Describe the anatomy of the airway and the tracheobronchial tree. Emphasize on the structures relevant to airway management and endotracheal intubation. (Jan 2025) Describe regulation of cerebral blood flow. What are the factors that affects intracranial pressure perioperatively. What are the methods used to decrease intracranial pressure. (Jan 2025) Explain the working principle of Pulse oximetry. Discuss the factors affecting its accuracy. (Jan 2025) Classify the anti hypertensive agents. Explain their mechanism of action. Describe the management of hypertension in an adult male patient posted for FESS surgery. (Sept 2025 - 5+5+10 Marks) Draw a labelled diagram of the anatomy of brachial plexus. Enumerate the different approach for brachial plexus block with complication. Outline the management of LAST. (Sept 2025 - 5+10+5 Marks) Illustrate O2-dissociation curve. Describe factors affecting ODC and its anesthetic implication. (Sept 2025) Describe various buffering systems for acid base regulation in the body and its anaesthetic implications. (May 2023) Describe the anatomy of brachial plexus. Discuss various approaches used for brachial plexus blocks. (May 2023) Describe regulation of cerebral flow. What are the factors that affects intracranial pressure perioperatively? Discuss various methods to reduce intracranial pressure. (May 2023) Enumerate the physiological changes occurring during pregnancy and discuss their anesthetic implications. (July 2022) Describe anatomy of brachial plexus. Enumerate various methods of brachial plexus block. Discuss any one method with indications, contraindications and complications of it. (July 2022) Illustrate O2-dissociation curve (ODC). Discuss factors affecting ODC & its anesthetic implications. (Give answers for these questions on anaesthesia exam pov
Quick Reference - What Each Answer Covers
| Q# | Topic | Key Points |
|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Airway Anatomy & Tracheobronchial Tree | Upper airway (nose, oral, pharynx, larynx), trachea (10-12 cm, C6-T4), carina, R/L bronchi (R = 25°/2.5 cm, L = 45°/5 cm), CTM, innervation, Mallampati, intubation depth |
| Q2 | Cerebral Blood Flow & ICP | CBF regulation (CO2, O2, autoregulation, Monro-Kellie), perioperative ICP factors, methods to reduce ICP (mannitol, hyperventilation, propofol TIVA, steroids, positioning) |
| Q3 | Pulse Oximetry | Beer-Lambert law, two wavelengths (660 nm/940 nm), pulsatile AC component, R ratio, accuracy factors (COHb, MetHb, nail polish, motion, poor perfusion, venous pulsation) |
| Q4 | Antihypertensives + FESS | Classification (diuretics, RAAS, CCBs, sympathoplegics, vasodilators), mechanisms; FESS: hypotensive anaesthesia (MAP 50-65), TIVA propofol+remifentanil, beta-blockers, reverse Trendelenburg |
| Q5 | Brachial Plexus + LAST | C5-T1 → Roots/Trunks/Divisions/Cords/Branches, 4 approaches (interscalene/supraclavicular/infraclavicular/axillary), complications; LAST: stop injection, O2, seizure control, 20% Intralipid 1.5 mL/kg bolus |
| Q6 | O2 Dissociation Curve | Sigmoid shape, P50=27 mmHg, cooperative binding; Right shift (↑CO2, ↓pH, ↑Temp, ↑2,3-DPG = Bohr effect); Left shift (hypothermia, HbF, COHb, alkalosis); stored blood implications |
| Q7 | Acid-Base Buffering | Bicarbonate (pKa 6.1, respiratory + renal regulation), phosphate, proteins/Hb, ammonia; compensation formulae; anaesthetic implications (hyperventilation, RSI, bicarbonate therapy, TIVA, MH) |
| Q8 | Pregnancy Changes | CVS (CO ↑50%, aortocaval compression), RS (FRC ↓20%, rapid desaturation, difficult airway), GI (full stomach, RSI mandatory), haematological (dilutional anaemia, hypercoagulable), reduced MAC/spinal dose, pseudocholinesterase ↓ |
Make a visual anatomy poster of airway + brachial plexus for quick revision
