=align,
        leading=leading or (size * 1.45),
        spaceBefore=spaceBefore,
        spaceAfter=spaceAfter,
        leftIndent=leftIndent,
        rightIndent=rightIndent,
    )

title_s    = S("title",    "CaveatBold", 28, HEAD_INK, TA_CENTER, spaceAfter=2)
sub_s      = S("sub",      "Caveat",     15, colors.HexColor("#4a6080"), TA_CENTER, spaceAfter=14)
h1_s       = S("h1",       "CaveatBold", 22, HEAD_INK, spaceAfter=4, spaceBefore=16)
h2_s       = S("h2",       "CaveatBold", 17, HEAD_INK, spaceAfter=3, spaceBefore=12)
h3_s       = S("h3",       "CaveatBold", 14, ACCENT,   spaceAfter=2, spaceBefore=8)
body_s     = S("body",     "Caveat",     12, INK,      TA_JUSTIFY, spaceAfter=3, spaceBefore=1)
bullet_s   = S("bullet",   "Caveat",     12, INK,      spaceAfter=2, leftIndent=16)
caption_s  = S("caption",  "Caveat",     10, colors.HexColor("#555555"), TA_CENTER, spaceAfter=6)
note_s     = S("note",     "Caveat",     10, colors.HexColor("#777777"), spaceAfter=4)
table_h_s  = S("th",       "CaveatBold", 11, colors.white,  TA_CENTER, spaceAfter=2)
table_b_s  = S("td",       "Caveat",     11, INK,           spaceAfter=2)


def bul(text):
    return Paragraph(f"→  {text}", bullet_s)

def bold(text):
    return f'<font name="CaveatBold">{text}</font>'

def red(text):
    return f'<font color="#c0392b">{text}</font>'


# ── Table helper ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
def make_table(data, col_widths, header_rows=1):
    styled = []
    for ri, row in enumerate(data):
        sr = []
        for ci, cell in enumerate(row):
            sty = table_h_s if ri < header_rows else table_b_s
            sr.append(Paragraph(str(cell), sty))
        styled.append(sr)
    t = Table(styled, colWidths=col_widths, repeatRows=header_rows)
    n = len(data)
    t.setStyle(TableStyle([
        ("BACKGROUND",    (0,0),  (-1, header_rows-1), TABLE_HEAD),
        ("TEXTCOLOR",     (0,0),  (-1, header_rows-1), colors.white),
        ("FONTNAME",      (0,0),  (-1, header_rows-1), "CaveatBold"),
        ("FONTSIZE",      (0,0),  (-1, header_rows-1), 11),
        ("ROWBACKGROUNDS",(0, header_rows), (-1,-1), [TABLE_ALT, colors.white]),
        ("FONTNAME",      (0, header_rows), (-1,-1), "Caveat"),
        ("FONTSIZE",      (0, header_rows), (-1,-1), 11),
        ("GRID",          (0,0),  (-1,-1), 0.5, colors.HexColor("#c0c8d8")),
        ("VALIGN",        (0,0),  (-1,-1), "TOP"),
        ("TOPPADDING",    (0,0),  (-1,-1), 4),
        ("BOTTOMPADDING", (0,0),  (-1,-1), 4),
        ("LEFTPADDING",   (0,0),  (-1,-1), 6),
        ("RIGHTPADDING",  (0,0),  (-1,-1), 6),
        ("LINEBELOW",     (0,0),  (-1,0),  1.2, ACCENT),
    ]))
    return t


# ── Document ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
doc = SimpleDocTemplate(
    OUTPUT,
    pagesize=A4,
    rightMargin=2.1*cm, leftMargin=2.1*cm,
    topMargin=2.4*cm,   bottomMargin=2*cm,
    title="Types of Fractures in FMT – Handwritten Notes",
    author="Orris Medical",
)

story = []

# ─── TITLE ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.6*cm))
story.append(Paragraph("Types of Fractures", title_s))
story.append(Paragraph("Forensic Medicine &amp; Toxicology  (FMT)", title_s))
story.append(RuleFlowable(CW * 0.85, color=ACCENT, thickness=2))
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.2*cm))
story.append(Paragraph(
    "Based on P.C. Dikshit FMT &amp; The Essentials of FMT, 36th Ed. (2026)",
    sub_s
))
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.5*cm))
story.append(Paragraph(
    "Fractures in FMT cover " + bold("general bone fractures") + " and " +
    bold("skull fractures") + ". The mechanism, pattern &amp; timing carry significant "
    "medicolegal implications — identifying the weapon, cause of death, and whether "
    "the injury was " + red("antemortem, perimortem, or postmortem") + ".",
    body_s
))
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.4*cm))

# ─── SECTION A ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
story.append(Paragraph("A.  General Classification of Bone Fractures", h1_s))
story.append(RuleFlowable(CW, color=HEAD_INK, thickness=1.5))
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.15*cm))
story.append(Paragraph(
    "Fracture forces: " + bold("Tension · Compression · Torsion · Flexion · Shearing") +
    "  (usually a combination)",
    body_s
))
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.35*cm))

# Bone image
img_b = Image(IMG_BONE, width=CW * 0.88, height=CW * 0.88 * (559/1181))
img_b.hAlign = "CENTER"
story.append(img_b)
story.append(Paragraph(
    "Fig. 1  Types of bone fractures — Greenstick, Transverse, Comminuted, Spiral, Compound",
    caption_s
))
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.35*cm))

gen_data = [
    [bold("Type"), bold("Description"), bold("Medicolegal Note")],
    ["Greenstick",        "Incomplete; bone bends, cracks one side. Children.",          "Pliable bones of infants/children."],
    ["Transverse",        "Fracture ⊥ bone axis.",                                        "Direct force."],
    ["Oblique",           "Fracture at angle across bone.",                               "Angulated force."],
    ["Spiral",            "Spirals around shaft. Torsion/twisting.",                      red("Key sign of child abuse (NAI).")],
    ["Comminuted",        "3+ fragments. Significant force.",                             "Vehicles, falls, repeated blows."],
    ["Compound (Open)",   "Bone pierces skin. External wound.",                           "Infection risk."],
    ["Simple (Closed)",   "Skin intact.",                                                 "No external wound."],
    ["Impacted",          "One fragment driven into another.",                            "Falls from height."],
    ["Avulsion",          "Fragment pulled off by muscle/ligament.",                      "Tendon attachment sites."],
    ["Stress/Fatigue",    "Repeated low-force loading.",                                  "March fracture (2nd metatarsal)."],
    ["Pathological",      "Through diseased bone with minimal force.",                    "Metastasis, osteoporosis, TB."],
]
story.append(make_table(gen_data, [CW*0.20, CW*0.45, CW*0.35]))
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.35*cm))

# Timing
story.append(Paragraph("Timing Classification", h2_s))
story.append(RuleFlowable(CW*0.4, color=ACCENT, thickness=1))
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.1*cm))
timing_data = [
    [bold("Timing"), bold("Features")],
    [red("Antemortem"),   "Evidence of bone repair: callus, periosteal reaction (after 10–14 days). Hemorrhage in soft tissue."],
    [red("Perimortem"),   "Around time of death. Edges wet/green, bone bends before breaking. No healing."],
    [red("Postmortem"),   "Edges dry, irregular, jagged. No bleeding. Incomplete fracture lines."],
]
story.append(make_table(timing_data, [CW*0.20, CW*0.80]))
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.2*cm))

story.append(PageBreak())

# ─── SECTION B ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
story.append(Paragraph("B.  Types of Skull Fractures", h1_s))
story.append(RuleFlowable(CW, color=HEAD_INK, thickness=1.5))
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.2*cm))
story.append(Paragraph(
    bold("Most important topic in FMT exams.") +
    "  Divided into " + bold("cranial vault") + " and " + bold("skull base") + " fractures.",
    body_s
))
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.35*cm))

# Skull image
img_s = Image(IMG_SKULL, width=CW * 0.70, height=CW * 0.70 * (900/800))
img_s.hAlign = "CENTER"
story.append(img_s)
story.append(Paragraph(
    "Fig. 2  Types of skull fractures — (A) Diastatic  (B) Depressed  (C) Linear  (D) Basilar\n"
    "The Essentials of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, 36th Ed.",
    caption_s
))
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.4*cm))

# B.1 Vault
story.append(Paragraph("B.1  Fractures of the Cranial Vault", h2_s))
story.append(RuleFlowable(CW*0.55, color=ACCENT, thickness=1))
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.1*cm))