A detailed medical anatomy revision poster with two main sections side by side on a dark navy blue background, white and colored text, clean clinical style: LEFT HALF - "AIRWAY ANATOMY" title in large bold yellow text: Top section shows a sagittal cross-section diagram of the upper airway with clear labels and colored arrows pointing to: Nasal cavity (with inferior turbinate highlighted), Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Hypopharynx, Epiglottis, Vallecula, Thyroid cartilage, Cricoid cartilage (labeled "only complete ring - C6"), Glottis/Vocal cords (labeled "narrowest in adults"), Cricothyroid membrane (highlighted in red, labeled "CICO emergency site"), Trachea (labeled "10-12 cm, C-rings"). Below that, a small tracheobronchial tree diagram showing: Trachea → Carina (T4) → Right main bronchus (labeled "25°, 2.5 cm, wider - ETT goes here") → Left main bronchus (labeled "45°, 5 cm, longer"). Right side branches into RUL, RML, RLL. Left branches into LUL, LLL. A small box titled "DIFFICULT AIRWAY PREDICTORS": Mallampati III/IV, IID <3 cm, TMD <6 cm, Neck circumference >43 cm, LEMON rule. A box "LARYNGEAL NERVE SUPPLY": SLN internal branch → above cords (sensory), RLN → below cords + motor, CN IX → posterior pharynx. RIGHT HALF - "BRACHIAL PLEXUS" title in large bold cyan text: A clear schematic diagram showing the formation: - 5 Roots: C5, C6, C7, C8, T1 shown as horizontal lines on left - 3 Trunks (color coded): Upper trunk (C5+C6) in orange, Middle trunk (C7) in green, Lower trunk (C8+T1) in purple - 6 Divisions branching off each trunk (anterior/posterior shown) - 3 Cords: Lateral cord (orange), Posterior cord (brown), Medial cord (purple) surrounding a circle labeled "Axillary Artery" - 5 Terminal branches with colored lines: Musculocutaneous (C5-C7), Median (C5-T1) from lateral+medial, Ulnar (C8-T1), Radial (C5-T1) from posterior, Axillary (C5-C6) Below that, a table showing "BLOCK APPROACHES": - Interscalene: Shoulder surgery | Risk: phrenic nerve palsy 100% - Supraclavicular: Entire arm | Risk: Pneumothorax - Infraclavicular: Elbow/forearm | Risk: Vascular - Axillary: Hand/wrist | Safest A red alert box "LAST MANAGEMENT": Stop injection → O2 + airway → 20% Intralipid 1.5 mL/kg bolus → 0.25 mL/kg/min infusion → CPR if arrest → Consider ECMO Bottom banner across full width: mnemonic "ROOTS-TRUNKS-DIVISIONS-CORDS-BRANCHES" with "Read The Damn Cadaverous Books" Overall: professional medical poster style, high contrast, color-coded, suitable for exam revision, clean sans-serif font, no clutter
- Sagittal upper airway cross-section with labeled structures
- Tracheobronchial tree with the critical angle/length differences (R: 25°/2.5 cm vs L: 45°/5 cm)
- Difficult airway predictors box
- Laryngeal nerve supply
- Full formation diagram: Roots → Trunks (color-coded) → Divisions → Cords → 5 terminal branches
- Approach comparison table (interscalene to axillary) with key complications
- Red alert LAST management box with Intralipid dosing
Describe the anatomy of the airway and the tracheobronchial tree. Emphasize on the structures relevant to airway management and endotracheal intubation. (Jan 2025) Describe regulation of cerebral blood flow. What are the factors that affects intracranial pressure perioperatively. What are the methods used to decrease intracranial pressure. (Jan 2025) Explain the working principle of Pulse oximetry. Discuss the factors affecting its accuracy. (Jan 2025) Classify the anti hypertensive agents. Explain their mechanism of action. Describe the management of hypertension in an adult male patient posted for FESS surgery. (Sept 2025 - 5+5+10 Marks) Draw a labelled diagram of the anatomy of brachial plexus. Enumerate the different approach for brachial plexus block with complication. Outline the management of LAST. (Sept 2025 - 5+10+5 Marks) Illustrate O2-dissociation curve. Describe factors affecting ODC and its anesthetic implication. (Sept 2025) Describe various buffering systems for acid base regulation in the body and its anaesthetic implications. (May 2023) Describe the anatomy of brachial plexus. Discuss various approaches used for brachial plexus blocks. (May 2023) Describe regulation of cerebral flow. What are the factors that affects intracranial pressure perioperatively? Discuss various methods to reduce intracranial pressure. (May 2023) Enumerate the physiological changes occurring during pregnancy and discuss their anesthetic implications. (July 2022) Describe anatomy of brachial plexus. Enumerate various methods of brachial plexus block. Discuss any one method with indications, contraindications and complications of it. (July 2022) Illustrate O2-dissociation curve (ODC). Discuss factors affecting ODC & its anesthetic implications. (Give answers for these questions on anaesthesia exam pov