vault = [
    (
        "I.  Linear (Fissured) Fracture",
        bold("Most common") + " — ~70% of all skull fractures. Straight/curved lines of considerable length.",
        [
            "Involves one or both tables of skull",
            "Common in " + bold("temporal, frontal, parietal, occipital") + " (weak unsupported areas)",
            "Caused by forcible contact with broad surface (ground) or fall on feet/buttocks",
            "Fracture line may extend to skull base or across supraorbital ridges",
            red("Also called 'Motorcyclist's fracture'"),
        ]
    ),
    (
        "II.  Diastatic (Sutural) Fracture",
        "Linear fracture passing into a suture line → " + bold("separation (diastasis)") + " of bones.",
        [
            "Most commonly involves " + bold("sagittal suture"); metopic suture may reopen",
            "Common in children and young adults",
            red("Important ML sign of child abuse syndrome"),
        ]
    ),
    (
        "III.  Depressed Fracture  " + red("('Fracture à la signature')"),
        "High kinetic energy, small surface area → bone driven " + bold("inward") + " into skull cavity.",
        [
            "Outer table → diploe; inner table fractured more extensively",
            bold("Shape = weapon signature:") + "  Hammer → circular arc  |  Gun butt → rectangular  |  Stone → irregular/triangular",
            "Deepest part = point of first contact; " + bold("'terracing'") + " at margins",
            "Antemortem homicide fractures: shelving inward of outer table along fracture edges",
            red("Medicolegally = identifies the weapon used"),
        ]
    ),
    (
        "IV.  Elevated Fracture",
        "One end of fragment " + bold("elevated above") + " skull; other end depressed into cranial cavity.",
        [
            "Caused by heavy sharp weapon (axe, chopper)",
            "Fragment elevated by lateral pull while retrieving the weapon",
        ]
    ),
    (
        "V.  Comminuted Fracture",
        "≥2 intersecting lines → " + bold("3+ fragments") + ".",
        [
            "Crushing head injuries, vehicle accidents, fall from height, repeated heavy blows",
            "When no displacement → resembles " + bold("spider's web / mosaic"),
            "Often a complication of fissured or depressed fracture",
        ]
    ),
    (
        "VI.  Pond (Indented) Fracture",
        "Shallow concave " + bold("dent") + " in skull without true fracture line.",
        [
            "Most common in " + bold("pliable infant bones"),
            "Analogous to squeezing a table tennis ball",
            red("Caused by obstetric forceps blade / birth trauma"),
        ]
    ),
    (
        "VII.  Mosaic (Spider Web) Fracture",
        "Comminuted depressed fracture with fissures radiating outward — " + bold("spider web / mosaic") + " pattern.",
        [
            "Severe local impact → both focal and general skull deformation",
            "Central depression + radiating + concentric fracture lines",
        ]
    ),
    (
        "VIII.  Gutter Fracture",
        "Groove/trough-shaped fracture from " + bold("tangential/grazing bullet") + ".",
        [
            "Bullet does not penetrate skull; creates furrow along outer table",
            "Groove runs in " + bold("direction of the bullet"),
        ]
    ),
    (
        "IX.  Perforating Fracture",
        bold("Circular hole") + " punched through skull — classic firearm injury.",
        [
            red("Entry:") + "  small, clean, punched-out; " + bold("internal beveling") + " (inner table > outer table)",
            red("Exit:") + "   larger, irregular; " + bold("external beveling") + " (outer table > inner table)",
            "Entry–Exit pattern → determines direction of fire",
        ]
    ),
    (
        "X.  Blow-out Fracture",
        bold("Orbital floor/wall") + " fracture from blunt trauma to eye → raised intraorbital pressure.",
        [
            "Orbital contents herniate into maxillary sinus",
            "Signs: diplopia, enophthalmos, infraorbital nerve anaesthesia",
        ]
    ),
]

for (title, desc, bullets) in vault:
    block = []
    block.append(Paragraph(title, h3_s))
    block.append(Paragraph(desc, body_s))
    for bt in bullets:
        block.append(bul(bt))
    block.append(Spacer(1, 0.18*cm))
    story.append(KeepTogether(block))

story.append(PageBreak())

# B.2 Skull Base
story.append(Paragraph("B.2  Fractures of the Skull Base", h2_s))
story.append(RuleFlowable(CW*0.55, color=ACCENT, thickness=1))
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.15*cm))

base_data = [
    [bold("Type"), bold("Mechanism"), bold("Clinical / ML Signs")],
    ["Ring Fracture",
     "Fall from height onto feet/buttocks. Energy up spine → rams into occipital bone.",
     "Encircles foramen magnum. " + red("Indicates fall from height.")],
    ["Hinge Fracture",
     "Lateral compression between two objects. Divides skull into front/back.",
     "Transverse base fracture. " + red("Seen in run-over cases.")],
    ["Anterior Cranial Fossa",
     "Blow to frontal region; fracture through orbital plates.",
     red("Raccoon eyes") + ", CSF rhinorrhea, anosmia."],
    ["Middle Cranial Fossa",
     "Blow to temporal region; fracture through petrous temporal bone.",
     red("Battle's sign") + ", CSF/blood otorrhea, hemotympanum, VII nerve palsy."],
    ["Posterior Cranial Fossa",
     "Blow to occipital region; fractures extend to foramen magnum.",
     "Nuchal bruising, lower CN palsies."],
]
story.append(make_table(base_data, [CW*0.20, CW*0.40, CW*0.40]))
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.5*cm))

# ─── SECTION C ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
story.append(Paragraph("C.  Medicolegal Importance", h1_s))
story.append(RuleFlowable(CW, color=HEAD_INK, thickness=1.5))
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.15*cm))

ml_points = [
    bold("Signature (Depressed) fractures") + " → identify weapon/agent from shape & dimensions.",
    bold("Spiral fractures in children") + " → " + red("non-accidental injury / child abuse (NAI)."),
    bold("Ring fractures") + " → fall from height onto feet or buttocks.",
    bold("Diastatic fractures") + " → sagittal suture separation; " + red("child abuse syndrome."),
    bold("Timing") + " (ante-/peri-/postmortem) → determines whether injury occurred before or after death.",
    bold("Direction of force:") + " fracture runs parallel to force when head is free; radially from impact when supported.",
    bold("Perforating fractures:") + " entry vs. exit beveling → determines direction of fire.",
    bold("Hinge fractures") + " → run-over cases (vehicle wheel over the head).",
    bold("Force estimation:") + " ~5 ft·lb → simple fissured fracture; falling from standing → ~60 ft·lb.",
    bold("Scalp & hair") + " cushion vault — far heavier impact needed to fracture vault vs. skull base.",
]
for pt in ml_points:
    story.append(bul(pt))

story.append(Spacer(1, 0.4*cm))

# Complications
story.append(Paragraph("Complications of Skull Fractures", h2_s))
story.append(RuleFlowable(CW*0.50, color=ACCENT, thickness=1))
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.1*cm))
comps = [
    "Brain injury — direct or contrecoup.",
    red("Extradural haemorrhage") + " — if fracture crosses " + bold("middle meningeal artery") + " (temporal fossa). Fatal.",
    bold("Traumatic epilepsy") + " — late complication of depressed fracture impinging on motor cortex.",
    bold("Meningitis") + " — basal fractures communicate with sinuses/middle ear → CSF leak → ascending infection.",
    "Cranial nerve palsy — depending on location of base fracture.",
]
for c in comps:
    story.append(bul(c))

story.append(Spacer(1, 0.6*cm))
story.append(RuleFlowable(CW, color=colors.HexColor("#aaaaaa"), thickness=0.7))
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.15*cm))
story.append(Paragraph(
    "Sources:  P.C. Dikshit Textbook of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology  ·  "
    "The Essentials of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, 36th Ed. (2026)  ·  "
    "Forensic Anthropology: A Comprehensive Introduction, 2nd Ed.",
    note_s
))

# ── BUILD ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
doc.build(story)
print(f"PDF created: {OUTPUT}")

python /home/daytona/workspace/fmt-fractures/generate_handwritten_pdf.py 2>&1

~/fmt-fractures/generate_handwritten_pdf.py

Successfully replaced 1 instance(s) of the string in '/home/daytona/workspace/fmt-fractures/generate_handwritten_pdf.py'

python /home/daytona/workspace/fmt-fractures/generate_handwritten_pdf.py 2>&1

cd /home/daytona/workspace/fmt-fractures && rm -f Caveat-Regular.ttf Caveat-Bold…

cd /home/daytona/workspace/fmt-fractures && python3 -c " import requests, os # …

python3 -c " # Try to find any cursive/handwriting-like fonts already available …

python3 -c " import matplotlib import matplotlib.font_manager as fm # Check if a…

~/fmt-fractures/generate_hw_mpl.py

"""
Generates a handwritten-style PDF for Types of Fractures in FMT
using matplotlib's xkcd() mode (sketchy/hand-drawn rendering).
"""
import matplotlib
matplotlib.use("Agg")
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import matplotlib.patches as mpatches
from matplotlib.patches import FancyBboxPatch
from matplotlib.backends.backend_pdf import PdfPages
from PIL import Image as PILImage
import numpy as np
import textwrap, os

OUTPUT   = "/home/daytona/workspace/fmt-fractures/Types_of_Fractures_FMT_Handwritten.pdf"
IMG_BONE  = "/home/daytona/workspace/fmt-fractures/bone_fractures.png"
IMG_SKULL = "/home/daytona/workspace/fmt-fractures/skull_fractures.png"