Answer Index
| # | Question | Exam | Marks |
|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Airway anatomy & tracheobronchial tree | Jan 2025 | Long essay |
| Q2 | Cerebral blood flow regulation + ICP factors + methods to decrease ICP | Jan 2025 / May 2023 | Long essay |
| Q3 | Pulse oximetry - working principle + accuracy factors | Jan 2025 | Long essay |
| Q4 | Antihypertensive classification + mechanism + FESS management | Sept 2025 | 5+5+10 |
| Q5 | Brachial plexus diagram + approaches + LAST management | Sept 2025 / May 2023 / July 2022 | 5+10+5 |
| Q6 | O2-dissociation curve + factors + anaesthetic implications | Sept 2025 / July 2022 | Long essay |
| Q7 | Buffering systems + anaesthetic implications | May 2023 | Long essay |
| Q8 | Physiological changes in pregnancy + anaesthetic implications | July 2022 | Long essay |
What Each Answer Contains (Exam Checklist)
Q1 - Airway Anatomy
- Upper airway: nasal cavity, oral cavity, pharynx (naso/oro/hypo), larynx
- Laryngeal cartilages, vocal cords, glottis, CTM (CICO site)
- Laryngeal innervation (SLN, RLN, CN IX) - for awake intubation blocks
- Lower airway: trachea dimensions, carina (T4), R vs L bronchus differences
- Airway assessment: Mallampati, TMD, IID, LEMON, sniffing position
Q2 - CBF + ICP
- CBF regulation: CPP = MAP - ICP, autoregulation (MAP 60-150), CO2/O2/pH/temperature/CMRO2
- Effect of all anaesthetic agents on CBF/CMRO2/ICP table
- Monro-Kellie doctrine
- Perioperative ICP factors: positioning, ventilation, agents, fluids, laryngoscopy
- Methods to reduce ICP: positioning, hyperventilation, mannitol, hypertonic saline, propofol TIVA, dexamethasone, barbiturate coma, decompressive craniectomy
Q3 - Pulse Oximetry
- Beer-Lambert law, 660 nm vs 940 nm wavelengths
- AC vs DC signal separation, R ratio, calibration curve
- Accuracy factors: COHb (falsely high), MetHb (reads ~85%), dyes, nail polish, motion, poor perfusion, venous pulsation, ambient light, diathermy
Q4 - Antihypertensives + FESS
- Classification: diuretics, RAAS blockers (ACEi/ARB/DRI), CCBs (DHP vs non-DHP), sympathoplegics (central/ganglionic/beta/alpha blockers), direct vasodilators, newer agents
- FESS management: preop optimization, controlled hypotension (MAP 50-65), TIVA propofol+remifentanil, esmolol, reverse Trendelenburg, lignocaine for smooth extubation
Q5 - Brachial Plexus + LAST
- Formation: C5-T1, Roots → Trunks → Divisions → Cords → Branches (RTDCB)
- Terminal branches: MBUMA (Musculocutaneous, Median, Ulnar, radial, Axillary)
- 4 approaches table with indications and specific complications
- LAST: stop → O2 → seizure control → 20% Intralipid 1.5 mL/kg bolus + 0.25 mL/kg/min infusion → ECMO if refractory
Q6 - ODC
- Sigmoid shape, P50=27 mmHg, cooperative binding
- Right shift (CADET): ↑CO2, acidosis, ↑DPG, exercise/↑temp - Bohr effect
- Left shift: hypothermia, alkalosis, HbF, COHb, stored blood (↓DPG)
- Implications: hyperventilation danger, stored blood, hypothermia on CPB, FRC/SpO2 lag
Q7 - Buffering Systems
- Bicarbonate (53%), phosphate, haemoglobin/proteins (45%), ammonia (renal)
- Compensation formulae (Winter's formula, etc.)
- Implications: hyperventilation, RSI, bicarbonate therapy, dilutional acidosis (NS vs balanced), MH, PRIS
Q8 - Pregnancy
- CVS: CO ↑50%, aortocaval compression → left lateral tilt mandatory
- RS: FRC ↓20% + O2 consumption ↑20% = rapid desaturation; airway oedema → smaller ETT; RSI mandatory
- GI: full stomach from 18-20 weeks; Mendelson's syndrome; antacid prophylaxis
- Haematological: dilutional anaemia, hypercoagulable, check platelets for regional
- Pharmacology: MAC ↓30-40%, spinal dose ↓30%, pseudocholinesterase ↓ (suxamethonium prolonged)
Give the answer to write 20marks for each question
Gives the proper exam oriented answers from standard anaesthesia textbook for the respective 20,10,5mark questions
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Gives the proper exam oriented answers from standard anaesthesia textbook for the respective 20,10,5mark questions
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Gives these answers in a pdf f8leb
Gives me answers in a pdf file
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