INK    = "#1a1a2e"
BLUE   = "#0a2a6e"
RED    = "#c0392b"
CREAM  = "#fffdf5"
LTBLUE = "#d6e4f0"
LTRED  = "#fdecea"

def new_page(pdf):
    fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(8.27, 11.69))  # A4
    ax.set_xlim(0, 100)
    ax.set_ylim(0, 100)
    ax.axis("off")
    fig.patch.set_facecolor(CREAM)
    ax.set_facecolor(CREAM)
    return fig, ax

def save_page(pdf, fig):
    pdf.savefig(fig, bbox_inches="tight", facecolor=CREAM)
    plt.close(fig)

def hw_text(ax, x, y, text, size=11, color=INK, bold=False, ha="left", style="normal"):
    weight = "bold" if bold else "normal"
    ax.text(x, y, text, fontsize=size, color=color, ha=ha, va="top",
            weight=weight, style=style,
            fontfamily="DejaVu Sans",
            transform=ax.transData)

def section_bar(ax, y, label, color=BLUE):
    ax.add_patch(FancyBboxPatch((0, y-4.5), 100, 5.5,
                                boxstyle="square,pad=0", linewidth=0,
                                facecolor=color, alpha=0.92))
    ax.text(1.5, y+0.4, label, fontsize=13, color="white", weight="bold",
            va="top", fontfamily="DejaVu Sans")

def divider(ax, y, color=RED, lw=1.2):
    ax.plot([0, 100], [y, y], color=color, lw=lw, solid_capstyle="round")

def bullet_point(ax, x, y, text, size=9.8, color=INK, indent=2.5, wrap=90):
    lines = textwrap.wrap(text, wrap)
    ax.text(x, y, "→", fontsize=size, color=RED, va="top",
            fontfamily="DejaVu Sans")
    for i, line in enumerate(lines):
        ax.text(x + indent, y - i * (size * 0.35), line,
                fontsize=size, color=color, va="top",
                fontfamily="DejaVu Sans")
    return y - len(lines) * (size * 0.35) - 1.0

def draw_table(ax, x, y, headers, rows, col_widths, row_h=4.5, head_color=BLUE,
               alt_color="#eef2f8", font_size=9):
    cx = x
    # Header row
    for h, w in zip(headers, col_widths):
        ax.add_patch(FancyBboxPatch((cx, y - row_h), w, row_h,
                                    boxstyle="square,pad=0", linewidth=0.5,
                                    facecolor=head_color, edgecolor="#aaaaaa"))
        lines = textwrap.wrap(h, int(w * 1.5))
        for li, ln in enumerate(lines[:2]):
            ax.text(cx + 0.5, y - 0.7 - li * 2.8, ln,
                    fontsize=font_size, color="white", weight="bold", va="top",
                    fontfamily="DejaVu Sans")
        cx += w
    y -= row_h
    # Data rows
    for ri, row in enumerate(rows):
        bg = alt_color if ri % 2 == 0 else "white"
        cx = x
        # calc row height from content
        max_lines = max(len(textwrap.wrap(str(cell), int(w * 1.5))) for cell, w in zip(row, col_widths))
        rh = max(row_h, max_lines * 2.8 + 1.5)
        for cell, w in zip(row, col_widths):
            ax.add_patch(FancyBboxPatch((cx, y - rh), w, rh,
                                        boxstyle="square,pad=0", linewidth=0.4,
                                        facecolor=bg, edgecolor="#c0c8d8"))
            lines = textwrap.wrap(str(cell), int(w * 1.5))
            for li, ln in enumerate(lines):
                ax.text(cx + 0.5, y - 0.6 - li * 2.6, ln,
                        fontsize=font_size - 0.5, color=INK, va="top",
                        fontfamily="DejaVu Sans")
            cx += w
        y -= rh
    return y  # returns y after table

def img_section(ax, img_path, x, y, w, caption):
    try:
        img = PILImage.open(img_path)
        iw, ih = img.size
        h = w * ih / iw
        ax.imshow(np.array(img), extent=[x, x + w, y - h, y], aspect="auto",
                  interpolation="bilinear")
        ax.text(50, y - h - 1.5, caption, fontsize=8.5, color="#555555",
                ha="center", va="top", style="italic", fontfamily="DejaVu Sans")
        return y - h - 4.5
    except Exception as e:
        ax.text(x, y - 2, f"[Image: {caption}]", fontsize=9, color="#888888", va="top")
        return y - 10


# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
#  BUILD PDF
# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
with plt.xkcd(scale=0.6, length=100, randomness=2):
    with PdfPages(OUTPUT) as pdf:

        # ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
        # PAGE 1: Title + Section A
        # ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
        fig, ax = new_page(pdf)

        # Title
        ax.text(50, 98, "Types of Fractures", fontsize=22, color=BLUE,
                ha="center", va="top", weight="bold", fontfamily="DejaVu Sans")
        ax.text(50, 93, "Forensic Medicine & Toxicology  (FMT)", fontsize=14,
                color=BLUE, ha="center", va="top", fontfamily="DejaVu Sans")
        divider(ax, 90, RED, 2.0)
        ax.text(50, 89.2, "Based on P.C. Dikshit FMT & The Essentials of FMT, 36th Ed. (2026)",
                fontsize=9, color="#555555", ha="center", va="top", style="italic",
                fontfamily="DejaVu Sans")
        ax.text(2, 87, (
            "Fractures in FMT cover general bone fractures and skull fractures. "
            "The mechanism, pattern & timing carry\n"
            "significant medicolegal implications — identifying the weapon, cause of death, and whether the injury was\n"
            "antemortem, perimortem, or postmortem."
        ), fontsize=9.5, color=INK, va="top", fontfamily="DejaVu Sans", linespacing=1.5)

        # Section A bar
        section_bar(ax, 80.5, "A.  General Classification of Bone Fractures", BLUE)
        ax.text(2, 78.5,
                "Forces on bone:  Tension  ·  Compression  ·  Torsion  ·  Flexion  ·  Shearing  (usually a combination)",
                fontsize=9.5, color=INK, weight="bold", va="top", fontfamily="DejaVu Sans")

        # Bone image
        y_after = img_section(ax, IMG_BONE, 8, 76.5, 84,
                              "Fig. 1  Types of bone fractures — Greenstick, Transverse, Comminuted, Spiral, Compound")

        # General table (truncated to fit)
        headers = ["Type", "Description", "Medicolegal Note"]
        rows = [
            ["Greenstick",       "Incomplete; bone bends, cracks one side.",         "Children's pliable bones."],
            ["Transverse",       "Fracture ⊥ bone axis.",                             "Direct force."],
            ["Oblique",          "Fracture at angle across bone.",                    "Angulated force."],
            ["Spiral",           "Spirals around shaft. Torsion/twisting.",           "★ Child abuse (NAI) sign."],
            ["Comminuted",       "3+ fragments. High force.",                         "Vehicles, falls, blows."],
            ["Compound (Open)",  "Bone pierces skin.",                               "Infection risk."],
            ["Simple (Closed)",  "Skin intact.",                                      "No external wound."],
            ["Impacted",         "One fragment driven into another.",                 "Falls from height."],
            ["Avulsion",         "Fragment pulled off by muscle/ligament.",           "Tendon attachments."],
            ["Stress/Fatigue",   "Repeated low-force loading.",                       "March fracture."],
            ["Pathological",     "Minimal force through diseased bone.",              "Metastasis, TB, osteoporosis."],
        ]
        y_after = draw_table(ax, 2, y_after - 1, headers, rows,
                             [22, 44, 32], row_h=4.2, font_size=8.8)

        save_page(pdf, fig)

        # ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
        # PAGE 2: Timing + Skull Fracture intro + skull image
        # ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
        fig, ax = new_page(pdf)

        # Timing section
        ax.text(2, 98, "Timing Classification  (Medicolegal Importance)", fontsize=12,
                color=BLUE, weight="bold", va="top", fontfamily="DejaVu Sans")
        divider(ax, 95.5, RED)

        timing_rows = [
            ["Antemortem",  "Evidence of bone repair: callus, periosteal reaction (after 10-14 days). Haemorrhage in soft tissue."],
            ["Perimortem",  "Around time of death. Edges wet/green, bone bends before breaking. No healing response."],
            ["Postmortem",  "Edges dry, irregular, jagged. No bleeding. Incomplete fracture lines."],
        ]
        y_t = draw_table(ax, 2, 94.5, ["Timing", "Features"], timing_rows,
                         [20, 78], row_h=5.5, head_color="#2e5090", font_size=9)

        # Section B bar
        section_bar(ax, y_t - 2, "B.  Types of Skull Fractures", BLUE)
        ax.text(2, y_t - 8,
                "Most important topic in FMT exams. Divided into  cranial vault  and  skull base  fractures.",
                fontsize=9.5, color=INK, va="top", fontfamily="DejaVu Sans")

        # Skull image
        y_after_skull = img_section(ax, IMG_SKULL, 15, y_t - 10, 70,
            "Fig. 2  (A) Diastatic  (B) Depressed  (C) Linear  (D) Basilar\n"
            "The Essentials of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, 36th Ed.")

        save_page(pdf, fig)

        # ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
        # PAGE 3: Vault fractures I–V
        # ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
        fig, ax = new_page(pdf)

        ax.text(2, 98, "B.1  Fractures of the Cranial Vault", fontsize=13,
                color=BLUE, weight="bold", va="top", fontfamily="DejaVu Sans")
        divider(ax, 95.5, BLUE, 1.3)

        vault_items = [
            ("I.  Linear (Fissured) Fracture", RED,
             "Most common — ~70% of skull fractures. Straight/curved lines of considerable length.",
             [
                 "Involves one or both tables of skull",
                 "Common in temporal, frontal, parietal, occipital bones (weak unsupported areas)",
                 "Caused by broad surface contact (ground) or fall on feet/buttocks",
                 "Fracture may extend to skull base or across supraorbital ridges",
                 "Also called 'Motorcyclist's fracture'",
             ]),
            ("II.  Diastatic (Sutural) Fracture", RED,
             "Linear fracture passing into suture line → separation (diastasis) of bones.",
             [
                 "Most commonly involves sagittal suture; metopic suture may reopen",
                 "Common in children and young adults",
                 "★ Important ML sign of child abuse syndrome",
             ]),
            ("III.  Depressed Fracture  ['Fracture à la Signature']", RED,
             "High kinetic energy, small surface area → bone driven inward into skull cavity.",
             [
                 "Outer table → diploe; inner table fractured more extensively",
                 "Shape = weapon signature:  Hammer→ circular  |  Gun butt→ rectangular  |  Stone→ triangular",
                 "Deepest point = first contact; 'terracing' at margins",
                 "★ Medicolegally identifies the weapon used",
             ]),
            ("IV.  Elevated Fracture", RED,
             "One end of fragment elevated above skull surface; other end depressed into cranial cavity.",
             [
                 "Heavy sharp weapon (axe, chopper)",
                 "Fragment elevated by lateral pull when retrieving the weapon",
             ]),
            ("V.  Comminuted Fracture", RED,
             "≥2 intersecting lines → 3+ fragments.",
             [
                 "Crushing head injuries, vehicle accidents, fall from height, repeated heavy blows",
                 "When no displacement → resembles spider's web / mosaic",
                 "Often complicates fissured or depressed fracture",
             ]),
        ]

        y = 94.5
        for title, tc, desc, bullets in vault_items:
            ax.text(2, y, title, fontsize=10.5, color=tc, weight="bold",
                    va="top", fontfamily="DejaVu Sans")
            y -= 4.0
            # desc wrapped
            for line in textwrap.wrap(desc, 100):
                ax.text(3, y, line, fontsize=9.3, color=INK, va="top",
                        fontfamily="DejaVu Sans")
                y -= 3.2
            for b in bullets:
                y = bullet_point(ax, 4, y, b, size=9, wrap=92)
            y -= 1.2
            if y < 5:
                break

        save_page(pdf, fig)

        # ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
        # PAGE 4: Vault fractures VI–X + Base fractures table
        # ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
        fig, ax = new_page(pdf)

        ax.text(2, 98, "B.1 (continued)  +  B.2  Skull Base Fractures", fontsize=13,
                color=BLUE, weight="bold", va="top", fontfamily="DejaVu Sans")
        divider(ax, 95.5, BLUE, 1.3)

        vault_cont = [
            ("VI.  Pond (Indented) Fracture", RED,
             "Shallow concave dent in skull without a true fracture line.",
             [
                 "Most common in pliable infant bones",
                 "Analogous to squeezing a table tennis ball",
                 "★ Caused by obstetric forceps blade / birth trauma",
             ]),
            ("VII.  Mosaic (Spider Web) Fracture", RED,
             "Comminuted depressed fracture with radiating fissures → spider web / mosaic pattern.",
             [
                 "Severe local impact → focal + general skull deformation",
                 "Central depression + radiating + concentric fracture lines",
             ]),
            ("VIII.  Gutter Fracture", RED,
             "Groove/trough-shaped fracture from a tangential/grazing bullet.",
             [
                 "Bullet does not penetrate skull; creates furrow along outer table",
                 "Groove runs in direction of the bullet",
             ]),
            ("IX.  Perforating Fracture", RED,
             "Circular hole punched through skull — classic firearm injury.",
             [
                 "Entry: small, clean, punched-out; internal beveling (inner table > outer table)",
                 "Exit: larger, irregular; external beveling (outer table > inner table)",
                 "Entry-Exit pattern → determines direction of fire",
             ]),
            ("X.  Blow-out Fracture", RED,
             "Orbital floor/wall fracture from blunt trauma to eye → raised intraorbital pressure.",
             [
                 "Orbital contents herniate into maxillary sinus",
                 "Signs: diplopia, enophthalmos, infraorbital nerve anaesthesia",
             ]),
        ]

        y = 94.5
        for title, tc, desc, bullets in vault_cont:
            ax.text(2, y, title, fontsize=10.5, color=tc, weight="bold",
                    va="top", fontfamily="DejaVu Sans")
            y -= 4.0
            for line in textwrap.wrap(desc, 100):
                ax.text(3, y, line, fontsize=9.3, color=INK, va="top",
                        fontfamily="DejaVu Sans")
                y -= 3.2
            for b in bullets:
                y = bullet_point(ax, 4, y, b, size=9, wrap=92)
            y -= 1.2

        # Skull Base table
        y -= 1
        ax.text(2, y, "B.2  Fractures of the Skull Base", fontsize=11,
                color=BLUE, weight="bold", va="top", fontfamily="DejaVu Sans")
        divider(ax, y - 3, RED)
        y -= 4.5

        base_rows = [
            ["Ring Fracture",
             "Fall from height onto feet/buttocks. Energy up spine → occipital bone.",
             "Encircles foramen magnum. ★ Indicates fall from height."],
            ["Hinge Fracture",
             "Lateral compression between two objects.",
             "Transverse base fracture. ★ Run-over cases."],
            ["Anterior Fossa",
             "Blow to frontal region; fracture through orbital plates.",
             "Raccoon eyes, CSF rhinorrhea, anosmia."],
            ["Middle Fossa",
             "Blow to temporal region; fracture through petrous bone.",
             "Battle's sign, CSF otorrhea, hemotympanum, VII nerve palsy."],
            ["Posterior Fossa",
             "Blow to occipital region; fracture toward foramen magnum.",
             "Nuchal bruising, lower cranial nerve palsies."],
        ]
        y = draw_table(ax, 2, y, ["Type", "Mechanism", "Clinical / ML Signs"],
                       base_rows, [22, 40, 36], row_h=5.5, font_size=8.8)

        save_page(pdf, fig)

        # ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
        # PAGE 5: Medicolegal Importance + Complications
        # ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
        fig, ax = new_page(pdf)

        section_bar(ax, 98, "C.  Medicolegal Importance of Fractures", BLUE)
        divider(ax, 92.5, RED)

        ml = [
            "Signature (Depressed) fractures → identify weapon/agent from shape & dimensions of depression.",
            "Spiral fractures in children → ★ Non-Accidental Injury (NAI) / child abuse.",
            "Ring fractures → fall from height onto feet or buttocks.",
            "Diastatic fractures → sagittal suture separation; ★ child abuse syndrome.",
            "Timing (ante-/peri-/postmortem) → determines whether injury occurred before or after death.",
            "Direction of force: fracture runs parallel to force when head free; radially from impact when head supported.",
            "Perforating fractures: entry vs. exit beveling → determines direction of fire.",
            "Hinge fractures → run-over cases (vehicle wheel running over the head).",
            "Force estimation: ~5 ft·lb → simple fissured fracture; falling from standing → ~60 ft·lb.",
            "Scalp & hair cushion vault — far heavier impact needed for vault vs. skull base fracture.",
        ]

        y = 91.0
        for pt in ml:
            y = bullet_point(ax, 3, y, pt, size=9.8, wrap=95)
            y -= 0.3

        y -= 2
        ax.text(2, y, "Complications of Skull Fractures", fontsize=11,
                color=BLUE, weight="bold", va="top", fontfamily="DejaVu Sans")
        divider(ax, y - 3, RED)
        y -= 5

        comps = [
            "Brain injury — direct damage at fracture site or contrecoup.",
            "★ Extradural haemorrhage — fracture crosses middle meningeal artery (temporal fossa). Fatal.",
            "Traumatic epilepsy — late complication of depressed fracture impinging on motor cortex.",
            "Meningitis — basal fractures communicate with sinuses/middle ear → CSF leak → ascending infection.",
            "Cranial nerve palsy — depending on location of base fracture.",
        ]
        for c in comps:
            y = bullet_point(ax, 3, y, c, size=9.8, wrap=95)
            y -= 0.3

        # Footer
        divider(ax, 4.5, "#aaaaaa", 0.6)
        ax.text(50, 3.8,
                "Sources: P.C. Dikshit Textbook of FMT  ·  The Essentials of FMT, 36th Ed. (2026)  ·  Forensic Anthropology: A Comprehensive Intro, 2nd Ed.",
                fontsize=7.5, color="#777777", ha="center", va="top", style="italic",
                fontfamily="DejaVu Sans")

        save_page(pdf, fig)

print(f"Done: {OUTPUT}")

python /home/daytona/workspace/fmt-fractures/generate_hw_mpl.py 2>&1

ls -lh /home/daytona/workspace/fmt-fractures/Types_of_Fractures_FMT_Handwritten.…